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Anatomy > ;Chapter 18-General and Special Senses > Flashcards

;Chapter 18-General and Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

sensory receptor

A
  • specialized receptor that sends sensations to CNS
  • tonic receptor
  • phasic receptor
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2
Q

tonic receptor

A

always sending signals to CNS

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3
Q

phasic receptor

A

becomes active only with changes in the conditions they monitor

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4
Q

types of receptors

A 
chemoreceptors
-taste
-smell
nociceptors
-cell damage (mechanical, electrical, thermal)
thermoreceptors
-thermal
mechanoreceptors
-hearing
-stretching
-body position
photoreceptors
-light
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5
Q

receptor characteristics

A

receptive field: area monitored by a single receptor cell
receptor specificity:
-each receptor responds to a specific stimulus
-example: photoreceptor will no respond to a chemical stimulus
more receptor fields=more precise responses

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6
Q

sensation vs perception

A 
sensation:
-sensory information arriving at the CNS
Perception:
-conscious awareness of sensation
--all nerve impulses are identical (just action potentials)
--brain interprets impulses
--"feeling" that occurs when sensory impulses are interpreted
sensation=perception?
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7
Q

sensory adaptation

A
  • occurs when sensory receptors are subjected to continuous stimulation
  • results in a reduction of sensitivity
  • at some point along the pathway, impulses are conducted at a decreased rate
  • several types
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8
Q

types of sensory adaptation

A
  • peripheral adaptation

- central adaptation

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9
Q

peripheral adaptation

A

when sensory receptors decrease their level of activity

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10
Q

central adaptation

A
  • sensory neurons are still active

- CNS causes reduced perception

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11
Q

sensory limitations

A

sensory information from receptors is incomplete

  • do not have receptors for every stimulus
  • other animals can detect things we cannot: infrared, ultraviolet, ultrasound, etc.
  • receptors have limited ranges
  • stimulation requires a neural event that is interpreted
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12
Q

general vs special senses

A

general senses
-do not have specialized receptor cells or sensory organs
special senses
-can have specialized receptor cells separate from the sensory neuron
-structurally more complex
-receptors localized in sense organs

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13
Q

general senses

A

3 major groups

  • exteroceptors
  • propriocepts
  • interoceptors
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14
Q

exteroceptors

A

relay info about external environment

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15
Q

proprioceptors

A

-depict body position in space

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16
Q

interoceptors

A

monitor the internal environment

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17
Q

nociceptors

A

-sense tissue damage
-perceived as pain
-free nerve endings with large receptive field
–found everywhere except brain
–provide a protective function
–do not adapt well (do not want to prolong injury)
deters behavior that is damaging

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18
Q

types of pain

A

fast pain: quick, inducing a reflex usually; end when stimulus unds
slow pain (burning): begins later; persists longer; ache
referred pain
-visceral pain that feels like it is coming from a more superficial region
-due to superficial structures being innervated by the same spinal nerves as damaged viscera
-“brain freeze”

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19
Q

thermoreceptors

A
  • invovle heat and cold
  • -no difference in structure between the two
  • free nerve endings in skin
  • quick to adapt
  • felt as pain
  • -if temp goes above 45C
  • -if temp goes below 10C
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20
Q

mechanoreceptors

A
  • sensitive to mechanical forces that cause tissues to be deformed
  • types:
  • tactile
  • baroreceptors
  • proprioceptors
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21
Q

tactile receptor

A

touch, pressure and vibration

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22
Q

baroreceptors

A

pressure changes in walls of vessels, etc

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23
Q

proprioceptors

A

position of joints and muscles

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24
Q

tactile receptors: two categories

A

unencapsulated (3 types)

encapsulated (3 types)

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25
Q

tactile receptors: unencapsulated

A 
free nerve endings
-in papuillary of dermis
-general touch
root hair
-monitor distortions and movement across body surface
tactile sic
-expand nerve terminal that synapses with merkel cell
-sensitive to fine touch
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26
Q

tactile receptors: encapsulated

A 
tactile corpuscles
-found where tactile sensitivities are very well developed
-hands
lamellated corpuscle
-respond to deep pressure
-squeeze arm
ruffini corpuscle
-in dermis
-detect pressure with little adaptation
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27
Q

baroreceptors

A

-stretch receptors
-monitor changes in pressure
–detect stretching of tissue walls
-regulates autonomic activities
–digestive tract
–bladder
-carotid sinus
–lung
-colon
–major arteries
similar to ruffini corpuscles but difference is location

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28
Q

proprioceptors

A
  • monitor position of joints, tension in tendons, state of muscle contraction
  • everywhere, skeletal muscle
  • no adaptation to stimulus
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29
Q

types of proprioceptors

A

muscle spindle: monitor length of muscle
golgi tendon organ
-monitor tension in a tendon during contraction

