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Anatomy Lecture > Chapter 15 - Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

0
Q

Meninges are similar in what structures?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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1
Q

Regions of the brain

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Diencephalon
  • Mesencephalon
  • Cerebellum
  • Pons
  • Medulla Oblangata
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2
Q
  • Outer most layer of the brain

- No epidura

A

Dura Mater

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3
Q

What does the dura mater form?

A

Forms internal periosteum of skull

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4
Q

Dura mater partitions

A
  • Falx cerebelli
  • Falx cerebi
  • Tentorium cerebelli
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5
Q

Separates right and left cerebellar hemispheres

A

Falx carebrelli

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6
Q

Separates right and left cerebral hemispheres

A

Falx cerebri

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7
Q

Separates lobes of cerebrum from cerebellum

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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8
Q
  • Spidery

- Spreads over brain but doesn’t extend into grooves and depressions

A

Arachnoid Mater

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9
Q
  • Inner most
  • Aids in nourishing the brain
  • Attached to the surface of the brain
A

Pia mater

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10
Q

Spaces filled with CSF

A

Ventricles

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11
Q

Different kinds of ventricles in the brain

A
  • 2 lateral ventricles
  • 3rd ventricle
  • 4th ventricle
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12
Q

Ventricles and things that connect them

A
  • 2 lateral ventricles connected by interventricular foramen to…
  • 3rd ventricles which is connected by the cerebral aqueduct to…
  • 4th ventricle connected to central canal of spinal cord
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13
Q

Functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid

A
  • Cushions
  • Transports nutrients, wastes, and other chemicals
  • Supports the brain
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14
Q
  • Lobes located in the ventricles
A

Choroid plexus

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15
Q

What does the choroid plexus consist of?

A
  • Ependymal cells

- Permeable capillaries

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16
Q

What does the choroid plexus do?

A

CSF is taken from blood by ependymal cells and pooled in ventricles

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17
Q

Where does CSF move in the CNS?

A

All throughout the entire CNS

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18
Q

Explain the movement of CSF throughout the CNS

A
  • Originates in ventricles
  • Through aperatures in the 4th ventricles to subarachnoic space
  • Throughout the central canal
  • Around subarachnoid space
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19
Q

Where does the CSF get absorbed?

A

Sagittal sinus

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20
Q

Describe CSF being reabsorbed

A
  • A large venous tube within the dura mater
  • Extends along the midline of the cerebral hemispheres
  • Arachnoid extends into sinus through ARACHNOID GRANULATIONS
  • CSF goes back to the blood
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21
Q

Functions of the cerebrum

A
  • Interpret sensory impulses
  • Voluntary muscular movements
  • Memory
  • Reasoning process
  • Intelligence and personality
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22
Q

The two hemispheres are connected by what?

A

Corpus callosum

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23
Q

What are the two hemispheres separated by?

A

Longitudinal fissures

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24
Q

Ridges and grooves of cerebrum

A 
Ridges = gyri
Grooves = sulci
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25
Q

What is hemisphere specialization?

A

Receives sensory and generates motor information to the opposite sides of the body

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26
Q

Communication between the hemispheres allowed for by _____

A

Corpus callosum

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27
Q

Gray matter is essentially what?

A

Cell somas

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28
Q

Where is the cell somas (grey matter)

A

Outer regions of cerebral lobes

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29
Q

Cell somas (grey matter) is centralized in masses called what?

A

Basal nuclei

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30
Q

Myelinated axons are what?

A

Cerebral white matter

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31
Q

Components to cerebral white matter

A
  • Commissural fibers
  • Association fibers
  • Projection fibers
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32
Q

Connect corresponding gray areas on different hemispheres

A

Commissural fibers

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33
Q

Connect different parts of same hemisphere

A

Association fibers

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34
Q

Connect cerebrum to lower brain areas

A

Projection fibers

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35
Q

Cerebral lobes

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Insula
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36
Q

Lobes are divided by what?

A

Special sulci

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37
Q

Three sulci that divide lobes?

A

Central sulcus
Lateral sulcus
Parieto-occipital sulcus

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38
Q

Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

A

Central sulcus

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39
Q

Separates the parietal lobe from the temporal

A

Lateral sulcus

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40
Q

Separates the parietal lobe from the occipital

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

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41
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex?

A

Anterior to central sulcus in frontal lobe

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42
Q

What does the primary motor cortex do?

A
  • Conscious control of skeletal muscles
  • Learned motor skills
  • Speech and eye movements
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43
Q

Where is the primary sensory cortex?

A

Posterior to central sulcus on parietal lobe

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44
Q

In the primary sensory cortex, somatic sensory information comes from what?

A

Touch, pain, pressure

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45
Q

What does the primary sensory cortex monitor?

