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Anatomy > Chapter 5-Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 5-Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of bone tissue

A
  • compact(dense smooth bone)

- spongy(bone with open spaces within)

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2
Q

Components of Skeletal system

A
  • cartilage
  • bone
  • tendons
  • ligaments
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3
Q

functions of skeletal system

A
  • protection
  • support (rigid structure)
  • movement (bones as levers)
  • storage (ca, P, fat)
  • blood cell protection
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4
Q

cartilage consists of

A

-cells

extracellular matrix

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5
Q

cells in cartilage

A

chondrocytes found in compartments called lacunae

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6
Q

extracellular matrix

A
  • collagen/elastic fibers

- ground substance of chondrotin sulfates

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7
Q

types of cartilage

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

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8
Q

why does cartilage heal slowly?

A

no arteries, veins or lymphocytes

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9
Q

hyaline cartilage

A
  • most common

- made up of chondrocytes, chondrotin sulfate, some collagen

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10
Q

location of hyaline cartilage

A

embryonic skeleton, articular surfaces, respiratory passages, nasal septum, between ribs and sternum

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11
Q

elastic cartilage

A
  • flexible
  • structure: chondrocytes, chondrotin sulfate, densely packed elastic fibers
  • location: auricle, tip and lateral walls of nose, epiglottis
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12
Q

fibrocartilage

A
  • very strong
  • structure: chondrocytes, chondrotin sulfate, densely packed collagen fibers
  • location: intervertebral disc, public symphysis, articular cartilage in knee
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13
Q

perichondrium

A
  • fibrous connective tissue
  • surrounds cartilage
  • provides support and protection; new chondrocytes
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14
Q

perichondrium location

A

hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage

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15
Q

absent form perichondrium

A

articular surfaces and fibrocartilage

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16
Q

layers of perichondrium

A
  • outer: binds cartilage to adjacent tissues; provides support and protection
  • inner: for growth and maintenance
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17
Q

apposition growth

A
  • starts in perichondrium
  • mesenchymal cells at periphery form in inner layer of perichondrium
  • mesenchyme move towards matrix to become chondrogenic cells
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18
Q

how are chondrocytes formed from apposition growth

A
  • chondrogenic cells aggregate and become chondroblasts
  • chondroblasts secrete matrix-force cells apart
  • chondroblasts become enclosed in matrix and become chondrocytes
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19
Q

interstitial growth

A
  • chondrocytes enclosed in matrix and divide
  • as the move apart, matrix forms between them
  • growth of cartilage from within
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20
Q

osseous tissue

A
  • supportive CT
  • contains specialized cells
  • solid extracellular matrix
  • –osteoid (organic portion, protein fibers)
  • –ground substance (Ca salts)
  • –water
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21
Q

osteoprogenitor

A
  • bone cell
  • mesenchymal cells
  • predecessor to osteroblasts
  • play role in initial growth and fracture repair
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22
Q

osteoblasts

A
  • derived from osteogenic cells
  • secrete osteoid
  • common in growing bone
  • predecessor to osteocytes
  • more osteoblasts=stronger bone
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23
Q

osteocytes

A
  • mature cells
  • exist within bone matrix
  • maintain Ca and PO4 homeostasis
  • found in spaces called lacunae
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24
Q

osteoclasts

A
  • involved in osteolysis (bone break down)
  • increase osteoclast activity=weaker bone
  • very large
  • formed from fusion of many white blood stem cells
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25
Q

bone matrix is composed of…

A 
Inorganic material
-65%
-brittle salts
--mostly hydroxyapatite
Osteoid
-orgaic
-35%
-flexible fibers (collagen, glycoproteins, proteoglycans
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26
Q

2 types of bone

A

compact bone
-arranged in osteons
spongy bone
-arranged in trabeculae

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27
Q

compact bone osteocytes communicate how?

A

osteocytes

-osteocytes communicate through canaliculi that radiate outward and connect one cell to the next cell

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28
Q

osteons

A

a unit of compact bone

  • concentric lamellae of matrix surrounding acentral canal
  • contains blood vessels and nerves
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29
Q

how are osteons connected to each other

A

perforating canals

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30
Q

3 types of lamellae

A

-concentric
interstitial
circumferential

31
Q

concentric lamellae

A
  • layers of bone surrounding the central canal

- make up osteons

32
Q

interstitial lamellae

A
  • found between osteons

- represents older osteons partially removed during tissue remodeling

33
Q

circumferential lamellae

A

surround the compact bone

-directly produced from periosteum

34
Q

spongy bone contains

A

trabeculae

  • osteocytes in lacunae
  • canaliculi
  • matrix
35
Q

spongy bone does not contain

A
  • osteons

- central canal

36
Q

trabeculae

A
  • latticework of thin plates of bone oriented along lines of stress
  • spaces are filled with red marrow where blood cells develop
  • found in ends of long bones and inside flat bones
  • lightens the bones, allows for movement
37
Q

periosteum

A
  • encloses bone

- absent at site of attachment of muscles, tendons and ligaments; surfaces covered by articular cartilage

38
Q

layers of periosteum

A

outer fibrous: gives rise to collage

Inner: for growth or new cells and maintenance

39
Q

endosteum

A
  • 1 cell layer

- covers surfaces of spongy bone and medullary cavity

40
Q

cell types of endosteum

A

osteogenic
osteoblasts
osteoclasts

41
Q

anatomy of a long bone

A

diaphysis: shaft
epiphysis: one end of long bone
metaphysis: growth plate region
articular cartilage: over joint surface; acts as friction and shock absorber
medullary cavity: marrow cavity

