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Anatomy Lecture > Chapter 3 - Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Tissues Flashcards

0
Q

Many tissues make up an ________

A

Organ

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1
Q
  • Made up of similiar types of cells and cell prodcuts

- Work together to perfrom a SPECIALIZED function

A

Tissues

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2
Q

The four different primary tissue types

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective Tissue
  3. Muscle
  4. Nerual
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3
Q

The study of tissues

A

Histology

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4
Q

Six characteristics of epithelial tissue cells

A
  1. Covers all body surfaces
  2. Cellularity
  3. Polarity
  4. Attatchement
  5. Avascularity
  6. Regeneration
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5
Q

Means you have extremes

A

Polarity

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6
Q

Body surface is _____

A

Anything you can see

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7
Q

Tissue that lines the stomach and inner tubing

A

Epithelial tissue

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8
Q

Four functions of tissues

A
  1. Physical protection
  2. Control permeability (absorption)
  3. Sensations
  4. Secretions
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9
Q

Four characteristics of cells (Including physical characteristics such as spacial distances)

A
  1. No matrix in between cells
  2. No space between cells
  3. Connected by junctions
  4. May contain fluids (even be water tight)
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10
Q

How do nutrients get to epithelial cells?

A

Nutrients are supplied through the blood underneath the skin

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11
Q

Three components to polarity

A
  1. Basal Side
  2. Lateral
  3. Apical
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12
Q

The Basal side grows off of a ______

A

Basal Lamina

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13
Q
  • Contacts adjacent cells

- Cell junctions

A

Lateral Side

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14
Q
  • Exposed to the Lumen

- Has specialization

A

Apical Side

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15
Q

The specializations of the apical side

A
  • Villi

- Microvilli

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16
Q

The basement membrane

A

Basal Lamina

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17
Q

Two components to the Basal Lamina

A
  1. Lamina Lucida

2. Lamina Densa

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18
Q

What does the lamina densa and lucida mean?

A
  • Dense

- Clear

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19
Q

Where is the Basal Lamina?

A

Exists on top of connective tissue

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20
Q

Arrangement of cells into layers reflects a cells ___ and ____

A
  • Location

- Function

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21
Q

Three kinds of layers of cells

A
  1. Simple Epithelium
  2. Pseudostratified
  3. Stratified Epithelium
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22
Q

Jobs of simple epithelium, pseudostratified, and stratified epithelium

A
  • Secretion and absorption
  • Nuclei at different levels so it looks like it is stratified but it isn’t
  • Protection
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23
Q

Four cell shapes and characteristics of each

A
  1. Squamous - flat
  2. Cubodial - cube shaped or hexagonal
  3. Columnar - tall and cylindrical
  4. Transitional - shape changes
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24
Q

Structure, function, and location of a Simple Squamous cell

A

Structure - One layer of thin, flat, irregular cells
Function - Absoprtion, diffusion, reduce friction
Location - Blood vessels, lungs, kidney tubules

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25
Q

Structure, function, and location of a Simple Cubodial cell?

A

Structure - One layer, hexagonal-box shaped cell
Function - Absorption, secretion, limited protection
Location - Glands, ducts, kidney tubules

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26
Q

Structure, function, and location of a Simple Columnar cell?

A

Strucure - one layer, hexagonal column shaped cells
Function - protection, absorption, and secretion
Location - stomach, intestine, gall bladder

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27
Q

Structure, function, and location of a Pseudostradified Columnar cell?

A

Structure - One layer, multi-shaped cells, nuclei at varied heights
Function - Protection, secretion
Location - Respiratory track, male reproductive tract

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28
Q

Structure, function, and location of a Stratified Squamous cell?

A

Structure - Thin, flat, irregular cells. Multiple layers
Function - Protection against frequent abrasions
Location - Skin, mouth, throat, vagina, rectum

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29
Q

Structure, function, and location of a Stratified Cuboidal cell?

A

Structure - Multiple layered, hexagonal shaped boxes
Function - Secretion
Location - Rare; sweat gland ducts

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30
Q

Structure, function, and location of a Stratified Columnar cell?

