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Anatomy > Chapter 20-Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 20-Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Introduction to blood

A
  • ~5L of blood in body
  • blood is connective tissue
  • -cells=formed elements
  • -matrix=plasma
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2
Q

basic functions of blood

A
  • transport materials
  • -nutrients, oxygen, metabolic wastes
  • -specialized cells that defend tissues
  • help maintain stable cellular environment
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3
Q

blood plasma

A 
-55% of blood volume
functions:
-transport nutrients, gases and vitamins
-regulate fluid and electrolytes
-maintain pH
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4
Q

composition of blood plasma

A
  • water: 92
  • proteins: 7
  • solutes: 1
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5
Q

blood plasma differs from interstitial fluid

A
  • greater O2 concentration
  • reduced CO2 concentration
  • significantly more dissolved proteins
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6
Q

solutes

A 
waste:
-urea
-ammonia
electrolytes
-Na+,K+, Mg+ etc
organic nutrients:
-lipids
-glucose
-amino acids
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7
Q

plasma proteins

A

albumin
globulin
fibrinogen

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8
Q

albumin

A
  • 60%
  • smallest
  • maintains osmotic pressure of blood
  • controls blood volume
  • transports fatty materials in blood
  • globulins
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9
Q

globulins

A
  • 35%
  • immunoglobulins: antibodies
  • transport globulins:
  • -transport compounds by binding to them
  • -prevent filtering by kidneys
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10
Q

fibrinogen

A

4%

  • blood clotting
  • without these, plasma is known as serum
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11
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells
40% of blood
-value known as hematocrit
-99.9% of all formed elements

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12
Q

erythrocyte structure

A 
biconcave discs
-thin central region
-thick outer region
-large surface area/volume ratio
-anucleate: most organelles absent (no nucleus)
allows passage through capillaries
-forms rouleaux
-flexible
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13
Q

hemoglobin

A
  • 280 million molecules/cell
  • 95% of RBC proteins
  • structure:
  • 4 polypeptide subunits
  • one heme group per polypeptide
  • one iron per heme group
  • 1 molecule O2 per iron
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14
Q

function of hemoglobin

A
  • each Fe carries one O2
  • -oxyhemoglobin is bright red
  • the reaction is easily reversed
  • -deoxyhemogolbin is deep red/maroon color
  • CO2 can also bind to hemoglobin
  • -carbaminohemoglobin only accounts for 23% of blood CO2
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15
Q

leukocytes

A 
white blood cells
function:
-defend against pathogens
-remove toxins, wastes, damaged cells
-do not function in circulatory system
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16
Q

how do leukocytes move

A

move into tissues from blood vessels

  • diapedesis
  • -squeezing out of the BV’s
  • -going to different tissues
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17
Q

2 types of leukocytes

A

ganuloctyes

agranulocytes

18
Q

granulocytes

A

-granular indusions in cytoplasm

19
Q

agranulocytes

A

no visible granules

20
Q

neutrophils

A
  • granulocytes
  • 60% of white blood cells
  • lobed nucleus
  • very mobile
  • functions:
  • -1st defense against microorganisms
  • -phagocytic
  • -attract more neutrophils
21
Q

eosinophils

A
  • granulocytes
  • bi-lobed nucleus
  • red granules
  • functions
  • -attracted to injuries
  • -phagocytize compounds bonded with antibodies
  • -increase during allergic reactions
22
Q

basophils

A
  • granulocytes
  • 1% of WBCs
  • s shaped nucleus
  • blue granules
  • functions
  • -release histamine: inflammatory response, attracts other WBCs
  • -release anticoagulants
23
Q

monocytes

A
  • agranulocytes
  • 2-8% of WBCs
  • largest cells in blood
  • functions:
  • -phagocytize foreign material
  • -fuse to form osteroclasts
  • –form free and fixed macrophages
  • –recruit more monocytes
  • -attract fibroblasts
24
Q

lymphocytes

A

agranulocytes

  • 20-305 of WBCs
  • mature in lymph organs
  • smalles
  • non-phagocytic
  • functions:
  • specific immunity
  • -focus on a single pathogen
  • -produce antibodies
  • -destroy abnormal tissue
25
Q

3 types of lymophocytes

A
  • t cells
  • b cells
  • NK cells
26
Q

t cells

A

attack foreign cels directly

27
Q

b cells

A

differentiate into plasmocytes that produce antibodies

28
Q

NK cells

A
  • immune surveillance
  • destruction of abnormal cells
  • -ex= cancer cells
29
Q

thrombocytes

A
  • platelet
  • small, anucleate cell fragments
  • from megakaryocytes
  • produce proteins for blood clotting
  • last for about 10-12 days
30
Q

blood clotting

A 
hemostasis
--stopping flow of blood
formation of clot involves
--transport of important clotting agents
--formation of a temporary patch
--clot contraction
31
Q

hemopoeisis

A
  • all blood cells are derived from a pluripotent stemm cell
  • -all cells except lymphocytes are derived from the resulting myeloid tissue
  • in adults, all new blood cells are produced in the bone marrow
  • -liver and spleen contribute while in utero, but eventually cease
32
Q

erythropoiesis

A
  • formation of RBCs
  • RBCs have no nucleus of mitochondria
  • wear and tear with no repair
  • RBCs last for about 120 days
  • replace about 1% per day
  • 3 million RBCs replaced per second
33
Q

leukopoiesis

A
  • formation of WBCs
  • granulocytes complete their development in the red marrow
  • -neutrophils last for 12 hours, dyeing after they engulf an object
  • monocytes do no complete development until they exit the circulatory system
  • lymphocytes
  • -immature cells can stay in bone marrow or move to thymus
  • move to the spleen, tonsils, or lymph nodes where they mature
  • can last for several years
34
Q

blood type

A

RBC plasmalemma (cell membrane) has surface antigens

  • these are usually glycoproteins or glycolipids
  • are genetically determined (similar within ethnicities)
  • A, B, and Rh are used to determine blood types
35
Q

types of blood

A

A, B, AB, O

  • people may have a antigens, b antigens, both (ab) and neither (o)
  • you will produce antibody for all the antigens you dont have
  • if foreign antigens are introduced into your bloodstream, you will produce antibodies to destroy them
36
Q

Ab patient

A

can receive any blood, produces neither antibody

37
Q

a patient

A

can receive blood from a and o, but produces B antibodies

38
Q

b patients

A

can receive blood from b and o, but produces a antibodies

39
Q

o patient

A

can receive blood from o only. produces a and b antibodies

40
Q

Rh group

A 
named after Rhesus macaque
-if you have rh antigen
--you are Rh+
-if you have no antigen
--you are Rh-
sometimes referred to as the D antigen
41
Q

Rh group

A

Rh- people will only produce antibodies when exposed to the Rh antigen

  • -usually occurs from:
  • receive Rh+ transfusion
  • pregnant with Rh+ baby
  • -an Rh- mother may reject a second Rh+ baby

Anatomy (19 decks)

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