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Anatomy Lecture > Chapter 18 - General and Special Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 18 - General and Special Senses Flashcards

0
Q

Two major types of sensory receptors

A
  • Tonic receptor

- Phasic receptor

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1
Q

A specialized cell that sends sensations to CNS

A

Sensory receptor

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2
Q

Always sending signal to CNS

A

Tonic receptor

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3
Q

Becomes active only with changes in the conditions they monitor

A

Phasic receptor

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4
Q

Receptor that detect taste and smell

A

Chemoreceptor

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5
Q

Receptor that detects cell damage (mechanical, electrical, thermal)

A

Nociceptor

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6
Q

Receptor that detects thermal changes

A

Thermoreceptor

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7
Q

Receptor that detects hearing, stretching, and body position

A

Mechanoreceptor

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8
Q

Receptor that detects light

A

Photoreceptor

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9
Q

Area monitored by a single receptor

A

Receptor field

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10
Q
  • Each receptor responds to a specific stimulus
A

Receptive field

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11
Q

Example of receptor specificity

A

Photoreceptor will not respond to a chemical stimulus

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12
Q

The sensory information arriving at the CNS

A

Sensation

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13
Q

Conscious awareness of sensation

A

Perception

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14
Q

How is perception the conscious awareness of sensation?

A
  • All nerve impulses are identical (just action potentials)
  • Brain interprets impulses
  • “Feeling” that occurs when sensory impulses are interpreted
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15
Q

When does sensory adaptation occur?

A

Occurs when sensory receptors are subjected to continuous stimulation

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16
Q

What does sensory adaptation results in?

A

Reduction of sensitivity

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17
Q

For sensory adaptation, at some point along the pathway, impulses are _____

A

Conducted at a decreased rate

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18
Q

When sensory receptors decrease their level of activity

A

Peripheral adaptation

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19
Q
  • Sensory neurons are still active

- CNS causes reduced perception

A

Central adaptations

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20
Q

What are the sensory limitations?

A
  • Sensory information from receptors is incomplete
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21
Q

How is sensory receptors incomplete?

A
  • Do not have receptors for every stimulus (animals detecting infrared, uv, ultrasonic)
  • Receptors have limited ranges
  • Stimulation requires a neural event that is interpreted
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22
Q

Do not have specialized receptor cells or sensory organs

A

General senses

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23
Q

What are special senses?

A
  • Can have specialized receptor cells separate from the sensory neuron
  • Structurally more complex
  • Receptors localized in sense organs
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24
Q

Three major groups of general sense with their meanings

A

Exteroceptors - relay info about external environment
Proprioceptors - depict body position in space
Interoceptors - monitor the internal environment

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25
Q

What are nociceptors?

A
  • Sense tissue damage
  • Perceived as pain
  • Free nerve endings with large receptive field
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26
Q

Where are nociceptors found?

A

Found everywhere except brain

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27
Q

What function do nociceptors have?

A
  • Provide a protective function

- Do not adapt well

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28
Q

Quick, inducing a reflex usually, end when stimulus ends (prickling)

A

Fast pain

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29
Q

Begin later; persist longer, ache (burning)

A

Slow pain

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30
Q

What is referred pain

A
  • “brain-freeze”
  • visceral pain that feels like it is coming from a more superficial region
  • Due to superficial structure being innervated by the spinal nerves as the damaged viscera
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31
Q

What are thermoreceptors?

A
  • Involve heat and cold (no differences in structure between the two)
  • Free nerve endings in skin
  • Quick to adapt
  • Felt as pain if temp goes above 45C or below 10C
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32
Q

Sensitive to mechanical forces that cause tissues to be deformed

A

Mechanoreceptors

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33
Q

Types of mechanoreceptors with their meanings

A

Tactile - touch, pressure, vibration
Baroreceptors - pressure changes in walls of vessels
Proprioceptors - position of joints and muscles

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34
Q

Two types of tactile receptors

A
  • Unencapsulated

- Encapsulated

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35
Q

Three different types of unencapsulated tactile receptors

A

Free nerve endings
Root hair
Tactile disc

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36
Q
  • In papillary dermis

