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Anatomy > Chapter 27- Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 27- Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

function of reproductive system

A
  • produce some reproductive hormones
  • produce gametes
  • facilitate fertilization
  • provide nutrients and gestate fetus
  • provide nutrients for newborn
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2
Q

functions of male reproductive system

A
  • produce and maintain gametes
  • transport gametes into female for fertilization
  • secrete sex hormones
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3
Q

testes

A
  • suspended by a spermatic cord within scrotum
  • -produce sperm
  • -produce male sex hormones
  • –adrogens such as testosterone
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4
Q

actions of testosterone

A
  • fetal development
  • -stimulate formation of reproductive organs
  • -stimulate descents of testis
  • puberty
  • -stimulate development of secondary sex characteristics
  • -increase cellular metabolism
  • -increase production of RBC
  • -stimulate sexual activity
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5
Q

scrotum

A
  • pouch of skin inferior to perineum
  • each testis occupies a scrotal cavity
  • tunica vaginalis: serous membrane surrounding each testis
  • dartos muscle: wrinkling of scrotum
  • cremaster mucles
  • -elevation of testes closer to body
  • -keeps them at a lower temperature
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6
Q

spermatic cord

A

vessels extend through inguinal canal

  • ductus deferens
  • gentiofemoral nerve
  • differential artery
  • testicular artery
  • pampiniform veins
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7
Q

histology of testes

A
  • lobules
  • -compartments housing seminiferous tubules
  • -separated from one another by the tunica albuginea
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8
Q

lobules cont. (more detailed)

A
  • 800 coiled tubes
  • each straightens into a straight tubule
  • straight tubules meets a maze called the rete testis
  • interstitial cells
  • -in between the tubules
  • -produce testosterone
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9
Q

spermatogenesis

A
  • the process where sperm cells are made
  • -occurs in the seminiferous tubules
  • -meiosis occurs midway through this process
  • –results in haploid sperm
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10
Q

spermatogenesis: nurse cells

A
  • stimulated by FSH and testosterone
  • support the growth of sperm
  • maintain blood testes barrier
  • produce the hormone inhibin
  • -represses FSH
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11
Q

spermatogenesis: stages

A
  1. spermatogonia
  2. primary spermatocyte
  3. secondary spermatocyte
  4. spermatid
  5. spermatozoa
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12
Q

structure of a sperm

A
  • head
  • -acrosome: vesicular compartment containing enzymes to penetrate oocyte
  • neck
  • middlepiece: many mitochondria
  • tail: a flagella
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13
Q

epididymis

A
  • lies on posterior boarder of testes
  • has a:
  • -head
  • -body
  • -tail
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14
Q

epididymis: functions

A
  • spermatozoa go from testes directly to epididymis
  • recycles damaged spermatozoa
  • stores spermatozoa and matures them (takes about 2 weeks)
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15
Q

ductus deferens

A
  • aka vas deferens
  • moves out of scrotum and around bladder posterior
  • enlarges at the base
  • -ampulla
  • -peristalsis may occur
  • merges with the seminal vesicles
  • -becomes an ejaculatory duct
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16
Q

seminal vesicles

A
  • first of three glands that contribute to semen
  • posterior to bladder
  • secretion:
  • -60% of semen volume
  • -fructose
  • -prostoglandins
  • -clotting factors
  • causes sperm to become motile
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17
Q

prostate gland

A
  • muscular, rounded organ, 4 cm diameter
  • inferior to bladder
  • surrounds urethra
  • secretion
  • -antibiotic
  • -seminalplasmin
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18
Q

bulbourethral

A
  • found in the urogenital diaphragm
  • secretion
  • -thick, alkaline mucus
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19
Q

penis: erectile tissue

A
  • made of two sets of erectile tissue:
    1. corpora cavernosa: two cylindrical masses with a central artery
    2. corpus spongiosum: one mass that houses the urethra
  • both tissues fill with blood to achieve erection due to parasympathetic stimulation
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20
Q

penis: regions

A
  • root: corpora cavernosa that extends to the ischial rami
  • body:
  • -tubular
  • -consist of all erectile tissues
  • glans:
  • -enlarged, distal portion of corpus spongiosum
  • -covered by flap of skin
21
Q

urethra: three parts (male)

A
  1. prostatic urethra
    - runs through prostate
  2. membranous urethra
    - through urogenital diaphragm
  3. spongy urethra
    - through corpus spongiosum
    - exit at external urethral orifice
22
Q

female system: functions

A
  • produce and maintain sex cells
  • transport sex cells to site of fertilization
  • provide favorable environment for developing offspring
  • move offspring to outside
  • produce female sex hormones
23
Q

ligaments

A

keep the system in place

  • broad ligament: endoses superior internal structures
  • ovarian ligament: ovary to uretus
  • suspensory ligament: ovary to pelvic wall
  • uterosacral ligament: inferior uterus to sacrum
24
Q

ovaries

A
  • paired organs at the lateral walls of pelvic cavity
  • receive blood from ovarian arteries and veins
  • covered by:
  • -germinal epithelium
  • -tunica albiginea
  • house the gametes
25
Q

