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Anatomy > Chapter 8- Articulations > Flashcards

Chapter 8- Articulations Flashcards

0
Q

arthrology

A

study of joints

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1
Q

articulations

A

joints

  • hold bones together but may permit movement
  • point of contact between 2 bones, between cartilage and bone and between teeth and bones
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2
Q

kinesiology

A

study of motion

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3
Q

classification of joints based on movement

A
  • synathrosis=immovable
  • amphiarthrosis=slightly
  • diarthrosis=freely
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4
Q

class. based on anatomy

A

-fibrous=collagen fibers
-cartilaginous=cartilage
-synovial=joint capsule and accessory ligaments
whats in between the joints

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5
Q

fibrous joints

A

-lack synovial cavity
-bones held closely together by fibrous connective tissue
-little or no movement
Types of fibrous joints: sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis

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6
Q

sutures

A

thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue unites bones of skull

  • immovable
  • if fused completely in adults=syntosis
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7
Q

syndesmosis

A
  • fibrous joint
  • bones united by ligament
  • slightly movable
  • anterior tibiofibular joint and interosseous membrane as EX.
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8
Q

gomphosis

A
  • ligament hold cone-shaped peg in bony socket
  • immovable
  • teeth in alveolar processes of maxillae or mandible
  • something else shoved into bone with ligament as protection
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9
Q

cartilage joints

A
  • lacks synovial cavity
  • allows little-no movement
  • bones tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
  • 2 types
  • -synchondroses
  • sympheses
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10
Q

synchondrosis

A
  • connecting material is hyaline cartilage
  • immovable
  • epiphyseal plate or joints between ribs and sternum
  • when fusion occurs it becomes synostosis
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11
Q

symphysis

A
  • fibrocartilage is connecting material
  • slightly movable
  • intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis
  • built to cushion
  • resist compression+tension
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12
Q

synovial jint: features

A
  • 2 bones separated by fluid filled cavity
  • joint capsule has 2 layers
  • -synovial membrane
  • -articular cartilage
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13
Q

synovial fluid components and functions

A 
no blood vessels
components
-blood filtrate
-hyalurnic acid
-glycoproteins
synovial fluid functions
-lubricate joint surface
-nourish chondrocytes
-shock absorber
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14
Q

synovial joint:accessory structures: ligaments

A

ligaments

  • reinforce and strengthen joint capsule
  • connect bone to bone with dense regular connective tissuel
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15
Q

ligament types

A

extracapsular ligaments
-outside joint capsule (collaterals) ex=tcl
intracapsular ligaments
-wth capsule (cruciates) ex=acl

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16
Q

synovial joint: accessory structure:articular discs

A
  • pads of fibrous cartilage that subdivide a cavity
  • also known as menisci
  • ex. ulnolunate joint; knee joint
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17
Q

articular disc funtions

A

channel flow of synovial fluid

  • modify articular surfaces
  • restrict movements at joint
  • cushion articulating surfaces
  • help distribute body weight
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18
Q

synovial joint: accessory structures: fat pads

A

-adipose tissue surrounding the synovial capsule

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19
Q

fat pad functions

A

protect articular cartilage

  • packing material
  • fills spaces when joint changes shape
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20
Q

synovial joint: accessory structures: bursae function, location, what is it

A
  • small fluid filled pockets of connective tissue
  • location: hypodermis; between tendons/ligaments and bones
  • function: cushion and support; aid movement of tendons
  • connective tissue bag with synovial like fluid inside, reduce friction, aids movement
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21
Q

types of movement: gliding

A
  • two opposing surfaces slide past one another

- same angle/orientatio the whole time

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22
Q

circumduction movement

A
  • type of angular motion
  • rotation of the shaft while changing the angle
  • ex: humerus+scapula
  • circle
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23
Q

angular motion

A
  • a change in angle between the shaft and articular surface

- no movement, just angle changing

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24
Q

rotation

A

spinning of the shaft without changing the angle

-ex: atlas and axis

26
Q

types of angular movement

A
  • abduction-away from midline
  • adduction-towards midline
  • flexion-foward movement from lateral view, reduce angle between two bones
  • extension-decrease angle between two bones
  • hyperextension-past angle of movement, injury based sometimes
27
Q

types of rotation

A
  • supination (anatomical position of hands, palm up)

- pronation= flipping hand palm down

28
Q

Special Movements

A
  • Eversion (ankle ouwards)
  • Inversion (ankle inwards)
  • dorsiflexion (ankle up/flexed)
  • plantar flexion (ankle down/extended)
  • lateral flexion (ear to shoulder)
  • protraction (chin thrust forward)
  • Retraction (chin thrust back)
  • opposition (thumb to pinky)
  • elevation (jaw closed)
  • depression (jaw opening)
29
Q

synovial joints

A

-trade off between flexibility and stability
due to:
-shape of articular surfaces
-tightness of ligaments
-presence of accessory ligaments
-other factors: other bones, muscles, fat pads