- General touch

A

Free nerve endings

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37
Q

Monitor distortions and movement across body surface

A

Root hair

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38
Q

Expanded nerve terminal that synapses with Merkel cell

- Sensitive to fine touch

A

Tactile disc

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39
Q

Three types of encapsulated cells

A
  • Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles
  • Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle
  • Ruffini Corpuscle
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40
Q

Found where tactile sensitivities are very well developed

A

Tactile corpuscles

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41
Q

Respond to deep pressure

A

Lamellated corpuscle

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42
Q
  • In dermis

- Detect pressure with little adaptation

A

Ruffini corpuscle

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43
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A
  • Stretch receptors

- Monitor changes in pressure (detect stretching of tissue walls)

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44
Q

What do baroreceptors regulate?

A

Autonomic activities

  • Digestive tract
  • Bladder
  • Carotid sinus
  • Lung
  • Colon
  • Major arteries
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45
Q

What do proprioceptors do?

A
  • Monitor position of joints, tension in tendons, state of muscle contraction
  • No adaptation to stimulus
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46
Q

Types of proprioceptors with meanings

A

Muscle spindle - monitor length of muscle

Golgi tendon organ - monitor tension in a tendonduring contraction (degree in which tendon is stretched)

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47
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A
  • Respond to substances dissolved in surrounding fluids

- Monitor chemical composition of body fluids

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48
Q

Examples of chemoreceptors monitoring chemical composition of body fluids

A

Sensitive to pH, pCO2 changes

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49
Q

Where are chemoreceptors found?

A
  • Inside CNS; medulla
  • Aortic bodies
  • Carotid bodies
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50
Q

Sense of smell

A

Olfaction

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51
Q

Where is the olfactory organ and what composes it?

A
  • Located within the nasal cavity on either side of nasal septum
  • Covers the CRIBRIFORM PLATE of ethmoid
  • Made up of OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM
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52
Q

Olfactory epithelium consists of what?

A

Olfactory receptors - chemoreceptors
Supporting cells - surround the receptors
Basal cells - stem cells that grow new cells
- Covered in secretions from OLFACTORY GLANDS

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53
Q

What are olfactory receptors?

A
  • Highly modified bipolar neurons
  • Have cilia that extend into mucus secreted by olfactory glands
  • Odorous particles dissolve into mucus and cause depolarization
54
Q

Olfactory nerve pathway

A
  • Impulses travel along AXONS of RECEPTOR CELLS
  • pass through openings in the CRIBRIFORM PLATE
  • Go to OLFACTORY BULB and CRANIAL NERVE 1
  • Unique in that the impulses DO NOT go to the THALAMUS
  • Travel along TRACTS to the LIMBIC SYSTEM
  • Smells can trigger strong EMOTION
  • Interpreted as SMELL in TEMPORAL LOBE and BASE OF FRONTAL
55
Q

What is olfactory discrimination?

A
  • No structural difference in receptor cells
  • Olfactory can turn-over (reproduce) (numbers decrease with age)
  • 50 primary smells (can distinguish thousands of smells)
  • Adapt quickly
56
Q

Taste = ?

A

Gustation

57
Q

Chemoreceptors in structure called _____

- Gustation

A

Taste buds

58
Q

Taste buds on superior surface of tongue in ____

A

Papillae

59
Q

What are papillae?

A
  • Epithelial projections

- Taste buds lie along papillae

60
Q

Three types of papillae?

A
  • Filiform
  • Fungiform
  • Circumvallate
61
Q
  • In taste buds
  • Receptor clusters
  • About 40 per bud
A

Gustatory cell

62
Q

Replace receptors every 10-12 days in taste buds

A

Basal cells

63
Q

Gustatory cells extend microvilli called a ____ in a ____

A

Taste hair into a taste pore

64
Q

Gustatory Pathway

A
  • Uses cranial nerve VII, IX, and X
  • Afferent fibers synapse with NUCLEUS SOLITARIUS in medulla
  • Goes to thalamus and cerebral cortex
65
Q

Primary tastes

A
  • Sour
  • Sweet
  • Salt
  • Bitter
  • Water
  • Umami
66
Q

what is Gustatory discrimination?

