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Anatomy Lecture > Chapter 24 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 24 - Respiratory System Flashcards

0
Q

What does increasing turbulence in conchae do?

A

Filters out airborne particles

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1
Q

Functions of the conchae

A
  • Divide cavity into passages
  • Support mucous membranes
  • Increase surface area
  • Increase turbulence
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2
Q

Air filled sacs within cranial bone

A

Sinuses

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3
Q

Different kinds of sinuses

A
  • Maxilla
  • Frontal
  • Ethmoid
  • Sphenoid
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4
Q

When do sinuses open into?

A

Nasal cavity

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5
Q

What are sinuses lined with?

A

Mucous membranes

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6
Q

Functions of sinuses

A
  • Decreases weight of skull
  • Produce mucus
  • Resonant chambers
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7
Q

Shared passageway for respiratory and digestive system

A

Throat

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8
Q

Part of the throat that is above uvula and posterior to internal nares

A

Nasopharynx

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9
Q

Part of the throat that is a portion visible in a mirror

A

Oropharynx

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10
Q

Part of the throat that is between hyoid and esophagus

A

Laryngopharynx

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11
Q

Functions of the throat

A
  • Passage for food
  • Passage for air
  • Sound production
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12
Q

Layers of the respiratory tree

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Trachealis muscle
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13
Q

What is mucosa?

A

Goblet cells in pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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14
Q

What is the Submucosa?

A

Areolar CT and serous and mucous glands

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15
Q

What is Trachealis muscle?

A
  • transverse and longitudinal smooth muscle

- more muscle as one moves closer to the lungs

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16
Q

Enlargement in airway at top of trachea and below pharynx

A

Larynx

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17
Q

What does the larynx do?

A
  • routes air and food to proper channels
  • surrounds and protects the glottis
  • houses vocal cords
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18
Q

Opening in larynx

A

Glottis

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19
Q

Composition of larynx

A
  • muscles and cartilage held together by elastic tissue

- cartilages

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20
Q

Types of cartilage in the larynx with meanings

A

Thyroid - Adam’s apple
Cricoid - support posterior larynx
Arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform - attach and control vocal cords
Epiglottis - projects into the pharynx and covers glottis during swallowing

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21
Q

Folds in mucous membrane

A

Vocal cords

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22
Q

Three facts about vestibular folds

A
  1. False vocal cords
  2. No sound production
  3. Muscles help close larynx during swallowing
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23
Q

True vocal cords that cause sound production

A

Vocal cords

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24
Q

Process of speaking

A
  1. Air pushed past vocal folds that cause vibrations
  2. Pitch controlled by changing tension of cords (tight=high)
  3. Volume related to force of air cords (more force = loud)
  4. Oral cavity, lips, and tongue changes sound
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25
Q

A very flexible tube

A

Trachea

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26
Q

What does the trachea connect?

A

Connects larynx with bronchi

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27
Q

Composition of the inner wall of the trachea

A
  • ciliated mucous membrane with goblet cells

- 20 c-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage

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28
Q

What does the ciliated mucous membrane with goblet cells in the trachea do?

A
  • beat continuously

- expel mucous loaded with debris

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29
Q

Functions of the trachea

A
  • filter and direct air
  • cartilage rings prevent collapsing (but are still flexible)
  • soft tissue in back allows esophagus to expand
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30
Q

Formed by the division of trachea

A

Bronchi

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31
Q

Where bronchi split

A

Carina

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32
Q

Bronchi enter lungs where?

A

Hilus

33
Q

The branches and subdivisions of the bronchi

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Bronchioles

34
Q

Differences between the right and left bronchus

A
  • wider, shorter, straighter
  • three parts
  • superior one divides early
35
Q

Branches of the tertiary bronchi

A

Bronchioles

36
Q

How many terminal bronchioles form?

A

6500

37
Q

Consequences of the bronchioles being mostly smooth muscle dominant and having little cartilage

A

Bronchodialation and Bronchoconstriction

38
Q

Terminal bronchioles branch into what?

A

Respiratory lobules

39
Q

What do respiratory lobules do?

A

50-80 per lobule

Branch into alveolar ducts

40
Q

What does the respiratory system consist of?

A
  • Upper respiratory system

- Lower respiratory system

41
Q

What does the upper respiratory system do?

A

Filter, warm, and humidify air and bring it to and from the lower respiratory

42
Q

What is in the respiratory system?

A

Nose
Nasal cavity
Sinuses
Pharynx

43
Q

What does the lower respiratory system do?

A

Has alveoli - gas exchange surface

44
Q

What is in the lower respiratory system?

