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Anatomy > Chapter 15- Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 15- Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

brain regions

A 
cerebrum
diencephalon
mesencephalon
cerebrum
pons
medulla oblongata
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2
Q

meninges: outer layer

A

dura mater
-forms internal periosteum of skull
no epidura

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3
Q

dura mater partitions

A
  • falx cerebelli: separates right and left cerebellar hemispheres
  • falx cerebri: separates right and left cerebral hemispheres
  • tentorium cerebelli: separates lobes of cerebrum form cerebellum
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4
Q

2 other layers of meninges

A 
arachnoid mater:
-spidery
-spreads over brain but doesnt extend into gooves and depressions
Pia mater:
-inner most
-aids in nourishing brain
-attached to surface of brain
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5
Q

ventricles

A
  • spaces filled with CSF
  • 2 lateral ventricles
  • -connected by interventricular foramen to:
  • 3rd ventricle: connected by cerebral aqueduct to:
  • 4th ventricle: connected to central canal of spinal cord
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6
Q

cerebrospinal fluid functions

A
  • cushions
  • transport nutrients, wastes and othe chemicals
  • support the brain
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7
Q

cerebrospinal fluid: formation

A

choroid plexus:

  • lobes located in the ventricles
  • consists of
  • -ependymal cells
  • -permeable capillaries
  • CSF is taken from blood by ependymal cells and pooled in the ventricles
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8
Q

cerebrospinal fluid: movement

A
  • CSF moves throughout the entire CNS
  • originated in ventricles
  • through apertures in the 4th ventricles to subarachnoid space
  • through central canal
  • around subarachnoid space
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9
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid: reabsorbed

A

in sagittal sinus

  • a large venous tube within the dura mater
  • extends along the midline of the cerebral hemispheres
  • arachnoid extends into sinus through arachnoid granulations
  • CSF goes back into the blood
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10
Q

cerebrum: functions

A
  • interpret sensory impulses
  • voluntary muscular movements
  • memory
  • reasoning process
  • intelligence and personality
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11
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A
  • 2 hemispheres
  • cnnected by corpus callosum
  • separated by longitudinal fissure
  • possess
  • -ridges-gyri
  • -grooves=sulci
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12
Q

hemisphere separation

A
  • receives sensory and generates motor information to the OPPOSITE side of the body
  • communication between the hemispheres allowed for by corpus callosum
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13
Q

cerebral gray mater

A

cell somas

  • outer regions of cerebral lobes
  • centralized in masses called basal nuclei
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14
Q

cerebral white mater

A

myelinated axons

  • commissural fibers
  • association fibers
  • projection fibers
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15
Q

commissural fibers

A

connect corresponding gray areas on different hemispheres

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16
Q

association fibers

A

connect different parts of same hemisphere

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17
Q

projection fibers

A

connect cerebrum to lower brain areas

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18
Q

cerebral lobes

A 
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula
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19
Q

cerebral lobes division

A

divided by special sulci

  • central sulcus: separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
  • lateral sulcus: separates the parietal lobe from the tempoal
  • parietal-occipital sulcus: separates the parietal lobe from the occipital
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20
Q

cerebral regions: primary motor cortex

A

Primary motor cortex

  • anterior to central sulcus in frontal lobe
  • conscious control of skeletal muscles
  • learned motor skills
  • speech and eye movements
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21
Q

cerebral regions: primary sensory cortex

A
  • posterior to central sulcus on parietal lobe
  • somatic sensory information from touch, pain, pressure
  • monitor environment consciously
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22
Q

other sensory cortexs

A 
visual cortex:
-occipital lobe
-sight
-photoreceptors
auditory cortex:
-temporal lobe
-sound
olfactory cortex:
-temporal lobe
-smell
gustatory cortex:
-insula and frontal lobe
-taste
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23
Q

cerebral regions: association areas

A
  • one associated with most large motor or sensory cortexes
  • somatic sensory
  • somatic motor
  • visual
  • auditory
  • recognize friend on phone (auditory), touch recognition
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24
Q

cerebral regions: high order integrative regions: prefrontal cortex

A
  • meat of brain
  • abstract intellectual function
  • predictions, problem solving
  • emotional context and motivation
  • timing and temporal relationships
  • removal=pre-frontal lobotomy
  • see ppt for picture of area
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25
Q

cerebral regions: high order integrative regions: brocas speech center and general interpretive area