A

Monitor the environment consciously

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46
Q

Other sensory cortexes

A

Visual cortex
Auditory cortex
Olfactory cortex
Gustatory cortex

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47
Q

Location and function of visual cortex

A

Occipital lobe

Sight

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48
Q

Location and function of auditory cortex

A
  • Temporal lobe

- Sound

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49
Q

Location and function of olfactory cortex

A
  • Temporal lobe

- Smell

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50
Q

Location and function of Gustatory Cortex

A
  • Insula and frontal lobe

- Taste

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51
Q

Association areas are associated with what large motor or sensory cortexes

A
  • Somatic sensory
  • Somatic motor
  • Visual
  • Auditory
52
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex?

A
  • Abstract intellectual function
  • Predictions, problem solving
  • Emotional context and motivation
  • Timing and temporal relationships
53
Q

What is the removal of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Pre-frontal lobotomy

54
Q

Regulates breathing and vocalization

A

Broca’s speech center

55
Q
  • Interpretation of both written and verbal language

- Sentence structure and word linkage

A

General interpretive area

56
Q

Damage of Broca’s speech center or General Interpretive Area results in what?

A

Aphasia

57
Q

Higher order integrative regions may be different between hemispheres

A

Hemisphere Dominance

58
Q

Speech, writing, and general interpretive area

A

Categorical hemispheres

59
Q
  • Identification of familiar objects
  • Touch and spatial analysis
  • Emotional relevance
A

Representational hemisphere

60
Q

Right handed people tend to have their categorical hemispheres on the _____, and vice versa

A

Left

61
Q

Masses of gray matter deep in cerebral hemisphere

A

Basal Nuclei

62
Q

What does the basal nuclei do?

A

Act as relay station for motor impulses starting in cerebral cortex and passing to brain stem and spinal cord

63
Q
  • In basal nuclei
  • Focuses visual attention
  • Processes unconscious visual info
A

Claustrum

64
Q
  • In basal nuclei

- Controls and adjusts muscle tone

A

Lentiform nucleus

65
Q
  • In basal nuclei
  • Massive head, slender tail
  • Maintains pattern and rhythm of movement
A

Caudate nucleus

66
Q
  • In basal nuclei
  • Tip of caudate tail
  • Part of limbic system
A

Amygdaloid nucleus

67
Q

Components to the diencephalon

A
  • Epithalamus
  • Posterior pituitary gland
  • Hypothalamus
  • Thalamus
68
Q

What is in the epithalamus?

A

Pineal gland = produces melatonin

69
Q

Two major bodies of the thalamus

A
  • Divided by the third ventricle

- Connected by an interthalamic adhesion

70
Q

Three major functions of the thalamus

A
  • Part of the limbic system
  • Connect basal nuclei and cerebral cortex
  • Sends sensory information to proper location within cerebrum
71
Q

How does the Thalamus function as part of the limbic system?

A
  • Emotional, memory, learning

- Conscious awareness of emotion

72
Q

How does the thalamus connect basal nuclei and cerebral cortex?

A
  • To each other

- To other parts of the CNS

73
Q

Above and connected to the posterior pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

74
Q

Functions of the hypothalamus

A
  • SUBCONSCIOUS control of skeletal muscles
  • Coordinates autonomic nervous system
  • Connection between the endocrine and nervous system
  • Produces hormones
  • Produces BEHAVIORAL DRIVES
  • Regulates body temp
  • Controls circadian rhythms (sleep)
75
Q
  • Connects brain stem and spinal cord with higher areas

- Act as relay centers

A

Mesencephalon (midbrain)

76
Q

Contain _____ that connects third and fourth ventricles

A

Cerebral aqueducts

77
Q

Parts of the mesencephalon

A
  • Cerebral peduncles
  • Red nucleus
  • Substantia nigra
  • Corpora quadrigemina
78
Q
  • Only connecting fibers and no nuclei
  • Motor fibers connecting the cortex to the spinal cord
  • Sensory fibers that synapse with the thalamus
A

Cerebral peduncles

79
Q
  • Highly vascularized

- Connects cerebrum and cerebellum

A

Red nucleus

80
Q

What does the red nucleus control?

A
  • Posture

- Reflexes

81
Q
  • Controls and integrates the motor output of the basal nuclei
A

Substantia nigra

82
Q

What does the substantia nigra produce?

A

Dopamine (giving it a black color)

83
Q

Deterioration of the substantia nigra may lead to what?

A

Parkinson’s disease

84
Q

Parkinson’s disease results in what?

A

Loss of control of voluntary motor function

85
Q

Two components to the Corpora Quadrigemina with their meanings?

A
  • Superior colliculi - Receives visual input from thalamus

- Inferior colliculi - Receives auditory input from medulla

86
Q

Rounded bulge on underside of brain stem?

A

Pons

87
Q

What does the pons separate?

A

Midbrain from medulla

88
Q

What do the pons do?

A

Relays impulses to and from medulla cerebrum

- Regulates depth of breathing

89
Q

What is the pons composed of?

A

Masses of gray matter and nerve fibers

90
Q

The cerebellum has to regions separated by the ______ and connected by the ______

A
  • Falx cerebelli

- Vermis

91
Q

The cerebellum is composed mostly of what?