30
Q

chemoreceptors

A
  • respond to substances dissolved in surrounding fluids
  • monitor chemical composition of body fluids
  • -example: sensitive to pH, CO2 changes
  • found:
  • -inside CNS, medulla
  • -aortic bodies
  • -carotid bodies
31
Q

special senses

A

next ones

32
Q

olofaction

A
  • sense of smell
  • olfactory organ
  • -located within the nasal cavity on either side of nasal septum
  • -covers the cribiform plate of ethmoid
  • -made up of olfactory epithelium
33
Q

olfactory cells

A

olfactory epithelium consists of
-olfactory receptors: chemoreceptors
-supporting cells: surround the receptors
-basal cells: stem cells that grow new cells
covered in secretions from olfactory glans

34
Q

olfactory receptors

A
  • highly modified bipolar neurons
  • have cilia that extend into mucus secreted by olfactory glands
  • odorous particles dissolve into mucus and cause depolarization
35
Q

olfactory nerve pathway

A
  • impulses travel along axons of receptor cells
  • pass through openings in cribiform plate
  • go to olfactory bulb and cranial nerve I
  • unique in that the impulse does NOT go through the thalamus
  • travel along tracts to limbic system
  • -smells can trigger strong emotions
  • interpreted as smell in temporal lobe and base of fronts
36
Q

olfactory discrimination

A
  • no structural difference in receptor cells
  • olfactory can turn over (reproduce)
  • -but numbers decrease with age
  • 50 primary smells
  • -combinations allow us to distinguish thousands of smells
  • adapt quickly
37
Q

gustation

A
  • taste
  • chemoreceptors in structures called taste buds
  • taste buds on superior surface of tongue in papillae
  • gustatory receptors found in taste buds found in papillae found on your tongue
38
Q

papillae

A
  • epithelial projections
  • taste buds lie along papillae
  • three types of papillae
  • filiform
  • fungiform
  • cicumvallate
39
Q

taste buds and receptors

A
  • gustatory cells: receptor clusters
  • -about 40 per bud
  • also have basal cells
  • -replace receptors every 10-12 days
  • gustatory cells extend microvilli called a taste hair into taste pore
40
Q

gustatory pathway

A
  • uses cranial nerves VII, IX, and X
  • afferent fibers synapse with nucleus solitarius in medulla
  • goes to thalamus and cerebral cortex
41
Q

gustatory discrimination

A

primary tastes

  • sour
  • sweet
  • salt
  • bitter
  • water
  • umami-meat
  • individual differences in taste
  • number and sensitivity decrease with age
42
Q

external ear

A
  • auricle: external structure supported elastic cartilage
  • external acoustic meatus: canal to middle ear
  • -ceruminous glands: make wax
  • -hairs
  • ends at tympanic membrane
43
Q

middle ear

A

consists of tympanic cavity
-air filled space between external and inner ear
tympanic membrane
-thin, transparent connective tissue sheet
auditory tube
-when open
–middle ear equalized to atmospheric pressure
–can be induced by chewing or yawning
–allows for microbes to get in and cause an ‘ear infection’

44
Q

middle ear ossicles and muscles

A

-tiny bones in middle ear
-transfer vibrations from the tympanic membrane to inner ear
-includes: malleus, incus, stapes
muscles:
-tensor tympani muscle
–inserts on malleus
-stapedius muscle
–inserts on stapes

45
Q

inner ear

A
  • a series of tubes and cavities
  • split into two sections:
  • -vestibule (balance)
  • -cochlea (hearing)
46
Q

layers of inner ear

A
  • memranous labyrinth
  • -contains endolymph fluid
  • bony labyrinth
  • -dense bone layer of the temporal
  • -contains perilymph fluid
47
Q

cochlea

A
  • converts vibrations to sound
  • contacts the stapes at the oval window
  • coiled tube with cochlear duct
  • divided into three ducts
  • -vestibular duct: divided by vestibular membrane
  • -cochlear duct: divided by basilar membrane
  • -tympanic duct
48
Q

organ of corti

A

found on the basilar membrane
-mass of epithelial cells
contains:
-hair cells: mechanoreceptors with stereocilia (stick out in order to be deformed, send signals to dendrites)
-cranial nerve VIII: cochlear branch contacts hair cells
-tectorial membrane: positioned right above hair cell stereocilia, deforms sterocilia