A

brocas:
-regulates breathing and vocalization
general interpretive area:
-interpretation of both written and verbal language
-sentence structure and word linkage
damage to either results in some sort of aphasia (speech blockage)

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26
Q

hemisphere dominance

A

higher order integrative regions may be different between hemispheres
-categorical hemisphere
–speech, writing, and general interpretive area
-representational hemisphere
–identification of familiar objects
–touch and spatial analysis
–emotional relevance
right handed people tend to have their categorical hemisphere on left, and vice versa

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27
Q

basal nuclei

A
  • masses of gray matter deep in cerebral hemisphere

- act as relay station for motor impulses starting in cerebral cortex and passing to brain stem and spinal cord

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28
Q

types of basal nuclei

A
  • claustrum
  • lentiform nucleus
  • caudate nucleus
  • amygdaloid nucleus
29
Q

claustrum

A
  • focuses visual attention

- processes unconscious visual info

30
Q

lentiform nucleus

A

controls and adjusts muscle tone

31
Q

caudate nucleus

A
  • massive head, slender tail

- maintains pattern and rhythm of movement

32
Q

amygdaloid nucleus

A
  • tip of caudate tail

- part of limbic system

33
Q

diencephalon

A
  • epithalamus
  • -pineal gland: produces melatonin
  • posterior pituitary gland
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
34
Q

thalamus

A

central to the cerebrum
two major bodies:
-divided by the third ventricle
-connected by a interthalamic adhesion

35
Q

thalamus: function

A 
part of limbic system:
-emotion, memory, learning
-conscious awareness of emotion
connect basal nuclei and cerebral cortex
-to each other
-to other parts of the CNS
sends sensory information to proper location within cerebrum
36
Q

hypothalamus; location

A

below the thalamus

-above and connected to the posterior pituitary gland

37
Q

hypothalamus: functions

A
  • subconscious control of skeletal muscles
  • coordinates autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
  • the connection between the endocrine and nervous system
  • directly produces hormones
  • produces behavioral drives (emotions, hunger, thirst)
  • regulates body temperature
  • controls sleep patterns such as circadian rhythms
38
Q

mesencephalon

A
  • midbrain
  • connects brain stem and spinal cord with higher areas
  • act as relay centers
  • contain cerebral aqueduct that connects 3rd and 4th ventricles
  • parts:
  • cerebral peduncles
  • red nucleus
  • substantia nigra
  • corpora quadrigemina
39
Q

cerebral peduncles

A

only connecting fibers and no nuclei

  • motor fibers connecting the cortex to the spinal cord
  • sensory fibers that synapse with the thalamus
40
Q

red nucleus

A
  • highly vascularized (hence red color)
  • connects cerebrum and cerebellum
  • controls:
  • posture
  • reflexes
41
Q

substantia nigra

A
  • controls and integrates the motor output of the basal nuclei
  • produces dopamine (gives it a black color)
  • deterioration may lead to parkinson’s disease
  • -loss of control of voluntary motor function
42
Q

corpora quadrigemina

A
  • superior colliculi
  • -recieves visual input from thalamus
  • inferior colliculi
  • -receives auditory input from medulla
43
Q

pons

A
  • rounded bulge on underside of brain stem
  • separates midbrain from medulla
  • masses of gray matter and nerve fibers
  • relays impulses to and from medulla and cerebrum
  • regulates depth of breathing
  • rhythm of breathing, wakefullness, sleeping. comatose if damaged
44
Q

cerebellum

A 
below cerebrum
2 hemispheres:
-separated by falx cerebelli
-connected by vermis
mainly white matter
-arbor vitae
45
Q

cerebellum: function

A
  • integrates sensory information about the position of body parts
  • coordinates muscle activities
  • maintain posture
  • fine tunes voluntary and involuntary movements
46
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • from foramen magnum to pons
  • a point of connection for several cranial nerves
  • oval swelling=olivary nucleus
47
Q

reflex centers of medulla oblongata

A

cardiovascular center
-adjusts blood flow and heart rate
respiratory rhythmicity center
-basic pace of respiratory movements