A

Structure - Multiple layers, hexagonal column shaped cells
Function - Protection, secretion
Location - Rare; pharynx, epiglottis

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31
Q

Structure, function, and location of a Transitional cell?

A

Structure - Multiple layers, can change shape
Function - Expansion and recoil without tearing
Location - Urinary bladder, Renal pelvis

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32
Q

Epithelial cells aggregate together to form a specific product called a ____

A

Gland

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33
Q

Two types of glands

A
  1. Exocrine

2. Endocrine

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34
Q

Secretes products into ducts that open a door on the surface

- Example

A

Exocrine Glands

- Sweat glands

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35
Q

Secrete products into tissue fluid or blood

- Example

A

Endocrine Glands

- Hormones

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36
Q

Two kinds of Exocrine Glands

A
  1. Unicellular

2. Multicellular

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37
Q

A unicellular exocrine cell is called a _______

A

Goblet Cell

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38
Q

Three CLASSIFICATIONS of multicellular exocrine glands

A
  1. Secretory Sheets
  2. Multicellular simple glands
  3. Multicellular compound gland
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39
Q
  • Multicellular exocrine gland
  • One large sheet covering a surface and
  • Rarely have ducts or pockets
A

Secretory sheets

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40
Q
  • Exocrine multicellular gland
  • Have one distinct duct with outpocketing
  • Defined by the number and shape of these pockets
A

Multicellular Simple Glands

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41
Q

Three types of multicellular SIMPLE and COMPOUND glands and definitions

A
  1. Tubular - elongate
  2. Coiled - winds
  3. Alveolar - lobed
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42
Q
  • Exocrine multicellular glands

- Have MANY distinct ducts with out pocketing

A

Multicellular Compounds Glands

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43
Q

Three types of exocrine glands

A
  1. Merocrine glands
  2. Apocrine glands
  3. Holocrine glands
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44
Q

Exocrine glands are functionally classified based on _____

A

How the secretions are released

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45
Q
  • Salivary glands

- Release product via exocytosis (Vesicles within cytoplasm bring product to the surface)

A

Merocrine Glands

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46
Q
  • Mammary glands

- Pinching off cell portion (product is within this portion)

A

Apocrine Gland

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47
Q
  • Sebaceous glands
  • Product accumulates in cytosol
  • Cell ruptures and becomes the product
A

Holocrine Glands

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48
Q

General traits of connective tissue

A
  1. Most abundant
  2. Multiple functions
  3. Spread apart
  4. Able to reproduce
  5. Well nourished; good blood supply
  6. Vary in structure
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49
Q

Where does connective tissue not occur?

A

Free surfaces

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50
Q

What tissue group has good nerve and blood supply?

A

Connective Tissue

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51
Q

All connective tissue is derived from what?

A

Mesenchymal Cells

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52
Q

Stem cells that differentiate into the multitude of cell types in all connective tissue

A

Mesenchymal Cells

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53
Q

What two things is connective tissue composed of?

A
  1. Extracellular matrix

2. Cells that produce the matrix

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54
Q

What is the extracellular matrix composed of?

A
  • Protein fibers

- Ground substances

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55
Q

Consistency varies from liquid to gel to solid

A

Ground substances

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56
Q

Cells rarely _____ due to the extracellular matrix

A

Touch

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57
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A
  • Bind structures
  • Support and protection
  • Fill spaces
  • Store fat
  • Produce blood
  • Repair damage
  • Protect against infection
  • Transport fluids and dissolved materials
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58
Q

Connective tissue with cells and fibers in gel like ground substances

A

Connective Tissue Proper

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59
Q

Two kinds of connective tissue proper

A
  1. Loose connective tissue

2. Dense connective tissue

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60
Q

Three types of Loose connective tissue

A
  1. Areolar
  2. Adipose
  3. Reticular
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61
Q

Three types of dense connective tissue

A
  1. Regular
  2. Irregular
  3. Elastic
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62
Q