Oogenesis

A

egg development occurs throughout a females life

  1. oogonium: develops before birth
  2. primary oocyte: develops just before ovulation
  3. ovum: occurs only during fertilization
26
Q

ovarian cycle (early follicle development)

A
  • all follicles start as small primordial follicles
  • during the ovarian cycle, one of these will develop into a primary follicle
  • -grows granulosa cells
  • -starts to produce estrogens
27
Q

ovarian cycle cont. (later follicle development

A
  • primary follicle enlarges and matures into a mature follicle
  • -primary oocyte becomes a secondary oocyte
  • -granulosa cells increase in number
  • -a fluid filled antrum forms
  • -making even more estrogen
28
Q

ovarian cycle: ovulation

A
  • ovulation occurs
  • -secondary oocyte is released
  • the remaining follicle now develops into a corpus luteum
  • -makes both progesterone and estrogen
29
Q

ovarian cycles: corpus albicana

A
  • if fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum remains
  • -continue to produce progesterone and estrogen
  • if not, it will deteriorate into the corpus albicans (a knot of connective tissue), and eventually disappears
  • -hormone levels drop
  • -cycle begins again
30
Q

uterine tubes: regions

A
  • infundibulium:
  • -expanded end
  • -fimbriae: finger like extensions
  • ampulla
  • -intermediate portion
  • isthmus
  • -narrow section
31
Q

uterine tubes: general

A
  • consist of smooth muscle and ciliated epithelium
  • cilia beat when ovulation occurs
  • oocyte has a 3-4 day trip
  • -fertilization must occur during the first half of this trip
32
Q

uterus

A
  • small and pear shaped
  • sits on top of the bladder
  • most women have it anteflexed
  • -20% have retoflexed
33
Q

uterus: major sections

A
  • fundus
  • body
  • -uterine cavity
  • cervix:
  • -internal os
  • -cervical canal
  • -external os
34
Q

uterine wall

A
  • perimetrium: incomplete outer visceral peritoneum
  • myometrium:
  • -muscular layer
  • -1.5 cm thick
  • endometrium
35
Q

uterine wall: edometrium

A
  • glandular inner layer
  • -functional layer
  • -basilar layer
  • functional layer is shed and the basil layer survives during menses
36
Q

uterine cycle phases

A
  1. menses
  2. proliferative
  3. secretory
37
Q

menses phase

A
  • caused by a drop in estrogen and progesterone due to the corpus albicans
  • arteries constrict
  • secretory tissues and glands begin to die
  • functional layer is sloughed off
38
Q

proliferative phase

A
  • caused by the production of estrogen by the follicle
  • basal epithelium multiplies
  • glands regrow
  • lasts until ovulation
39
Q

uterine cycle: secretory phase

A
  • caused by progesterone and estrogen released by the corpus luteum
  • endometrial glands enlarge
  • arterial elongation
  • peaks at 12 days after ovulation
  • -will persist with pregnancy
  • -will deteriorate when corpus albicans occurs
40
Q

vagina: composition

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium, smooth muscles, elastic fibers
  • rugae
  • cervix projects into the vaginal canal
  • exits to the outside
  • -hymen: an epithelial fold that partially blocks the entrance
41
Q

vagina: function

A
  • passageway for the elimination of menstual fluids
  • receive penis and hold spermatozoa
  • lower portion of the birth canal
42
Q

female external organs: vulva and labia minora

A
  • vulva: the external genital area
  • labia minora
  • -smooth, hairless, skin flaps surrounding the vestibule, which contains the
    1. uretral opening
    2. vaginal entrance
43
Q

female external organs: clitoris

A
  • erectile tissue
  • surrounded by a prepuce
  • the outer vulva is made up the the fleshy mons pubis and labia majora
44
Q

mammary glands: locaiton

A
  • found within pectoral fat pads in the subcutaneous tissue

- supported by suspensory ligaments

45
Q

mammary glands: lobes

A
  • produce milk

- milk moves through lactiferous ducts and is stored in lactiferous sinuses

46
Q

mammary glands: exit

A
  • milk exits through nipple

- -surrounded by areola

47
Q

hormones that trigger milk production

A
  • PRL, GH, and human placental lactogen (HGL) cause milk production
  • oxytocin stimulates smooth muscle contraction and ejection
48
Q

development of mammary glands

A
  • children: male and female are similar
  • puberty:
  • -male glands fail to develop
  • -females develop due to ovarian hormones
  • –alveolar glands and ducts enlarge
  • –fat deposited

Anatomy (19 decks)

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