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Anatomy > Chapter 25- The Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 25- The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

digestion

A
  • process whereby food is changed into a form that can be absorbed
  • -breakdown of ingested food
  • -absorption of nutrients into blood
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2
Q

metabolism

A
  • production of ATP

- anabolic and catabolic cellular activities

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3
Q

digestive system

A
  • alimentary canal
  • -mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus
  • accessory organs
  • -salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
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4
Q

layers of the digestive tract

A

structure of the wall

  • 4 layers:
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis
  • serosa
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5
Q

mucosa

A
  • inner most layer
  • consists of three layers
  • -mucosal epithelium
  • -lamina propria: blood vessels, sensory nerves, lymph vessels, MALT
  • -muscularis mucosa
  • –smooth muscle and elastic fibers
  • –two layers: circular and longitudinal
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6
Q

mucosa cont.

A
  • may have folds to increase surface area
  • may have glands
  • -mucous and digestive enzymes
  • functions
  • -protection
  • -absorption and secretion
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7
Q

submucosa

A
  • loose CT, glands, BV, lymph vessels and nerves
  • functions:
  • -nourish surrounding tissues
  • -carry away absorbed materials
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8
Q

muscularis

A
  • layers of visceral smooth muscle
  • -inner=circular
  • –decrease diameter when contracted
  • -outer=longitudinal
  • –shorten tube when contract
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9
Q

serosa

A
  • aka visceral peritoneum
  • -does not exist superior to the diaphragm
  • –instead there is adventitia
  • epithelium and CT
  • function
  • -protection
  • -secrete serous fluid
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10
Q

peritoneum

A

a series of membranes in the abdominal cavity

  • visceral: adheres directly to the internal organs
  • parietal: adheres to the abdominal wall
  • are continuous with one another
  • peritoneal cavity in between
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11
Q

peritoneum: mesentaries

A
  • sheets of peritoneum connected to organs
  • access route for vessels and nerves
  • stabilize position
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12
Q

peritoneum: lesser and greater omentum

A 
lesser omentum:
-connects the stomach to the liver
greater omentum:
-starts at stomach
-descends inferior
-then ascend to form a pouch or "apron"
--filled with adipose
-attaches to the colon
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13
Q

peritoneum: mesentery proper and mesocolon

A

mesentery proper
-attaches to the majority of the small intestines
mesocolon:
-attaches to large intestine
both allow for nerves, BV and lymphatics to connect to intestines

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14
Q

peritoneum types

A
  • mesenteries
  • lesser omentum
  • greater omentum
  • mesentery proper
  • mesocolon
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15
Q

motor functions

A
  • peristalsis

- segmentation

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16
Q

peristalsis

A
  • propels bolus down the tract
  • circular muscles contract first
  • -prevents bolus from moving back
  • longitudinal necxt
  • -advances it down the tract
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17
Q

segmentation

A
  • no net movement in any particular direction
  • goal is to fragment bolus
  • mostly circular muscle contractions
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18
Q

mouth: functions

A
  • mastication/mixing
  • lubrication
  • speech
  • taste/evaluation
  • limited digestion
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19
Q

mouth structures

A
  • hard palate
  • -palatine bone on roof of mouth
  • soft palate
  • -CT extension of the palate
  • -uvula: dangles at the end of soft palate, prevents food from going down prematurely
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20
Q

salivary glands

A

produce saliva

  • mucous and serous fluid
  • form food bolus
  • make salivary amylase (starch digestion)
  • dissolve chemicals for taste
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21
Q

glands

A
  • parotid
  • submandibular
  • sublingual
22
Q

teeth: functions

A

mastication

-mechanical breakdown

23
Q

types of teeth

A
  1. incisors
    - cutting
  2. cuspids (canines)
    - tearing
  3. bicuspids (premolars)
    - crushing and grinding
  4. molars
    - crushing and grinding
24
Q

tooth regions

A
  1. crown
    - exposed region of the tooth; covered in enamel
  2. root
    - base; within host bone
  3. neck
    - boundary between root and crown
  4. gingiva
    - gums
    - gingival sulcus: where gum and tooth meet
25
Q

dental succession

A
  • primary or deciduous teeth
  • -20 total
  • -incisors, cuspids, 1st and 2nd molars
26
Q

secondary or permanent teeth

A
  • 32 total

- incisors, cuspids, 1st and 2nd bicuspid, 1st, 2nd, 3rd molars

27
Q

pharynx

A

movement through the pharynx

  • enabled by swallowing
  • bolus enters the oropharynx
  • passes the laryngopharynx
28
Q