Two major cell types of CTP

A

Fixed and Wandering

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63
Q

Five fixed cells in CTP

A
  1. Mesenchymal
  2. Fibroblasts
  3. Fixed Macrophages
  4. Adipocytes
  5. Melanocytes
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64
Q

Cells that produce protein fibers

A

Fibroblasts

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65
Q

White blood cells that consume damaged cells and invaders

A

Fixed Macrophages

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66
Q

Fat cells

A

Adipocytes

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67
Q

Produce melanin

A

Melanocytes

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68
Q

Two types of wandering cells

A
  1. Free macrophages

2. Other white blood cells

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69
Q

The blood cells that consume damaged cells and invaders

A

Free macrophages

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70
Q

Secrete histamine; produce antibodies; consume damaged cells and invaders

A

Other white blood cells

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71
Q
  • 25% of protein in your body
  • Arranged into thick fibers
  • Tough, resistant to pull
  • Formed from protein collagen
A

Collagen fibers

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72
Q

Where are collagen fibers found?

A

Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments

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73
Q
  • Formed from the proteins elastin and fibrillin
  • Smaller diameter fibers than collagen
  • Rubbery, resilient
  • Can stretch up to 150% of relaxed length and return to shape
A

Elastic fibers

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74
Q

What proteins form elastic fibers?

A

Elastin and fibrillin

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75
Q

Where are the elastic fibers found?

A

Lungs, blood vessels, skin

76
Q
  • Formed from protein collagen

- Thin, branched fibers that form framework of organs

A

Reticular fibers

77
Q

Where are reticular fibers found?

A

Spleen, Lymph nodes, basal lamina

78
Q

Structure, function, and location of Areolar Connective Tissue

A

Structure: Loosely arranged fibers, mast cells, macrophages, fibrocytes, adipocytes
Function: Holds skin to underlying organs; fill spaces between muscles
Location: Digestive, respiratory and urinary tracts. Nerves and joints and around and between skeletal and smooth muscles

79
Q

Structure, function, and location of Adipose Connective Tissue

A

Structure: mostly adipocytes
Function: cushions joints, insulation, store energy, support
Location: hypodermis, between muscles, around kidney, behind eye, joints

80
Q

Structure, function, and location of Reticular Connective Tissue

A

Structure: Fibroblasts, reticular fibers in 3D web
Function:: support tissue in walls of organs
Location: lymphoid organs, live and spleen

81
Q

Structure, function, and location of Dense Regular CT?

A

Structure: many collagen fibers densely packed, parallel, little open space
Function: Reinforces structures in one direction
Location: tendons and ligaments

82
Q

Structure, function, and location of Dense Irregular CT?

A

Structure: same as regular except no pattern
Function: reinforces in several directions
Locations: dermis, joint capsules, capsules of organs

83
Q

Structure, function, and location of Elastic CT?

A

Structure: elastic fibers in parallel strands or branched networks; fibroblasts
Functions: provide elasticity
Locations: between vertebrae, walls of hollow organs

84
Q

Two types of fluid connective tissue

A
  1. Blood

2. Lymph

85
Q
  • Connective tissue with a liquid matrix
  • Contains RBC and WBC and Platelets
  • Provides clotting, immune frictions, carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
A

Blood

86
Q

The liquid matrix in blood

A

The Plasma

87
Q

Three cell types in blood

A

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

  • White blood cells (leukocytes)
  • Platelets
88
Q

Interstitial fluid being transported in lymphatic vessles

A

Lymph

89
Q

Supporting connective tissue that provides a framework that supports the rest of the body

A
  • Cartilage

- Bone

90
Q

General traits of connective tissue

A
  1. Most abundant
  2. Multiple functions
  3. Spread apart
  4. Able to reproduce
  5. Well nourished; good blood supply
  6. Vary in structure
91
Q

Where does connective tissue not occur?

A

Free surfaces

92
Q

What tissue group has good nerve and blood supply?

A

Connective Tissue

93
Q

All connective tissue is derived from what?