A
  • Individual differences in taste

- Number and sensitivity decrease with age

67
Q

Parts of the external ear

A
  • Auricle
  • External acoustic meatus
  • Tympanic membrane
68
Q

External structure supported elastic cartilage

A

Auricle

69
Q

Canal to middle ear

A

External acoustic meatus

70
Q

Makes wax (cerumen)

A

Ceruminous glands

71
Q

What does the external acoustic meatus have?

A
  • Hair

- Ceruminous glands

72
Q

The external acoustic meatus ends where?

A

Tympanic membrane

73
Q

Functions of the external ear?

A
  • Protects middle and inner ear
  • Limits microoganism growth
  • Deny access to foreign objects
  • Funnel vibrations
74
Q

Components of the middle ear

A
  • Tympanic cavity
  • Tympanic membrane
  • Auditory tube
  • Ossicles
  • Muscles
75
Q

Air filled space between external and inner ear

A

Tympanic cavity

76
Q

Thin, transparent connective tissue sheet

A

Tympanic membrane

77
Q

When teh auditory tube is open…..

A
  • Middle ear equalized to atm pressure
  • Can be induced by chewing or yawning
  • Allows for microbes to get in and cause and ear infection
78
Q
  • Tiny bones in middle ear

- Transfer vibrations from the tympanic membrane to inner ear

A

Ossicles

79
Q

Three ossicles

A
  • Malleus
  • Incus
  • Stapes
80
Q

Two types of muscles with their meanings

A

Tensor tympani muscle - inserts on malleus

Stapedius muscle - inserts on stapes

81
Q

A series of tubes and cavities in the ear

A

Inner ear

82
Q

Two section so the inner ear

A
  1. Vestibule (balance)

2. Cochlea (hearing)

83
Q

Inner ear consists of several layers

A
  1. Membranous labyrinth

2. Bony (osseous) labyrinth

84
Q

What does the membranous labryinth contain?

A

Endolymph fluid

85
Q

What does the bony labyrinth contain?

A
  • Dense bone layer of temporal

- Contains perilymph fluid

86
Q

What does the cochlea do?

A
  • Converts vibrations to sound
  • Contacts the stapes at the oval window
  • Coiled tube with cochlear duct
87
Q

The cochlea is divided into three ducts

A
  1. Vestibular duct - divided by the vestibular membrane
  2. Cochlear duct - divided by the basilar membrane
  3. Tympanic duct
88
Q

Where is the organ of corti found?

A

On the basilar membrane

89
Q

What is in the organ of corti with their meanings?

A

Hair cells - mechanoreceptors with stereocillia
Cranial nerve VIII - Cochlear branch contact hair cells
Tectorial membrane - positioned right above hair cell stereocilia

90
Q

Path of Vibrations

A
  1. Auricle funnels vibrations into meatus
  2. Tympanic membrane vibrates
  3. Transmits to ossicles (malleus to incus to stapes)
  4. Stapes connected to oval window (transmits vibrations to inner ear)
  5. Oval window vibrates; perilymph moves
  6. Membranous labyrinth vibrates (cochlear duct vibrates within)
  7. Basilar membrane bounces (hair cell stereocilia contact tectorial membrane, become deformed and creates depolarization, transmits an action potential down CN VIII)
91
Q

Pathway for auditory sensations

A
  • Carried by cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII
  • Goes to cochlear nucleus of medulla
  • Travel through thalamus
  • Processed in AUDITORY CORTEX of temporal lobe
92
Q

Vestibule consists of two parts

A

Semicircular canals

Utricle and saccule

93
Q
  • Three (anterior, lateral, and posterior)

- Surrounding semicircular ducts

A

Semicircular canals

94
Q

At the base of semicircular canals

A

Ampulla at base

95
Q

Each ampulla possess a _____ that attaches to a _____

A

Cristae, cupula

96
Q
  • Paired membranous sacs

- Conected by endolymphatic duct

A

Utricle and saccule

97
Q

Saccule possess ___

A

Maculae

98
Q

The cupula has ___

A

Hair cells

99
Q

How does head rotation work?