swallowing

A
  • known as deglutition
  • 3 stages
  • -buccal phase
  • -pharyngeal phase
  • -esophageal phase
29
Q

esophagus

A
  • function: passageway for food only to stomach
  • straight, collapsible tube
  • penetrates diaphragm through esophageal hiatus
30
Q

histology of esophagus

A 
mucosa
-stratified squamous
-large folds (expansion)
muscularis:
-skeletal muscle in superior regions
adventitia (no serosa)
31
Q

stomach: functions

A
  • storage
  • mechanical breakdown
  • -churning, mixing
  • chemical breakdown of protein
  • delivers CHYME to small intestine
  • little absorption of nutrients
  • -alcohol, aspirin, water
32
Q

stomach: general shape

A
  • lesser curvature

- greater curvature

33
Q

major regions

A
  • cardia: meets esophagus
  • fundus: superior region
  • body: largest region
  • pyloris: meets small intestine
34
Q

stomach: histology

A
  • mucosa
  • -folded into rugae for expansion during a full stomach
  • muscularis:
  • -three muscle layers:
    1. outer: longitudinal
    2. middle: circular
    3. inner: oblique
35
Q

gastric glands

A 
-make gastric juice
secretory cell types:
-parietal cells
--HCL: lowers pH
--intrinsic factor: absorbs B12
-chief cells:
--pepsinogen: breaks down proteins
-enteroendocrine cells
--secrete the hormone gastrin
36
Q

small intestine: regions

A
  • duodenum
  • -25cm
  • -digestive secretions form liver and pancreas
  • jejunum
  • -2500cm
  • -most digestion and absorption
  • Ileum
  • -3500 cm
37
Q

functions of small intestine

A
  • completes digestion of chyme
  • receives secretions from pancreas and liver
  • absorbs products of digestion
  • -majority of absorption
  • transports remaining residue to large intestine
38
Q

Small intestine: how it increases surface area

A
  • plicae circulares: folds in lining
  • intestinal villi: fingerlike projections of mucosa
  • microvilli: fingerlike extensions of cell membranes
39
Q

large intestines: functions

A
  • NO digestive enzymes
  • NO nutrient absorption
  • bacteria here digest remaining nutrients
  • -remaining water and vitamins K and B absorbed
  • remaining materials:
  • -defecated as feces
  • -slow, infrequent peristalsis
  • -enabled by mucus production
40
Q

large intestine: regions

A
  • cecum
  • -dialated, pouch-like structure
  • veriform appendix
  • -narrow tube with closed end
  • -hangs down from cecum
  • -lymphatic tissue but no digestive function
41
Q

large intestine: regions (colons)

A
  • ascending colon: travels upward along posterior wall to just below liver
  • transverse colon: turns at right colic flexture and go towards spleen
  • descending colon: turns downward at left colic flexture
  • sigmoid colon: S-shaped part near terminal end
42
Q

large intestine: regions (exits)

A
  • rectum:
  • -follows curvature of sacrum
  • -leads to anal canal
  • anus
  • -opening to outside
  • -guarded by 2 sphincters
  • –internal: smooth muscle
  • –external: skeletal
43
Q

liver: functions

A
  • carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
  • -synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids and cholesterol
  • -converts carbohydrates and proteins to fat
  • protein metabolism: makes blood proteins
  • storage: glycogen, vitamins, iron
  • blood filtering
  • detoxification
  • secretes bile
44
Q

liver: structure

A
  • divided into loves by falciform ligament
  • coronary ligament attaches liver to diaphragm
  • largest lobe on right
45
Q

Liver: structure cont. (hepatic lobules)

A

hepatic lobules

  • functional unit
  • hepatocytes around central vein:
  • -remove toxins
  • -produce bile
  • hepatic sinusoids:
  • -vascular channels
  • -receive blood from portal veins
  • kupffer cells
  • -fixed macrophages
46
Q

gall bladder: location

A

-inferior surface of liver

47
Q

gall bladder: function

A
  • store bile
  • concentrate bile by reabsorbing water
  • release bile into duodenum
48
Q

see path of bile diagram

A

s

49
Q

pancreas

A
  • structure: head, body, tail
  • pancreatic juice goes into the duodenum via:
  • -pancreatic duct
  • -hepatopancreatic sphincter
50
Q

pancreatic juice: produced by

A

-produced by pancreatic acini

51
Q

pancreatic juice: composed of

A
  • pancreatic amylase: starch
  • proteinases and trypsin: protein
  • lipase: fat
  • nucleases: nucleic acids
  • alkalines: neutralizes acidic chyme

Anatomy (19 decks)

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