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Anatomy > Chapter 3-Tissues and Early Embryology > Flashcards

Chapter 3-Tissues and Early Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

4 basic tissue types

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, neural tissue

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2
Q

Epithelial tissue characteristics

A
  1. covers all body surfaces
  2. cellularity
  3. polarity
  4. attachment
  5. avascularity
  6. regeneration
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3
Q

Functions of Epithelia cells

A
  1. physical protection
  2. control permeability (absorption)
  3. sensation
  4. secretion
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4
Q

Epithelial cellularity

A

very little space

  • no matrix
  • connected by junctions
  • may contain fluids (stomach lining)
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5
Q

Avascularity of Epithelial cells

A

no blood vessels found within epithelial tissues

-nutrients are supplied from blood in underlying tissue

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6
Q

Basal side of epithelial tissue

A

grows off a basal lamina

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7
Q

lateral side of epithelial tissue

A

contacts adjacent cells

-cell junctions

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8
Q

apical side of epithelial cells

A
  • exposed to lumen
  • specializations
  • -microvilli, cilia
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9
Q

Basal Lamina of Epithelial cells

A
  • Divided into lamina lucida (clear layer) and Lamina densa (dense layer)
  • exists on top of connective tissue
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10
Q

3 layers of epithelial

A

simple
pseudostratified
stratified

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11
Q

simple epithelial

A

secretion/absorption

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12
Q

pseudostratified epithelium

A

nuclei found at different levels so it looks multilayered

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13
Q

stratified epithelium

A

protection

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14
Q

Epithelial cell shape

A
  • squamous (cells are flattened)
  • cuboidal (cells are usually cube shaped or hexagons)
  • columnar-cells are tall and cylindrical
  • transitional-shape changes
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15
Q

simple squamous structure

A

one layer thin flat cells

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16
Q

simple squamous function

A

absorption, diffusion, reduce friction

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17
Q

simple squamous location

A

serous membranes, blood vessels, lungs, kidney tubules

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18
Q

Simple Cuboidal structure

A

one layer, hexagonal box shaped cells

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19
Q

simple cuboidal function

A

absorption, secretion, limited protection

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20
Q

simple cuboidal location

A

glands, ducts, kidney tubules

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21
Q

simple columnar structure

A

one layer, hexagonal column shaped cells

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22
Q

simple columnar function

A

protection, absorption, secretion

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23
Q

simple columnar location

A

stomach, intestine, gall bladder, uterine tubes

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24
Q

pseudostratified columnar structure

A

one layer, multi-shaped cells, nuclei at varied heights

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25
Q

pseudostratified columnar function

A

protection, secretion

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26
Q

pseudostratified columnar

A

respiratory tract, male reproductive tract

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27
Q

stratified squamous structure

A
  • thin, flat, irregular cells

- multiple layers

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28
Q

stratified squamous function

A

protects against frequent abrasion

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29
Q

stratified squamous location

A

skin, mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, vagina

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30
Q

stratified cuboidal structure/ function/location

A

multiple layered, hexagonal shaped boxes

  • secretion
  • rare; sweat gland ducts
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31
Q

stratified columnar structure/function/location

A
  • multiple layers, hexagonal, column shaped cells
  • protection, secretion
  • rare; pharynx, epiglottis, anus, glands
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32
Q

transitional structure/function/location

A

multiple layers, can change shape

  • expansion and recoil without tearing
  • urinary bladder, renal pelvis
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33
Q

what is a gland

A

when epithelial cells aggregate together to produce a specific product

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34
Q

exocrine gland

A

secrete products into ducts that open on a surface

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35
Q

endocrine gland

A

secrete products into tissue fluid or blood

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36
Q

exocrine gland cellularity

A

unicellular-single cell; goblet cell

multicellular-secretory sheets, multicellular simple gland, multicellular compound gland

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37
Q

exocrine secretory sheets

A

one large sheet covering a surface

  • rarely have ducts or pockets
    ex. stomach lining
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38
Q

exocrine simple glands

A
  • one distinct duct with outpocketing

- defined by number and shapes of pockets

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39
Q

pockets of exocrine multicellular simple glands

A

tubular: elongate
coiled: winds
Alveolar: lobed

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40
Q

divisions of simple exocrine glands

A

simple tubular (intestinal glands)