A

Mesenchymal Cells

94
Q

Stem cells that differentiate into the multitude of cell types in all connective tissue

A

Mesenchymal Cells

95
Q

What two things is connective tissue composed of?

A
  1. Extracellular matrix

2. Cells that produce the matrix

96
Q

What is the extracellular matrix composed of?

A
  • Protein fibers

- Ground substances

97
Q

Consistency varies from liquid to gel to solid

A

Ground substances

98
Q

Cells rarely _____ due to the extracellular matrix

A

Touch

99
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A
  • Bind structures
  • Support and protection
  • Fill spaces
  • Store fat
  • Produce blood
  • Repair damage
  • Protect against infection
  • Transport fluids and dissolved materials
100
Q

Connective tissue with cells and fibers in gel like ground substances

A

Connective Tissue Proper

101
Q

Two kinds of connective tissue proper

A
  1. Loose connective tissue

2. Dense connective tissue

102
Q

Three types of Loose connective tissue

A
  1. Areolar
  2. Adipose
  3. Reticular
103
Q

Three types of dense connective tissue

A
  1. Regular
  2. Irregular
  3. Elastic
104
Q

Two major cell types of CTP

A

Fixed and Wandering

105
Q

Five fixed cells in CTP

A
  1. Mesenchymal
  2. Fibroblasts
  3. Fixed Macrophages
  4. Adipocytes
  5. Melanocytes
106
Q

Cells that produce protein fibers

A

Fibroblasts

107
Q

White blood cells that consume damaged cells and invaders

A

Fixed Macrophages

108
Q

Fat cells

A

Adipocytes

109
Q

Produce melanin

A

Melanocytes

110
Q

Two types of wandering cells

A
  1. Free macrophages

2. Other white blood cells

111
Q

The blood cells that consume damaged cells and invaders

A

Free macrophages

112
Q

Secrete histamine; produce antibodies; consume damaged cells and invaders

A

Other white blood cells

113
Q
  • 25% of protein in your body
  • Arranged into thick fibers
  • Tough, resistant to pull
  • Formed from protein collagen
A

Collagen fibers

114
Q

Where are collagen fibers found?

A

Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments

115
Q
  • Formed from the proteins elastin and fibrillin
  • Smaller diameter fibers than collagen
  • Rubbery, resilient
  • Can stretch up to 150% of relaxed length and return to shape
A

Elastic fibers

116
Q

What proteins form elastic fibers?

A

Elastin and fibrillin

117
Q

Where are the elastic fibers found?

A

Lungs, blood vessels, skin

118
Q
  • Formed from protein collagen

- Thin, branched fibers that form framework of organs

A

Reticular fibers

119
Q

Where are reticular fibers found?

A

Spleen, Lymph nodes, basal lamina

120
Q

Structure, function, and location of Areolar Connective Tissue

A

Structure: Loosely arranged fibers, mast cells, macrophages, fibrocytes, adipocytes
Function: Holds skin to underlying organs; fill spaces between muscles
Location: Digestive, respiratory and urinary tracts. Nerves and joints and around and between skeletal and smooth muscles

121
Q

Structure, function, and location of Adipose Connective Tissue

A

Structure: mostly adipocytes
Function: cushions joints, insulation, store energy, support
Location: hypodermis, between muscles, around kidney, behind eye, joints

122
Q

Structure, function, and location of Reticular Connective Tissue

A

Structure: Fibroblasts, reticular fibers in 3D web
Function:: support tissue in walls of organs
Location: lymphoid organs, live and spleen

123
Q

Structure, function, and location of Dense Regular CT?

A

Structure: many collagen fibers densely packed, parallel, little open space
Function: Reinforces structures in one direction
Location: tendons and ligaments

124
Q

Structure, function, and location of Dense Irregular CT?

A

Structure: same as regular except no pattern
Function: reinforces in several directions
Locations: dermis, joint capsules, capsules of organs

125
Q

Structure, function, and location of Elastic CT?

