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Anatomy > Chapter 23- Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Chapter 23- Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

functions

A
  • produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes
  • maintain normal blood and interstitial fluid volume
  • alternate route for the transport of materials
  • -nutrients
  • -hormones
  • -wastes
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2
Q

lymphatic vessels

A
  • network of vessels
  • transport fluid called lymph from tissues to the venous system
  • range in size
  • -small lymphatic capillaries
  • -medium lymphatic vessels
  • -large lymphatic trunks
  • -lymphatic ducts
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3
Q

lymphatic vessels pt 2

A
  • are almost always found associated with blood vessels
  • location of vessels
  • -most tissues
  • -absent in: avascular tissue (tendons), CNS
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4
Q

what is lymph

A
  • lymph is fluid connective tissue
  • it occurs only in lymphatic vessels
  • it is derived from:
  • -interstitial fluid of tissues
  • -lymphocytes
  • -macrophages
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5
Q

origin of lymph

A

derived from interstitial fluid

  • originates from plasma (interstitial fluid does)
  • -water and dissolved materials leak out of capillaries due to diffusion and filtration (27L/day enters interstitial spaces)
  • -fluid: lacks proteins, lower 02
  • interstitial fluid moves into the lymphatic capillaries and is now known as lymph
  • -90% of interstitial fluid is absorbed
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6
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A
  • closed ended tubes
  • in interstitial spaces
  • form networks
  • single layer of squamous cells with incomplete basal lamina
  • fenestrated
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7
Q

lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries

A
  • larger diameter
  • thinner walls
  • flat and irregular
  • have anchoring filaments to keep the passage open
  • overlapping endothelial cells
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8
Q

formation of lymph

A

interstitial fluid enters capillaries

  • overlapping cells function as one way valves
  • moves through fenestrations
  • large things such as viruses and debris flow in too
  • lymph is filtered plasma, interstitial fluid, and stuff floating around in interstitial fluid, can be cancerous cells, pathogens
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9
Q

medium lymphatic vessels

A
  • merging of lymph capillaries
  • similar to veins
  • -interna
  • -media
  • -adventitia
  • -valves
  • merge to form trunks
  • travel with arteries of same size
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10
Q

lymphatic trunks: naming

A

named for the region they drain

-ex: lumbar, intestinal, broncomediastinal, subcalvian, jugular

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11
Q

lymphatic ducts: draining

A
  • trunks drain into ducts
  • two ducts
  • -thoracic and right lymphatic
  • deliver lymph to venous circulation at subcalvians
  • -reintroduced to bloodstream
  • -becomes part of plasma and is circulated
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12
Q

lymphatic ducts: thoracic duct

A
  • drains lower body; left arm, head and neck
  • route:
  • -arises form cisterna chyli
  • -through diaphragm
  • -ascends in front of vertebral column
  • -empties into left subclavian vein
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13
Q

lymphatic ducts: right lymphatic duct

A

drains right side of head, neck and right arm

  • route:
  • -starts in right thorax
  • -to the right subclavian vein
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14
Q

lymphatic ducts: asymetry

A

unevenly drain fluid from the body

  • thoracic does the majority
  • it is much longer and drains the entire inferior half of the body
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15
Q

movement of lymph

A

contain valves

  • occur at bulges
  • prevent backflow
  • -pressure is lower in lymphatics than veins (no heart connection)
  • -lymph is moved using similar methods to veins: skeletal muscles, breathing
  • if drainage does not occur= lymphedema
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16
Q

lymphocytes

A
  • primary cells of the lymphoid system
  • allow for specific (or adaptive) immunity
  • -multi-faceted immune response to the detection of specific foreign antigens
17
Q

lymphocytes: NK cells

A
  • natural killer cells
  • derived directly from bone marrow
  • NON-specific immunity
  • detect chemical signals other than specific antigens (like all the other leukocytes) and induce apoptosis
  • the one lymphocyte that is not cell specific
18
Q

lymphocytes: B-cells

A
  • originate and develop in the bone marrow
  • stimulated by an antigen to produce antibodies
  • can survive for years as memory cells, and become active once exposed to a similar antigen
19
Q

lymphocytes: B-cells

A
  • originate in the bone marrow but develop in the thymus (t-cells)
  • attack cells with antigens indicating viral infection or detrimental mutations
  • induce apoptosis
  • have memory cells similar to b-cells
  • t-cells actually find the antigen themselves and kill it instead of b-cells that produce antibodies
20
Q

lymphoid nodules

A
  • reticular connective tissue dominated by lymphocytes
  • MALT
  • -mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
  • -digestive lymph nodule
  • masses of connective tissue attached to organs, not organs themselves
21
Q

MALT

A

tonsils

  • positioned around the pharynx
  • remove pathogens that enter via air or food

-

22
Q

three types of tonsils

A 
pharyngeal tonsil
--one nodule in nasopharynx
--aka adenoids
palatine tonsils
--two nodules on the soft palate
lingual tonsils
--two nodules at the base of the tongue
23
Q

aggregated lymphoid nodules

A

malt

-line mucosa of the small intestine

24
Q

appendix

A

malt

  • blind tube at the beginning of the intestine
  • area prone to infection
  • -appendicitis
  • -intestinal flora enter underlying tissues
25
Q

lymphatic organs

A
  • surrounded by a fibrous connective tissue capsule
  • include:
  • -lymph nodes
  • -thymus
  • -spleen
26
Q

lymph nodes

A
  • bead shaped
  • between several afferent and one efferent vessel
  • hilus: indented region where BV’s, nerves, and efferent lymph vessels connect
27
Q

lymph nodes

A

cortex on outside
-capsule has trabeculae that subdivide it
-has two regions
–outer cortex: consists of aggregated B-cells
–inner cortex: t cells enter blood here
medulla:
-b-cells leave through the efferent vessel
lymph will encounter this when traveling through lymph system and the attack on antigens begins

28
Q

lymph nodes: locations

A
  • cervical
  • axillary
  • inguinal
  • pelvic
  • abdominal
  • thoracic
29
Q

spleen

A
  • found on left side of stomach
  • largest lymphatic organ
  • white pulp
  • -resembles lymph node
  • red pulp
  • -large amounts of RBC
  • -sinuses, macrophages, T/B cells
30
Q

functions of spleen

A
  • remove old RBCs
  • store/recycle iron
  • initiate immune response
  • blood reservoir
  • RBC production
  • major place for interaction between lymph and blood
  • white pulp encounters pathogens from blood and antibodies will destroy it
31
Q

thymus

A
  • in mediastium
  • first lymph organ to deveolp
  • -grows until puberty
  • -shrinks with age: replacd by fibrous and adipose tissue
  • 2 lobes with lobules
  • -cortex: mostly T-cells
  • -medulla: mostly epithelial cells
32
Q

thymus: t-cells

A
  • cortext produces t-cells
  • mature and migrate into medulla
  • enter blood vessels and go into circulation
33
Q

thymus: reticular cells

A
  • produce hormone thymosin

- promote t-cell differentiation

Anatomy (19 decks)

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