  • simple coiled tubular (merocrine sweat glands)
  • simple branched tubular (gastric glands, mucous glands of toung)
  • simple alveolar (found in development of branched glands)
  • simple branched aveolar (subaceous glands)
41
Q

multicellular compound glands

A

many distinct ducts with outpocketing

-tubular, coiled, alveolar, tubuloalveolar

42
Q

Classification of Exocrine glands

A

functionally classified based on how secretions are released

  1. merocrine glands
  2. apocrine gland
  3. holocrine glands
43
Q

merocrine glands

A

Ex. salivary glands

  • secrete product by exocytosis
  • vesicles within cytoplasm bring product to the surface
44
Q

apocrine glands

A

ex. mammary glands
- pinching off of cell portion
- product is within this portion

45
Q

holocrine glands

A

ex. sebaceous glands
- product accumulates in cytosol
- cell ruptures and becomes the product

46
Q

Connective tissue traits

A
  1. most abundant
  2. multiple functions
  3. spread apart
  4. able to reproduce
  5. well nourished; good blood supply
  6. vary in structure
47
Q

Connective tissue is derived from what?

A

Mesenchymal cells

-stem cells that differentiate into multitude of cell types in all connective tissue

48
Q

Where doesnt connective tissue occur?

A

free surfaces

49
Q

except for cartilage and tendons, connective tissue has what?

A

good blood and nerve supply

50
Q

Connective tissue is composed of what?

A
  1. extracellular matrix
    - -secreted by cells, has protein fibers, ground substance (consistency from liquid to gel to solid)
  2. cells
    - -produce the matrix, rarely touch
51
Q

connective tissue functions

A
  1. bind structures
  2. support and protection
  3. fill spaces
  4. store fat
  5. produce blood
  6. repair damage
  7. protect against infection
  8. transport fluids and dissolved materials
52
Q

what is connective tissue proper (CTP)

A

connective tissue with cells and fibers in gel like ground substance

  • loose connective tissues (areolar, adipose, reticular)
  • dense connective tissues (regular, irregular, elastic)
53
Q

Major Cell type CTP: Fixed Cell

A
  • fixed cells
  • mesenchymal
  • fibroblasts (produce protein fibers
  • fixed macrophages (white blood cells that consume damaged cells and invaders
  • adipocytes (fat cells)
  • melanocytes (produce melanin
54
Q

Major Cell Type CTP: wandering cell

A
  • free macrophages (what blood cells consume damaged cells and invaders)
  • other white blood cells (secrete histamine; produce antibodies; consume damaged cells/invaders)
55
Q

Major Fiber Type CTP: Collagen Fiber

A
  • 25% of protein in body
  • arranged into thick fibers
  • tough, resistant to pull, pliable
  • formed from protein collagen
  • found in bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments
56
Q

Major Fiber type of CTP: Elastic Fiber

A

Formed from proteins elastin and fibrillin

  • smaller diameter fibers than collagen
  • rubbery, resilient
  • can stretch up to 150% of relaxed length
  • found in lungs, blood vessels, skin
57
Q

Major fiber types of CTP: reticular fibers

A

formed from protein collagen as well

  • thin, branched fibers that form framework of organs
  • spleen and lymph nodes, basal lamina
58
Q

Types of Cellular CTP

A
  1. fixed cell

2. wandering cell

59
Q

Types of fiber CTP

A
  1. collagen
  2. elastic
  3. reticular
60
Q

Areolar CTP: Structure

A

loosely arranged fibers, mast cells, macrophages, fibrocytes, adipocytes

61
Q

Areolar CTP: function

A

hold skin to underlying organs; fill spaces between muscles

62
Q

Areolar CTP: location

A

digestive, repiratory and urinary tracts, nerves and joints, around and between skeletal/smooth muscles; hypodermis of skin