A
  • Causes fluid to move through canals
  • Fluid moves cupula
  • Hair cells stereocilia bends
  • Depolarization occurs
100
Q

The maculae consists of what?

A
  • Hair cells

- Otolith

101
Q

Small calcium carbonate crystals

- Gel like substance

A

Otolith

102
Q

As head orientation changes

A
  • Gravity pulls on crystals
  • Moves otolith
  • Deforms hair cell stereocillia
  • Depolarization occurs
103
Q

Pathway for balance sensation

A

Hair cells

  • Activate neurons of vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII
  • Synapses with vestibular nuclei
104
Q

Eye accessory structures

A

Eyelids or palpebrae
Tarsal glands
Conjunctiva

105
Q

Function and location of palpebrae

A
  • Protects and lubricates

- Epidermis, dermis, and CT

106
Q

Function of tarsal glands

A

Oily secretions keep lids from sticking together

107
Q

Thin protective mucus membrane on the eye

A

Conjunctiva

108
Q

Two parts to the conjunctiva

A

Palpebral and bulbar

109
Q

Where does the conjuntiva stop?

A

At the corneal edge

110
Q

How are conjunctiva bloodshot?

A

Dilated blood vessels

111
Q
  • Produces tears
A

Lacrimal apparatus

112
Q

Lacrimal apparatus consists of what?

A

Lacrimal glands - produce tears
Lacrimal punctum - drains tear into….
Lacrimal canaliculi - passageway that leads to the ….
Lacrimal sac - fills groove on lacrimal bone and connects to the …
Nasolacrimal duct - delivers tears to nasal cavity

113
Q

Three layers of the eye

A

Fibrous tunic
Vascular tunic
Neural tunic

114
Q
  • Outer tunic
A

Fibrous tunic

115
Q

Part of the fibrous tunic

A

Sclera - white of eye, dense irregular CT

Cornea - transparent layer

116
Q

Parts of the vascular tunic

A

Iris - smooth muscles and pigments, controls the size of the pupil
Choroid - vascularized, pigmented layer
Lens - layered proteins, refracts light
Ciliary body

117
Q
  • Below the iris
  • Has ciliary process
  • Ciliary muscles change the lens shape (focus)
A

Ciliary body

118
Q
  • Attach to suspensory ligaments

- Attach to lens

A

Cilary processes

119
Q

Functions of the vascular tunic

A
  • Route for BVs
  • Regulate amounts of light
  • Secrete and absorb aqueous humor
  • Control shape of lens
120
Q
  • Inner most layer
  • Consists of Retina
  • 5 groups of retinal neruons
A

Neural Tunic

121
Q

Retinal neruons

A

Receptor cells
Bipolar neurons
Ganglion cells
Amacrine cells

122
Q

Contains rods and cones

- Detect light

A

Receptor cells

123
Q

Synapse with receptor cells

A

Bipolar neurons

124
Q

Synape with biopolar neurons

A

Ganglion cells

125
Q

Modulate communication between bipolar and ganglion cells

A

Amacrine cells

126
Q
  • Very light sensitive
  • Do not discriminate color
  • Requires less light
A

Rods

127
Q
  • Color vision
  • Three types
  • Give sharper images
A

Cones

128
Q

Regions of the retina with meanings

A

Macula lutea - area of no rods
Fovea centralis - area of most cones (within macula)
Optic disc - beginning of optic nerve, “blind spot’

129
Q

Visual pathway…..

A
  1. Photoreceptors to…
  2. Bipolar cells to….
  3. Ganglion axons converge on optic disc into optic nerve (cranial nerve II)
  4. Optic tract to optic chiasm
  5. Relayed to lateral geniculate nucleus
  6. On to visual cortex occipital lobe
130
Q

Two cavities in the eye

A
  1. Posterior cavity - contains gelatinous vitreous body

2. Anterior cavity - contains clear aqueous humor

131
Q

Patrick’s new watch looks very _______

A

nice

132
Q

this species is 6”1’, 180 lbs., resides in its natural habitat of New York and commonly has blue eyes and curly hair

A

what is a Patrick Carbary

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