A 
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles 
Alveoli
45
Q

Functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • Extensive area for gas exchange
  • Move air to and from exchange surface
  • Protect exchange surfaces from damages (Dehydration, temperature, pathogens)
  • Produce vocalization
  • Regulate blood volume, pH, pressure
46
Q

Structure and function of gas exchange surfaces

A
  1. Increase the surface of the membrane
  2. Decrease the thickness of the respiratory membrane
  3. Highly vascularize the respiratory membrane — maximize concentration gradient
47
Q

Explain the structures of the external nose

A
  • Cartilage (Minor alar, major alar, and lateral nasal)
  • Nasal bone
  • External nares (encloses the nasal vestibule)
  • Nasal vestibule is protected by hairs
  • Opens into the nasal cavity
  • Separated by the nasal septum
48
Q

Where does the nasal cavity start and end?

A

Starts at the nasal vestibule and ends at the internal nares

49
Q

What is the nasal cavity divided by?

A

Nasal septum

50
Q

What makes up the nasal septum?

A
  • Vomer
  • Ethmoid
  • Septal cartilage
51
Q

How is the nasal cavity separated from the oral cavity?

A

Hard and soft palate

52
Q

What is the hard palate made up of?

A

Maxilla and palatine bone

53
Q

What lines the nasal cavity?

A

Mucus membrane lining

54
Q

What is the olfactory region? (2)

A
  • Superior region of the nasal cavity

- All areas with olfactory receptors

55
Q

Examples of what is in the olfactory region of the nasal cavity

A
  • Cribiform plate
  • Superior nasal conchae
  • Superior septum
56
Q

The three projections of bone on each side of the nasal cavity

A

Conchae

57
Q

Three parts of the conchae

A

Superior, inferior, middle

58
Q

What bone is the conchae made out of?

A

Ethmoid and inferior nasal conchae bone

59
Q

Grooves in between the conchae

A

Meatuses

60
Q

Lead to alveolar sacs

A

Alveolar ducts

61
Q

Contain several alveoli

A

Alveolar sacs

62
Q

How many alveoli are there in a lung?

A

150 millions per lung

63
Q

What is each alveoli associated with?

A

A network of capillaries

64
Q

What does alveoli have an abundance of?

A

Elastic fibers

65
Q

What type of cells is an alveolus composed of?

A

Pneumocyte type I and type II cells

66
Q

What is the pneumocyte type I cell?

A
  • Composed of simple squamous epithelium for gas exchange

- Moist lining aids in diffusion across the respiratory membrane

67
Q

What does the pneumocyte type II cell do?

A
  • No gas exchange

- Secrete pulmonary surfactant

68
Q

What does pulmonary surfactant do?

A
  • Fluid will lower cohesive force of water
  • Alveolar walls don’t stick to each other
  • Prevents collapse of alveoli
69
Q

Each alveolus consists of what? (3) What do these characteristics make for?

A
  • Basal lamina
  • Capillary network
  • Connective tissues

– Makes for a thin, flexible membrane

70
Q

The components and meanings of the connective tissue in the alveolus

A

Fibroblasts –> Elastic and reticular fibers

Macrophages –> Phagocytosis

71
Q

What cavity is the lungs in?

A

Thoracic cavity

72
Q

Two membranes and the in between in lungs

A

Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
Pleural cavity (in between)

73
Q

Structures of the lungs

A
  • Apex and base
  • Hilus
  • Lobes (2 left, 3 right, fissures separates)
  • Lobes divided into lobules
74
Q

All vessels and bronchi enter here

A

Hilus

75
Q

How does breathing work?

A

Depends on volume changes in cavity

Volume change –> pressure change –> gases flow to equalize pressure

76
Q

Two phases of breathing

A

Expiration and inspiration

77
Q

Explain inspiration

A

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract
Thoracic cavity expands –> pressure in pleural cavity decreases –> lungs expand into lower pressure areas –> pressure in lungs decrease –> air moves into lungs to equalize pressure

78
Q

Explain expiration

A

Passive Process
Muscles relax –> recoil shrinks thoracic cavity –> pressure in pleural cavity increases –> lungs are compressed –> pressure in lungs decreases –> air moves out to equalize pressure

79
Q

What is the passive process of expiration known as?

A

Tidal expiration

80
Q

What muscles contract during forced respiration?

A

Internal intercostals
external obliques
abdominal recti

81
Q

Explain forced respiration

A

Further shrinks thoracic cavity –> pressure in pleural cavity greatly increases –> lungs are compressed –> pressure in lungs greatly increase –> air moves out to equalize pressure

Anatomy Lecture (17 decks)

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