63
Q

Adipose CTP: structure and function

A
  • mostly adipocytes

- cushions joints, insulation, store energy, support

64
Q

Adipose CTP: location

A

hypodermis, between muscles, around kidney, behind eye, joints, abdominal membrane, surface of heart

65
Q

Reticular CT: Structure

A

fibroblasts, reticular fibers in 3-D web

66
Q

Reticular CT: function

A

support tissue in walls of organs

67
Q

Reticular CT: Location

A

Lymphoid organs, liver and spleen

68
Q

dense regular CT:structure

A

many collagen fibers densely packed, parallel, little open space

69
Q

dense regular CT: function

A

reinforces structures in one direction

70
Q

Dense regular CT: location

A

tendons and ligaments

71
Q

Dense Irregular CT: structure

A

same as regular except no pattern

72
Q

dense irregular CT: function

A

reinforces in several directions

73
Q

dense irregular CT: location

A

dermis, joint capsules, capsules of organs

74
Q

elastic CT: structure

A

elastic fibers in parallel strands or branched networks; fibroblasts

75
Q

elastic CT: locations

A

between vertebrae, walls of hollow organs

76
Q

Elastic CT: functions

A

provide elasticity

77
Q

Fluid Connective tissue

A
  • blood

- lymph (interstitial fluid being transported in lymphatic vessels

78
Q

Fluid Connective Tissue: blood

A
  • connective tissue with liquid matrix (plasma)
  • cell types= erythrocytes, leukocytes (white), platelets (cell fragments)
  • provide clotting, immune functions, carry O2 and CO2
79
Q

Supporting Connective Tissue

A

provide a framework that supports the rest of the body

-ex. cartilage, bone

80
Q

membranes

A

made of epithelial and connective tissue

  • form barriers
  • cover and protect
81
Q

mucous membranes

A
  • lines passageways; open to exterior
  • moistened by mucous
  • contain areolar tissue
    ex: respiratory passages, mouth, digestive tract
82
Q

serous membrane

A
  • simple squamous mesothelium; secretes watery fluid

- location: lining of pleural cavity, abdominopelvic cavity, scrotal cavity and pericardical cavity

83
Q

cutaneous membrane

A
  • skin
  • covers body surface
  • thick
  • waterproof
  • dry
84
Q

synovial membrane

A
  • in joint cavities
  • produces synovial fluid
  • lubricates joints
  • promotes smooth movement
85
Q

Types of membranes

A
  1. mucous membrane
  2. serous membrane
  3. cutaneous membrane
  4. synovial membrane
86
Q

outer layer of connective tissue

A

superficial fascia

  • areolar and adipose tissue layer
  • sits deep to cutaneous membrane (skin)
87
Q

middle layer of connective tissue framework

A

deep fascia

  • dense CT sheets
  • binds to tendons, ligaments, capsules, and bones
  • deep to superficial fascia
88
Q

bottom layer of connective tissue

A

subserous fascia

  • areolar CT sheet
  • binds to serous membranes
  • deep to deep fascia
89
Q

General characteristics of muscle tissue

A
  • contractile
  • elastic
  • extensible
  • excitable
90
Q

types of muscle tissue

A
  1. skeletal
  2. cardiac
  3. smooth
91
Q

skeletal muscle: structure

A

large cylindrical muscle fibers, multinucleated, striated, has satellite cells

92
Q

skeletal muscle: function

A

voluntary control of skeleton, controls opening into digestive system, heat generation

93
Q

skeletal muscle: location

A

skeletal muscles (with connective/nervous tissue)

94
Q

cardiac muscle: structure

A

unicellular branched cariocytes, uninucleate, striated, involuntary

95
Q

cardiac muscle: function

A

heartbeat

96
Q

smooth muscle: structure

A

short tapered cells, uninucleated, non-striated, involuntary, can divide and regenerate

97
Q

smooth muscle: location

A

lines tracts, BV’s and hollow organs

98
Q

smooth muscle: function

A

involuntary control of respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems

99
Q

nervous tissue cell types

A
  • neurons (transmit impulse for cell communication)

- neuroglia (support, nourish and protect neurons)

Anatomy (19 decks)

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