A

Structure: elastic fibers in parallel strands or branched networks; fibroblasts
Functions: provide elasticity
Locations: between vertebrae, walls of hollow organs

126
Q

Two types of fluid connective tissue

A
  1. Blood

2. Lymph

127
Q
  • Connective tissue with a liquid matrix
  • Contains RBC and WBC and Platelets
  • Provides clotting, immune frictions, carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
A

Blood

128
Q

The liquid matrix in blood

A

The Plasma

129
Q

Three cell types in blood

A

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

  • White blood cells (leukocytes)
  • Platelets
130
Q

Interstitial fluid being transported in lymphatic vessles

A

Lymph

131
Q

Supporting connective tissue that provides a framework that supports the rest of the body

A
  • Cartilage

- Bone

132
Q

Three jobs of membranes

A
  1. Made of epithelial and connective tissue
  2. Form barriers
  3. Cover and protect
133
Q
  • Membrane that lines the passageways to exterior
  • Moistened by mucous
  • Contains areolar tissue
A

Mucous membranes

134
Q

Where are the mucous membranes?

A
  • Respiratory track
  • Mouth
  • Digestive tract
135
Q
  • Membrane
  • Simple squamous mesothelium
  • Secretes watery fluid
A

Serous Membrane

136
Q

Where are the serous membranes?

A

Lining of the pleural cavity

  • Abdominopelvic cavity
  • Scrotal cavity
  • Pericardial cavity
137
Q

Five characteristics of cutaneous membranes

A
  1. Skin
  2. Covers body surfaces
  3. Thick
  4. Waterproof
  5. Dry
138
Q
  • In joint cavities
  • Produces synovial fluid
  • Lubricates joint
  • Promotes smooth movement
A

Synovial membrane

139
Q
  • Areolar and adipose tissue layer

- Sits deep to cutaneous membrane

A

Superficial fascia

140
Q
  • Dense CT sheets
  • Binds to tendons, ligaments, capsules, and bones
  • Deep to superficial fascia
A

Deep fascia

141
Q
  • Areolar CT sheet
  • Binds to serous membranes
  • Deep to deep fascia
A

Subserous fascia

142
Q

General characteristics of muscle tissue

A
  1. Contractile
  2. Elastic
  3. Extensible
  4. Excitable
143
Q

Structure, function, and location of skeletal muscle

A

Structure: Large cylindrical muscle fibers, multinucleated, striated, satellite cells
Function: Voluntary control of skeleton, controls opening into digestive system, heat generation
Location: Skeletal muscles (with connective/nervous tissues)

144
Q

Three types of muscular tissue

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
145
Q

Location, structure, function of cardiac tissue

A

Location: heart
Structure: Unicellular branched cardiocytes, uninucleate, striated, INVOLUNTARY
Function: Heartbeat

146
Q

Structure, location, and function of muscle tissue

A

Structure: Short tapered cells, uninucleated, nonstriated, involuntary, can divide and regenerate
Location: Lines tracts, BV’s and hollow organs
Function: Involuntary control of respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems

147
Q

Two components to nervous tissue

A
  1. Neurons

2. Neuroglia

148
Q

Transmit impulse for cell communication

A

Neurons

149
Q

Support, nourish, and protect neruons

A

Neuroglia

150
Q

Two components to the Integumentary system

A
  1. Cutaneous membrane

2. Accessory structures

151
Q

What is the cutaneous membrane composed of?

A
  1. Epidermis

2. Dermis

152
Q

What is the accessory structures?

A
  1. Hair
  2. Nails
  3. Glands
153
Q

Four functions of the integumentary system

A
  1. Protects deeper tissues
  2. Aids in heat regulation
  3. Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid
  4. Synthesizes vitamin D
154
Q

What does the integumentary system protect deeper tissues from?