30
Q

types of synovial joints

A
  • plane
  • hinge
  • pivot
  • condlar
  • saddle
  • ball-and-socket
31
Q

plane joint

A
  • bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved
  • side to side movement only
  • rotation prevented by ligaments
  • ex:sternoclavicular joint
32
Q

hinge joint

A
  • convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of 2nd bone
  • uniaxial like a door hinge
  • -knee, elbow, ankle
33
Q

movements produced by hinge joint

A
  • flexion (decrease joint angle)
  • extension (increasing the angle)
  • hyperextension (opening joint beyond anatomical position
34
Q

pivot joint

A

rounded surface of bone articulates with ring formed by second bone and ligament

  • ex= proximal radioulnar joint (supination/pronation)
  • atlanto-axial joint (turning head “no”)
35
Q

condylar joint

A
  • oval shaped projection fits into oval depression
  • biaxial=flex/extend or abduct/aduct is possible
  • ex=wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints (2-5)
36
Q

saddle joint

A
  • one bone saddle shaped, other bone fits as a person would in saddle
  • biaxial
  • circumduction allows tip of thumb travel in circle
  • opposition allows tip of thumb to touch tip of fingers
  • ex=trapezius of carpus and metacarpal of thumb
37
Q

ball-and-socket joint

A

-ball fitting into a cuplike depression
-multiaxial
ex= shoulder joint
-hip joint

38
Q

types of motion for ball and socket

A
  • flexion/ extension
  • abduction/adduction
  • rotation
39
Q

temporomandibular joint

A

TMJ

  • hinge joint
  • between condylar process of mandle and madibular fossa
  • condyles slide back and forth along joint socket
  • 2 synovial joints
40
Q

intervertebral articulations: facets of articulation (where)

A
  • vertebrae articulate at superior and inferior articular processes
  • plane joint
  • restricts lateral movement
41
Q

intervertebral articulations; discs (what are they, made of what)

A

-allows flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation

42
Q

anulus fibrosus

A

fibrocartilage in joints of vertebrae

43
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

nucleus inbetween vertebrae and inside cartilage

  • made of water (75%)
  • hyaluronic acid
  • reticular and elastic fibers
44
Q

intervertebral articulations: herniated disc

A
  • slipped disc
  • nucleus pulposus breaks through annulus fibrosus
  • movements of vertebral column compresses nucleus
45
Q

shoulder joint

A
  • glenohumeral joint
  • head of humerus meets glenoid cavity
  • gelnoid cavity covered by glenoid labrum
  • ring of dense irregular connective tissue attached to margin of glenoid cavity
46
Q

elbow joint

A
  • two joints: humerus and ulna (hinge, flexion/extension)

- humerus and radius (pivot, pronation/supination)

47
Q

wrist and hand joints

A 
radiocarpal joint
intercarpal joints
capometacarpal joints
metacarpophalangeal joints
-interphalangeal joints
48
Q

radiocarpal joint

A
  • radius and 3 proximal carpels
  • flexion/extension
  • abduction/adduction
  • circumduction
49
Q

intercarpal joints

A

sliding

50
Q

carpometacarpal joints

A
  • thumb (saddle)

- other digits (plane=sliding)

51
Q

metacarpophalangeal joints

A

hand to fingers (condylar)

  • adduction/abduction
  • flexion/extension
52
Q

interphalangeal joints

A

fingers (hinge)

-flexion/extension

53
Q

hip joint

A
  • femoral head meets acetabulum of pelvis
  • ball and socket
  • labrum extends the size of the acetabulum
54
Q

knee joint must..

A
  • this joint must
    1. support body mass
    2. have 160 degrees motion
    3. be unobstructed by muscle (like hip)
  • lack strong yet limiting ligaments (like ankle)
55
Q

knee joints

A

tibiofemoral joint
-hinge (flexion/extension, some rotation)
patellofemoral joint
-plane (sliding)

56
Q

ankle joints

A 
ankle (talocrural joint)
-tibiotalar
-tibiofibular
-fibulotalar
dorsi/plantiflexion
57
Q

foot joints

A
  • intertarsal
  • tarsometatarsal
  • metatarsophalageal
  • interphalangeal
58
Q

intertarsal

A

plane joints between tarsals

59
Q

tarsometatarsal

A

-plane joints between tarsals and metatarsals

60
Q

metatarsophalangeal

A

-condylar joints between metatarsals and digits

61
Q

interphalangeal

A

-hinge joints in digits

62
Q

Types of fibrous joints

A

Sutures
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis

Anatomy (19 decks)

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