42
Q

2 types of bone marrow

A
  • yellow marrow

- red marrow

43
Q

yellow marrow

A
  • areolar and adipose CT
  • in medullary cavity of long bones
  • energy storage
  • absent in infants
44
Q

red marrow

A
  • areolar and myeloid (precursor to red blood cells) tissue

- produces all types of blood cells

45
Q

location of red marrow

A
  • medullary cavities of infants

- spongy bones in adults

46
Q

blood and nerve supply of bone

A
  • periosteal arteries: supply periosteum
  • nutrient arteries
  • -enter through nutrient foramen, supplies compact bone of diaphysis and yellow marrow
  • metaphyseal and epipheyseal arteris
  • -supply red marrow ad bone tissue of epiphysis and metaphyses
47
Q

how does bone growth occur

A

ossification (replacing CT with bone)

48
Q

2 types of ossification

A

intramembranous
-mesenchymal cells->spongy bone
endochondral
-hyaline cartilage->spongy bone

49
Q

intramembranous ossification begins when and forms what

A 
about 8 week in embryo
-mainly finished by week 15
Forms:
-cranial flat bones
-facial bones
-dentary bones
-clavicle
-sesmoid bones
50
Q

primary ossification center

A
  • intramembranous oss.

- location where bone growth begins

51
Q

where does bone growth begin plus beginning steps

A

primary ossification center

  • mesenchymal cells arrange around BVs
  • bone morphogenic proteins release
  • mesenchymal cells divide and become osteoblasts
52
Q

what do osteoblasts do after formation

A
  • secrete osteoid
  • become isolated->osteocytes
  • produce spicules of bone that interconnect
53
Q

how does spongy bone form during intramembranous ossification

A
  • mesenchymal cells at surface form inner layer of periosteum
  • calcified matrix is degraded by osteoclasts to form spongy bone
  • end up with spongy bone covered in thin layer of compact bone
54
Q

when does endochondral ossification begin and what forms

A

-bone relaces cartilage model
-begins at week 7 of embryo
-continues to adulthood
Forms:
-long bones
-most short bones
-non-cranial irregular and flat bones
-middle ear ossicles

55
Q

step 1 of endochondral ossification

A
  • hyaline cartilage forms model of future bone
  • cartilage enlarges; chondrocytes near center hypertrophy
  • -matrix reduced to struts
  • -chondrocytes deprived of nutrients and die
56
Q

step 2 of E.O.

A

BV’s grow around and penetrate cartilage

  • cells differentiate into osteoblasts
  • compact bone forms around diaphysis
57
Q

step 3 of E.O.

A
  • spongy bone forms in center of model
  • -primary ossification center (creates diaphysis)
  • nutrient artery in spongy bone forms and penetrates
58
Q

step 4 of E.O.

A

remodeling of the shaft

  • formation of the medullary cavity
  • length increases
59
Q

step 5 of E.O

A
  • BV’s penetrate ends of model

- secondary ossification centers form at both epiphyses (created here)

60
Q

step 6 of E.O.

A
  • ends with incomplete ossification of epiphysis
  • some cartilage remains
  • -articular cartilage
  • -epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
61
Q

bone growth: elongation

A

-occurs at epiphyseal plate
growth in length continues until 2 ossification centers meet
-relative thickness of epiphyseal plat does not change until growth almost complete; then:
–cartilage depleted and epiphyseal plate narrows to epiphyseal line

62
Q

bone growth: appositional

A
  • compact bone deposited beneath periosteum
  • bone thickens
  • bone remodeling occurs throughout life
  • -due to osteoclasts and osteoblasts
63
Q

bone remodeling

A
  • ongoing since osteoclasts carve out small tunnels and osteoblasts rebuild osteons
  • continual redistribution of bone matrix along lines of mechanical stress
  • 4% of compact bone, 20% of spongy bone remodeled per year
  • distal femur fully remodeled every 4 months
64
Q

fractures: break in a bone (types)

A

closed (simple): break that does not penetrate skin

open (compound): broken bone penetrates through skin

65
Q

bone repair

A

-fractures treated by reduction and immobilization

66
Q

stages of bone repair

A
  • fracture hematoma
  • fibrocartilage callus
  • bony callus
  • remodel tissue
67
Q

fracture hematoma formation

A
  • facture hematoma forms within hours of injury
  • mass of blood
  • swelling and inflammation occur in response to dead bone cells
  • phagocytes and osteoclasts eliminate dead cells/broken matrix
68
Q

fibrocartilaginous callus formation

A
  • consists of mass bridging broken ends of bone
  • fibroblasts in periosteum produce collagen
  • periosteum cells differentiate into chondrocytes
  • results in fibrocartilage
  • about 3 weeks
69
Q

bony callus formation

A
  • endochondral ossification
  • formation of bony callus occurs as fibrocartilaginous callus is converted to spongy bone trabeculae
  • bony callus lasts 3-4 months
70
Q

bone remodeling

A
  • remaining dead bone fragments are resorbed, compact bone replaces spongy bone
  • well-healed fracture is virtually undetectable
  • process can take weeks to months depending on severity
71
Q

factors affecting growth, repair, development

A
  • nutrition=vitamin D
  • sunlight (vit D)
  • hormones: PTH, calcitonin, GH, thyroid hormone, sex hormones
  • physical stress
72
Q

osteoporosis

A
  • abnormal reduction of bone mass
  • reasons:
  • loss of estrogen at menopause
  • deficiency of minerals in youth
  • imbalance in activity between osteoblasts and osteoclasts
73
Q

fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva

A
  • CTP gets ossified when injured
  • genetic
  • injury results in inappropriate bone formation
  • early adulthood: freezing of joints
  • early 20s: confined to wheelchair
  • starvation and pneumonia result
  • no treatment

Anatomy (19 decks)

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