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Anatomy > Chapter 19- Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 19- Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

general characteristics

A
  • chronic regulation of homeostasis
  • -slow and prolonged responses
  • -acute=nervous system
  • interrelated with nercous system
  • -hypothalamus and posterior pituitary
  • ductless system
  • -hormones produced by specialized cells
  • -carried in blood stream
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2
Q

hormones

A
  • substance synthesized by a specific organ or tissue and secreted:
  • -secreted into extracellular spaces=paracrine signaling (no blood needed)
  • -blood carries it to other sites=endocrine signaling
  • act on target cells
  • -have specific receptors for specific hormones
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3
Q

chemistry of hormones: categories

A
  1. steroids: made from cholesterol, non polar
  2. peptides: polar
  3. amines
    - derived from amino acids
    - polar and non-polar
  4. eicosanoids
    - most are non-polar
    - paracrine signals (prostaglandins)
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4
Q

steroid hormones

A
  • lipid soluble therefore can cross cell membrane
  • -transduction=regulation of DNA transcription
  • examples
  • -estrogens like estradiol
  • -androgens like testosterone
  • -aldosterone
  • -cortisol
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5
Q

amine hormones

A
  • derived from either tyrosine or tryptophan
  • some are membrane soluble (thyroxine)
  • some are not (epinephrine)
  • most important ones are made by:
  • -thyroid
  • -adrenal medulla
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6
Q

other hormones

A 
peptide hormones
-short chains of amino acids
--cannot cross cell membrane
-all pituitary hormones
eicosanoids
-derived from fatty acids
--most cross cell membranes
-coordinate functions in extracellular fluid
--ex. prostaglandins
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7
Q

control of hormone secretion

A

negative feedback

  • gland is sensitive to concentration of substance
  • concentration exceeds limits–> prevents gland from secreting hormone
  • concentration decreases->secretion increases
  • results in relatively stable concentration of both substance and hormone
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8
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • sends signals to the body and the pituitary gland
  • -really 2 separate glands: developmental origins are key to function
  • pituitary is the most important endocrine gland for regulation
  • basically runs endocrine system
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9
Q

pituitary gland

A 
2 lobes
posterior (neural)
-does not make any hormones
-mostly hypothalamic axons
anterior (endocrine)
-5 types of endocrine cells
-controlled by hypothalamic regulatory hormones
--releasing hormones
--inhibiting hormones
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10
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

Oxytocin

ADH

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11
Q

oxytocin

A

-posterior pituitary
-causes contraction of muscles in uterine walls
-causes muscles associated with milk ejection to contract
-cause contraction of prostate gland
-significant in emotional bonding
–familial
–romantic
does NOT make milk, just causes release

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12
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A
  • causes kidney to decrease water excetion

- increases blood volume-> rise in BP

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13
Q

anterior pituitary hormones

A
  1. melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
  2. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  3. luteinizing hormone (LH)
  4. growth hormone (GH)
  5. thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  6. prolactin (PRL)
  7. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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14
Q

melanocyte stimulating hormone

A

-increases melanin secretion

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15
Q

follicle stimulating hormone

A
  • testes to produce sperm
  • follicular development in ovary
  • stimulate secretion of estrogen
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16
Q

luteinizing hormone

A
  • promotes secretion of sex hormones

- release of oocyte

17
Q

growth hormone

A
  • GH
  • increase size and rate of reproduction of body cells
  • targets muscles and bones-mobilizes fat and glucose
  • enhances movement of amino acids through membranes
  • secreted throughout life, increases at puberty
18
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone

A
  • TSH

- controls secretion of thyroid hormone

19
Q

prolactin

A
  • PRL
  • targets mammary tissue
  • milk production/secretion
20
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A
  • ACTH

- stimulates adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroids

21
Q

thyroid gland

A
  • 2 lobes and isthmus
  • -inferior to larynx
  • Follicular cells
  • -line follicle cavities (filled with thyoglogulin colloid)
  • -remove Iodine from blood
  • -secrete T3 and T4
  • Parafollicular cells
  • -produce calcitonin
22
Q

thyroid hormones: follicular cells

A 
Thyroxine (T4)
-increase glycogenolysis
-increase protein synthesis
-increase growth
Triiodothyronine (T3)
-same as T4 but 5x's more potent
23
Q

thyroid hormones: parafollicular cells

A

calcitonin

  • DECREASE blood calcium and phosphate
  • increase renal excretion
  • increase osteoblast activity
24
Q

parathyroid glands

A

posterior surface of thyroid

  • many tightly packed secretory cells
  • -oxyphil and transitional cells=immature
  • -chief cells=produce parathyroid hormone
25
Q

parathyroid hormones

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

  • INCREASE blood calcium
  • decrease renal calcium and phosphate excretion
  • increase osteoclast activity
  • increase calcitriol=intestinal calcium absorption
26
Q

thymus

A

thoracic cavity, posterior to sternum

  • produces thymosin
  • -enhances lymphocyte production and competence
  • -most active in infancy and childhood
27
Q

adrenal glands

A

adrenal cortex

adrenal medulla

28
Q

adrenal cortex

A
  • glomerulosa
  • -aldosterone: sodium retention
  • fasciculata
  • -cortisol: glycogen formation
  • reticularis
  • -androgens: secondary sexual characters
29
Q

adrenal medulla

A
  • chromaffin cells which are modified postganglionic cells of the SNS (neurons)
  • -epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • only gland directly stimulated from brain
30
Q

kidneys

A
  • renin: start cascade to increase blood pressure
  • erythropoietin (EPO): erythrocyte production
  • calcitriol: increases absorption of digested calcium
31
Q

heart

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

  • suppresses aldosterone and ADH
  • decrease blood volume and blood pressure
32
Q

pancrease

A 
posterior to stomach
-attaached to duodenum by duct
-exocrine and endocrine function
islets of langerhans=endocrine function
-alpha cells
--glucagon=increases blood sugar
-beta cells
--insulin= decreases blood sugar
-delta cells
--somatostatin: inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion
--antagonizes GH
33
Q

male gonads

A 
interstitial cells
-secrete androgens
--testosterone
---stimulate nurse cells
---secondary sex characteristics
nurse cells
-secrete inhibin
--decrease FSH from anterior pituitary
--stimulate spermatogenesis
34
Q

female gonads

A 
follicles=pre-ovulation
-estrogens: 
--maturation of oocyte
-- endometrial development
-inhibin:
--decrease FSH from anterior pituitary
corpus luteum: post-ovulation
-estrogens (estradiol)
-progesterone
--prepares body for pregnancy
35
Q

pineal gland

A

pineacytes in epithalamus

  • melatonin
  • -circadian rhythms
  • -possible role in puberty

Anatomy (19 decks)

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