A
  1. Mechanical damage
  2. Chemical damage
  3. Bacterial damage
  4. Thermal damage
  5. UV radiation
  6. Desiccation
155
Q

Four epidermis characteristics

A
  1. Stratified squamous epithelium
  2. Lacks blood vessels but can divide
  3. As new cells grow, push older ones to surface
  4. Outer most layers are dead
156
Q

Four epidermal cell types

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Langerhan cells
  4. Merkel cells
157
Q
  • Produce Keratin

- Provide protection

A

Keratinocytes

158
Q

What percentage of epidermal cells does keratinocytes make up?

A

90%

159
Q
  • Produces melanin pigment which protects the epidermis from UV radiation
  • Melanin transferred to other cells with long cell processes
A

Menalocytes

160
Q
  • Comes from bone marrow
  • Part of immune system
  • White blood cells in there
A

Langerhan cells

161
Q

What percentage of cells in the epidermis are melanocytes?

A

8%

162
Q
  • In deepest skin layer

- Form touch receptor with sensory neuron

A

Merkel cells

163
Q

Four steps to keratinization and epidermal growth

A
  1. Stem cells divide to produce keratinocytes at the basal lamina
  2. As the keratinocytes are pushed up towards the surface they fill with keratin
  3. Slowly die
  4. Four week journey unless they are removed by abrasion
164
Q

Five layers of the epidermis

A
  1. Stratum germinativum
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum
  5. Stratum corneum
165
Q
  • Deepest single layer of cells
  • Combination of merkel cells, melanocytes, keratinocytes, and stem cells that divide repeatedly
  • Cells attached to each other and to basal lamina
A

Stratum germinativum

166
Q

What attaches cells to each other and to basal lamina in stratum germinativum?

A

Desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

167
Q
  • 8 to 10 cell layers held together by desmosomes
  • Melanin taken in by phagocytosis from nearby melanocytes
  • During slide preparation, cells shrink and look spiny
A

Stratum spinosum

168
Q
  • 3-5 layers of flat dying cells
  • Show nuclear degeneration
  • Contain dark staining keratohylan granules
A

Stratum granulosum

169
Q

Release lipids that repels water

A

Keratohyalin granules

170
Q
  • Seen in thick skin on palms and soles of feet only

- Three to five layers of clear, flat, dead cells

A

Stratum lucidum

171
Q
  • 25-30 layers of flat dead cells filled with keratin and surrounded by lipids
  • Continuously shed
  • Barrier to light, heat, water, chemical and bacteria
  • Friction stimulate callus formation
A

Stratum corneum

172
Q

In what layer is caluses formed?

A

Stratum Corneum

173
Q

Three components to thick skin

A
  1. Palmer and planter surface
  2. About 30 layers of stratified corneum
  3. All five layers
174
Q

Three components of thin skin

A
  1. Rest of body surfaces
  2. Fewer layers of stratified corneum
  3. No stratified lucidum
175
Q

_____ forms ridges that extend into the dermis

A

Stratum Germinativum

176
Q

What is the point of epidermal ridges?

A

Increases area of contact for better grip

177
Q

_____ is produced in epidermis by melanocytes

A

Melanin

178
Q

Melanin production is in response to what?

A

Melanocyte stimulating hormones

179
Q

There are the same number of _______ in everyone, but differing amounts of _____ produced

A
  • Melanocytes

- Pigments

180
Q

______ increases melanin production

A

UV in sunlight

181
Q

Melanocytes convert ____ to _____

A

Tyrosine to melanin

182
Q

Two types of melanin and their meanings

A

Eumelanin - typical brown or black melanin

Pheomelin - red-brown version

183
Q

Freickle or liver spots form because

A

Melanocytes are in a patch

184
Q

Benign localized overgrowth of melanocytes form

A

A nevus or mole

185
Q

Inherited lack of tyrosinase; no pigments

A

Albinism

186
Q
  • Yellow orange pigment (precursor of vitamin A)

- Found in stratum corneum and subcutaneous

A

Carotene in dermis

187
Q
  • Red, oxygen carrying pigment in blood cells

- If other pigments are not present, epidermis is translucent so pinkness will be evident

A

Hemoglobin

Anatomy Lecture (17 decks)

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