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Anatomy > Chapter 14- Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 14- Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

spinal cord: gross anatomy

A 
-part of the CNS
size and location:
-slender nerve column
-about 45cm long
-starts at foramen magnum and ends between L1 and L2 (does not go into the sacrum)
-31 pairs of spinal nerves
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2
Q

overall structure

A
  • bilateral symmetry

- consists of both gray and white matter

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3
Q

central canal

A

hole down the center of cord; continuous with brain ventricles; both contain CSF

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4
Q

2 grooves of spinal cord

A

anterior median fissure

posterior median sulcus

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5
Q

enlargements

A

swollen regions of spinal chord
named based on region
-cervical enlargement
-lumbar enlargement

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6
Q

conus medullaris

A

inferior most tip of spinal cord; cone shaped

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7
Q

cauda equina

A

means horse’s tail; bundle of nerves inferior to spinal cord

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8
Q

filum terminale

A

inferior most spinal nerve

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9
Q

gray matter

A
  • cell bodies, dendrites and synapses
  • projections called horns
  • cell bodies organized into nuclei
  • -sensory
  • -motor
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10
Q

interior horns

A

posterior horn
anterior gray horn
lateral gray horn

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11
Q

gray commissure

A

anterior commissure
posterior commissure
(separated by central canal)

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12
Q

white matter

A

tracts and columns

  • posterior white column
  • ant. white column
  • lateral white column
  • ascending tract=sensory
  • descending tract=motor
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13
Q

meninges

A

membranes covering CNS

  • are similar in both brain and spinal cord
  • are split into layers called ‘mater’ (mother)
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14
Q

superificial to meninges

A 
vertebrae consists of vertebral arches
-epidural space
-space between meninges and vertebra
-contains BV and adipose
meninges connect to CT of spinal nerves
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15
Q

spinal meninges: dura mater

A

tough mother

  • durable
  • deep to epidural space
  • superficial to subdural space
  • stabilized by coccygeal ligament
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16
Q

spinal meninges: arachnoid mater

A

spidery mother

  • superficial to suarachnoid space
  • contains CSF
  • CT looks like a spider web
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17
Q

spinal meninges: pia mater

A

delicate mother

  • light layer adhering to cord
  • forms part of filum terminale
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18
Q

spinal meninges order

A 
vertebrae
epidural space
dura mater
subdral space (with CSF)
arachnoid layer
subarachnoid space
pia mater
neural tissue
19
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs

  • 8 cervical (with 7 cervical vertebrae)
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal
20
Q

nerve components

A 
dorsal root
-dorsal root ganglion
-usually sensory
ventral root
-no ganglion
usually motor
21
Q

nerve components (cont)

A

roots merge to form nerves

  • hence spinal nerves usually are mixed (sensory and motor)
  • all roots go through intervertebral foramen
22
Q

epineurium

A

surrounds the entire nerve

23
Q

perineurium

A

surrounds bundles of 10-100 axons (known as fascicles)

24
Q

endoneurium

A

surrounds each individual axon of each neuron

25
Q

Rami

A

offshoots of a nerve once it exits the vertebrae

26
Q

3 types of rami

A

dorsal ramus
ventral ramus
ramus communicantes

27
Q

ramus communicantes

A

a splitting in the ramus separating sensory and motor fibers
white ramus communicantes
grey ramus communicantes

28
Q

dermatomes

A

sensory innervation by specific spinal nerves

  • spinal cord damage will result in loss of sensation in dermatome
  • detection method
29
Q

nerve plexus

A 
braid off ventral rami
interconnected web of nerves for greater innervation
-found in several regions
-cervical
-lumbar
-sacral
(most thoracic nerves are all isolated
30
Q

cervical plexus

A

C1-C4 and part of C5

-innervate certain muscles of neck and torso

31
Q

phrenic nerve

A

C3, 4 and 5
goes to diaphragm
results in breath
-part of cervical plexus

32
Q

brachial plexus

A

C4-C8 and T1

innervate the chest, upper back and arm

33
Q

brachial plexus nerves

A

musculocutaneous
-to ant. muscles of arms and skin of forearm
ulnar nerve
-to muscles of forearm, hands and skin of hands
median nerve
-same as ulnar
-between radius and ulna
radial nerve
-to post. muscles of arms and skin of forearms and hands

34
Q

lumbosacral plexus

A

last thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves

may be split into lumbar and sacral plexuses

35
Q

lumbosacral plexus nerves

A

innervate the lower limb regions
obturator nerve
-to adductors of leg
-femoral nerve
-motor impulses to leg and thigh and receive sensory from skin of leg and thigh
sciatic nerve
-to muscles and skin in thighs, legs and feet

36
Q

reflexes

A
  • rapid automatic involuntary motor response to stimuli
  • help preserve homeostasis
  • occur at spinal cord or brain stem
  • do not require cerebral processing
  • can be modified by cerebral control
37
Q

classification of reflexes

A
  • by development
  • site of processing
  • nature of motor response
  • complexity of neural circuit
38
Q

classification by development

A

genetically: built in (innate)
learned: acquired through repetition and/or experience

39
Q

classification by site of processing

A

spinal reflex: impulse only goes to spinal cord

cranial reflex: makes it to the brain

40
Q

classification by nature of motor response

A

somatic: influences the skeletal muscles system
-purely effector based skeletal muscle in this case
visceral (autonomic): influences the involuntary systems such as smooth muscle and glands

41
Q

classification by complexity of neural circuit

A

how many synapses are involved

  • monosynaptic=1
  • polysnaptic=2 or more
42
Q

steps of a reflex arc

A
  1. receptor is stimulated by a detectible environmental stimulus
  2. receptor stimulates a sensory neuron that sends a signal to the CNS for processing
  3. information is processed by being transmitted to the appropriate neurons
    -this could be a n interneuron or motor neuron
    4-5. motor neuron is stimulated, sending a signal to an effector. this results in a behavior
43
Q

stretch reflex

A

a reflex stimulated by the stretching of a muscle

  • muscle spindle fibers are receptors that detect stretching
  • effector is the contraction of the muscle
44
Q

patellar reflex

A

patellar reflex is a stretch reflex

  • functions to:
  • prevent muscles form being overstretched
  • prevent one from falling forward

Anatomy (19 decks)

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