A

White matter which is called the arbor vitae

92
Q

Functions of the cerebellum

A
  • Integrates sensory information about the position of body parts
  • Coordinates muscle activities
  • Maintain posture
  • Fine tunes voluntary and involuntary movements
93
Q

Where is the medulla oblongata?

A

From the foramen magnum to pons

94
Q

A point of connection for several cranial nerves

A

Medulla oblongata

95
Q

Oval swelling in the medulla oblangata

A

Olivary nucleus

96
Q

Reflex centers in the medulla oblongata?

A
  • Cardiovascular center

- Respiratory rhythmicity center

97
Q

Part of the medulla oblongata that adjusts blood flow and heart rate

A

Cardiovascular center

98
Q

Basic pace of respiratory movements in the medulla oblongata

A

Respiratory rhythmicity center

99
Q

Network of nerve fibers associated with islands of gray matter

A

Reticular formation

100
Q

What does the reticular formation interconnect?

A

Interconnects areas with fibers in all major tracts

101
Q

What does the reticular formation regulate?

A

Motor activities
(Increase activities –> wakefulness)
(Decrease activity –> sleep)

102
Q

What is the limbic system composed of?

A

Nuclei and tracts along the boarder cerebrum and diencephalon

103
Q

Parts of the limbic system in the cerebrum

A
  • Limbic lobe - deep to all other lobes
  • Hippocampus - nucleus within the lobe
  • Amydaloid body - basal nucleus
104
Q

Parts of the limbic system in the diencephalon

A

Thalamus - relay center

Hypothalamus - behavioral drive center

105
Q

Parts of the limbic system in the medulla

A

Reticular formation - sleep and wakefulness

106
Q

Functions of the limbic system

A
  • Establishes emotional states and related behavioral drives
  • Links intellectual functions of cortex to unconscious functions of lower brain
  • Facilitates memory storage
107
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

108
Q

Where do the cranial nerves originate from?

A

Brain stem except for the first pair

109
Q

Where do all the cranial nerves pass through?

A

Foramina in skull

110
Q
  • In cranial nerves, cell bodies for motor are found where?
A

Gray matter

111
Q

In cranial nerves, cell bodies for sensory found in ganglia where?

A

Outside of the brain

112
Q

Three facts about why cranial nerves are messy

A
  • May look disorganized in mammals
  • Are organized sequentially in fish and cephalochordates
  • This is evidenced in a fetus as well
113
Q

Facts about the olfactory nerve

A
  • I
  • Sensory
  • Smell
  • Pass through cribiform plate
114
Q

Facts about optic nerve

A
  • II
  • Sensory
  • Vision
  • Pass through optic foramina
115
Q

Facts about oculomotor nerve

A
  • III
  • Motor
  • Move the majority of eye muscles
116
Q

Facts about Trochlear Nerve

A
  • IV
  • Motor
  • Smallest pair
  • Superior oblique muscles of eye only
117
Q

Facts about trigeminal nerve

A
  • V
  • Both
  • Largest
  • 3 branches
118
Q

Three branches of the Trigeminal nerve

A
  • Eye, tear gland, skin of anterior scalp, forehead and upper eyelid
  • Upper teeth, gum, lip, mucous lining of palate, and skin of face
  • Scalp, skin of jaw, lower teeth, gum, lips, muscles of mastication
119
Q

Facts about Acducens muscle

A
  • VI
  • Motor
  • From pons
  • Lateral rectus eye muscles only
120
Q

Facts about the facial nerve

A
  • VII
  • Both
  • From pons
  • Sensory: taste receptors on ant. 2/3 of tongue
  • Motor: to muscles of facial expression; stimulate tear and salivary glands
121
Q

Facts about Vestibulocochlear nerve

A
  • VIII
  • Sensory
  • Auditory nerve from medulla
  • Two parts
122
Q

Two parts of the vestibulocochlear

A
  • Sensitive to changes in position of head

- Interpreted as hearing

123
Q

Facts about the glossopharyngeal nerve

A
  • IX
  • Both
  • Sensory: form lining of pharynx, tonsils and post 1/3 of tongue
  • Motor: to wall of pharynx to help swallowing
124
Q

Facts about the Vagus

A
  • X
  • Both
  • From medulla to chest and abdomen (innervates GUT)
  • Sensory from lining of pharynx, larynx, and esophagus and abdomen
  • Somatic motor: to muscles of larynx –> speech and swallowing
  • Autonomic motor: to heart, other smooth muscles and glands in visceral organs
125
Q

Functions of accessory nerves

A
  • XI
  • Motor
  • 2 branches
126
Q

Two branches of the accessory nerve

A

Cranial: from medulla to muscles of soft palate, pharynx and larynx
Spinal: sends motor fibers to trapezius and sternomastocleoid

127
Q

Characteristics of the hypoglossal nerve

A
  • XII
  • Motor
  • From medulla to tongue
  • For speaking, chewing, and swallowing

Anatomy Lecture (17 decks)

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