49
Q

the path of vibrations

A
  1. auricle funnels vibrations into meatus
  2. tympanic membrane vibrates
  3. transmits to ossicles
    - malleus to incus to stapes
  4. stapes connected to oval window
    - transmits vibrations to inner ear
  5. oval window vibrates; perilymph moves
  6. membranous labyrinth vibrates
    - cochlear duct vibrates within
  7. basilar membran bounces
    - hair cell stereocilia contact tectorial membrane
    - become deformed and creates depolarization
    - transmits an action potential down of CN VIII
50
Q

pathway for auditory sensations

A

-carried by cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII
-goes to cochlear nucleus of medulla
-travels through thalamus
-processed in auditory cortex of temporal lobe
mechanoreceptors detect different pitches of sound in different portions of the cochlea

51
Q

vestibule

A

consists of:
semicircular canals
utricle and saccule

52
Q

semicircular canals

A
  • three total: anterior, posterior, lateral
  • surrounding semicircular ducts
  • ampulla (swellings) at base: each possess cristae that attaches to a cupula (inside critae, creates action potential)
53
Q

utricle and saccule

A
  • paired membranous sacs
  • connected by endolymphatic duct
  • saccule possess maculae (creates action potential
54
Q

semicircular canals

A
  • contains fluid thats pulled on by gravity
  • cupula has hair cells
  • head rotation:
  • -causes fluid to move through canals
  • -fluid moves cupula
  • hair cell stereocilia bends
  • depolarization occurs
55
Q

utricle and saccule

A 
deal with head orientation
Maculae consists of
-hair cells
-otolith:
--small calcium carbonat ecrystals
--gel like substance
Head orientation changes
-gravity pulls on crystals
-moves otolith
-deforms hair cell stereocilia
-depolarization occurs
56
Q

pathway for balance sensation

A

hair cells

  • activate neurons of vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII
  • synapses with vestibular nuclei
57
Q

eye accessory structures

A
  • eyelids or palpebrae
  • tarsal glands
  • conjunctiva
  • lacrimal apparatus
58
Q

eyelids or palpebrae

A
  • protect and lubricate

- epidermis, dermis, CT

59
Q

tarsal glands

A

-oily secretions keep lids from sticking together

60
Q

conjuctiva

A
  • thin protective mucus membrane-what you see when you look at eye
  • palpebral (eyelid) and bulbar (on eye)
  • stopes at coneal edge
  • dilated BV–bloodshot
61
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A

-produce tears
consists of:
-lacrimal gland: produces tears
-lacrimal punctum: drains tears into lacrimal canaliculi
-lacrimal canaliculi: passageway that leads to the lacrimal sacc
-lacrimal sac: fills groove on lacrimal bone, connects to the nasolacrimal duct
-nasolacrimal duct: delivers tears to nasal cavity

62
Q

eye layers

A

3 layers

  • fibrous tunic
  • vascular tunic
  • neural tunic
63
Q

fibrous tunic

A

outer

  • sclera
  • -white of eye
  • -dense irregular CT
  • Cornea
  • -transparent layer
64
Q

vascular tunic

A 
iris
-smooth muscles and pigments
choroid
-vascularized, pigmented layer
lens
-layered proteins
-refracts light
65
Q

vascular tunic: ciliary body

A
  • below the iris
  • has ciliary processes
  • -attach to suspensory ligaments
  • -attach to lens
  • ciliary muscles change the lens shape
  • -focus
66
Q

vascular tunic: functions

A
  • route for BV’s
  • regulate amount of light
  • secrete and absorb aqueous humor
  • control shape of lens
67
Q

neural tunic

A
  • inner most layer
  • retina
  • 5 groups of retinal neurons
68
Q

retinal neurons

A
  • receptor cells
  • -rods and cones
  • -detect light
  • bipolar neurons
  • -synapse with above
  • ganglion cells
  • -synapse with above
  • amacrine cells
  • -modulate communication between bipolar and ganglion cells
69
Q

rods and cones

A 
rods
-very light sensitive
-do not discriminate color
-require less light
cones
-color vision
-three types: red, blue, green
-give sharper image
70
Q

neural tunic: regions of the retina

A
  • macula lutea: area of no rods
  • fovea centralis: area of most cones, within macula
  • optic disc: beginning of optic nerve, “blind spot”
71
Q

visual pathway

A
  • photoreceptors to
  • bipolar cells to
  • ganglion axons converge on optic disc into optic nerve (cranial nerve II)
  • optic tract to optic chiasm
  • relayed to lateral geniculate nucleus
  • on the visual cortex of occipital lobe-finally see, associate it with previous sights
72
Q

cavities

A

posterior cavity (behind lens)
-contains gelatinous vitreous body-gel like
anterior cavity( between leans and cornea)
-contains clear aqueous humor-watery

Anatomy (19 decks)

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