48
Q

reticular formation (medulla)

A
  • network of nerve fibers associated with islands of gray matter
  • interconnects areas with fibers in all major tracts
  • regulates motor activities
  • -Inc activity=wakefulness
  • -dec activity=sleep
49
Q

limbic system

A

nuclei and tracts along the border of cerebrum and diencephalon

50
Q

cerebrum limbic system

A
  • limbic lobe: deep to all other lobes
  • hippocampus: nuclei within the lobe
  • amydaloid body: basal nucleus
51
Q

diencephalon limbic system

A
  • thalamus: relay center

- hypothalamus: behavioral drive center

52
Q

medulla limbic system

A

reticular formation

-sleep and wakefulness

53
Q

limbic system function

A
  • establishes emotional states and related behavioral drives
  • links intellectual functions of cortex to unconscious functions of lower brain
  • facilitates memory storage
54
Q

cranial nerves

A
  • 12 total
  • all originate from brain stem except 1st pair
  • cell bodies fro sensory found in ganglia outside brain
  • cell bodies for motor found in gray matter
  • pass through foramina in skull
55
Q

cranial nerves general

A
  • may look all disorganized in mammals
  • are organized sequentially in fish and cephalochordates
  • this is evidenced in a fetus as well
56
Q

12 cranial nerves

A
  1. olfactory
  2. optic
  3. oculomotor
  4. trochlear
  5. trigeminal
  6. abducens
  7. facial
  8. vestibulocochlear
  9. glossopharyngeal
  10. vagus
  11. accessory
  12. hypoglossal
57
Q

I

A

olfactory

  • sensory (means sends signals up)
  • smell
  • passes through cribiform plate
  • only sensation that does not go through the thalamus
58
Q

II

A

optic

  • sensory
  • vision
  • pass through the optic foramina
59
Q

III

A

oculomotor

  • motor (means sends signals down)
  • move the majority of eye muscles
60
Q

IV

A
  • motor
  • smallest pair
  • superior oblique muscles of eye only
61
Q

V

A

trigeminal

  • mixed
  • larges
  • 3 branches
  • -eye, tear gland and skin of ant. scalo, forehead and upper eyelid
  • -upper teeth, gum, lip and mucous lining of palate and skin of face
  • -scalp, skin of jaw, lower teeth, gum and lip; muscles of mastication
62
Q

VI

A

abducens

  • motor
  • form pons
  • lateral rectus eye muscles only
63
Q

VII

A

facial

  • mixed
  • sensory: taste receptors on ant. 2/3 of tongue
  • motor: to muscles of facial expression; stimulate tear and salivary glands
64
Q

VIII

A

vestibulocochlear

  • sensory
  • auditory nerve from medulla
  • 2 parts
  • -sensitive to changes in position of head
  • -interpreted as hearing
65
Q

IX

A

glossopharyngeal

  • mixed
  • sensory: form lining of pharynx, tonsils and post. 1/3 of tongue
  • motor: to wall of pharynx to help swallowing
66
Q

X

A

vagus

  • mixed
  • from medulla to chest and abdomen
  • sensory from lining of pharynx, larynx and esophagus and abdomen
  • somatic motor: to muscles of larynx–> speech and swallowing
  • autonomic motor: to heart, other smooth muscles and glands in visceral organs
67
Q

XI

A

-motor
2 branches
-cranial: from medulla to muscles of soft palate, pharynx and larynx
-spinal: sends motor fibers to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

68
Q

XII

A

hypoglossal

  • motor
  • from medulla to tongue
  • for speaking, chewing and swallowing
69
Q

cranial nerves mnemonic

A

Name: out on our table top are fruits very green veggies and hamburgers
Composition: some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more

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