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Anatomy > Chapter 24- The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 24- The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

upper respiratory system consists of

A
  • nose, nasal cavity, sinuses and pharynx

- filter, warm, and humidify air and bring it to and from the..

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2
Q

lower respiratory system

A
  • larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and

- alveoli-gas exchange surface

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3
Q

functions of respiratory system

A
  • extensive area for gas exchange
  • move air to and form exchange surface
  • protect exchange surfaces from damage
  • -dehydration, temperature, pathogens, etc.
  • produce vocalization
  • regulate blood volume, pH, pressure, etc
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4
Q

3 key functional parameters

A
  1. increase the surface area of the membrane
  2. decrease thickness of the respiratory membrane
  3. highly cascularize the repiratory membrane-maximize concentration gradient
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5
Q

external nose

A
  • cartilage
  • -lateral nasal
  • -major and minor alar
  • nasal bone
  • external nares (nostrils)
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6
Q

nose

A
  • encloses the nasal vestibule
  • -protected by hairs
  • -opens into nasal cavity
  • -divided by nasal septum
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7
Q

nasal cavity

A
  • starts at nasal vestibule and ends at internal nares
  • divided in two by the nasal septum
  • -ethmoid, vomer, septal cartilage
  • separated from oral vaity
  • -hard palate: palatine and maxilla
  • -soft palate
  • mucus membrane lining
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8
Q

nasal cavity: olfactory region

A
  • superior region
  • all areas with olfactory receptors
  • -cribiform plate, superior nasal conchae, superior septum
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9
Q

nasal cavity: conchae

A
  • three projections of bone on each side
  • -superior, middle, inferior
  • ethmoid and inferior nasal concha bone
  • grooves in between conchae=meatuses
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10
Q

conchae functions

A
  • divide cavity into passages
  • suppoer mucous membranes
  • increase surface area
  • increase turbulence
  • -filters out airborne particles
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11
Q

sinuses

A
  • air filled sacs within cranial bones
  • -maxilla, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid
  • open into nasal cavity
  • lined with mucous membranes
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12
Q

functions of sinuses

A
  • decrease weight of skull
  • produce mucus
  • resonant chambers
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13
Q

pharynx

A

throat

  • shared passageway for respiratory and digestive system
  • nasopharynx: above uvula and posterior to internal nares
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx: between hyoid and esophagus
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14
Q

functions of pharynx

A
  • passage for food
  • passage for air
  • sound production
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15
Q

layers of respiratory tree

A
  • mucosa
  • -goblet cells in pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  • submucosa
  • -areolar CT and seroud mucous glands
  • hylaline cartilage
  • trachealis muscle
  • -transverse and longitudinal smooth muscle
  • -more muscle as one moves closer to the lungs
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16
Q

larynx

A
  • enlargement in airway at top of trachea and below pharynx
  • -routes air and food to proper channels
  • -surrounds and protects glottis (opening into larynx
  • houses vocal cords
17
Q

composition of larynx

A

-muscles and cartilage held together by elastic tissue

18
Q

cartilages of the larynx

A
  • thryroid: adams apple
  • cricoid: supports posterior larynx
  • arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform: attach and control vocal cords
  • epiglottis: projects into pharynx and covers glottis during swallowing
19
Q

vocal cords

A
  • folds in mucous membrane
  • vestibular folds
  • -false vocal cords
  • -no sound production
  • -muscles help close larynx during swallowing
  • vocal folds
  • -true vocal cords
  • -cause sound production
20
Q

vocal cords: speaking

A
  • air pushed past vocal folds causes vibrations
  • pitch controlled by changing tension of cords
  • -tight=high
  • volume related to force of air over cords
  • -more force-loud
  • oral cavity, lips and tongue change sound
21
Q

trachea

A
  • flexible tube

- connects larynx with bronchi

22
Q

composition of trachea

A
  • inner wall
  • -ciliated mucous membrane with goblet cells
  • –beat continuously
  • –expel mucous loaded with debris
  • -20 c-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage
23
Q

functions of trachea

A
  • filter and direct incoming air
  • cartilage rings prevent collapsing
  • -but are still flexible
  • soft tissue in back allows esophagus to expand
24
Q

bronchi

A

formed by division of trachea

  • split at carina
  • enter lungs at hilus
  • bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches
  • -primary
  • -secondary
  • -tertiary
  • -bronchioles
25
Q

differences between bronchi sides

A

right bronchus

  • is wider, shorter, and straighter
  • divides into three parts; one for each lobe (left has 2)
  • superior one divides very early
26
Q

bronchioles

A
  • tertiary bronchi branch many times
  • eventually form 6500 terminal brochioles
  • smooth muscle dominant and little cartilage
  • -bronchodialation (SNS)
  • -bronchoconstriction (PSNS)
  • terminal brochioles branch into respiratory lobules
  • -50-80 per lobule
  • -branch into alveolar ducts
27
Q

alveoli

A
  • alveolar ducts lead to alveolar sacs
  • alveolar sacs contain several alveoli
  • 150 million per lung
  • each asscoiated with a network of capillaries
  • abundance of elastic fibers
28
Q

alveolus

A

consists of:

  • pneumocyte type 1 cells
  • -simple squamous epithelium for gas exchange
  • -moist lining aids diffusion across respiratory membrne
29
Q

pneumocyte type 2 cells

A
  • no gas exchange
  • secrete pulmonary surfactant
  • fluid will be a lower cohesive force than water
  • alveolar walls dont stick to each other
  • prevents collapse of alveoli
30
Q

alveolus consists of

A
  • basal lamina
  • capillary network
  • connective tissue
  • -fibroblasts: elastic and reticular fibers
  • -macrophages: phagocytosis
  • makes for a thin, flexible membrane
31
Q

lungs

A

in thoracic cavity

  • surrounded by 2 membranes
  • -parietal pleura
  • -visceral pleura
  • -pleural cavity in between
32
Q

lungs: structure

A
  • apex and base
  • hilus
  • -all vessels and bronchi enter here
  • lobes
  • -left= 2 lobes
  • -right=3 lobes
  • -fissures separate
  • lobes divide into lobules
33
Q

how breathing works

A
  • depends on volume changes in thoracic cavity
  • volume change leads to pressure change
  • when pressure changes, gases flow in to equalize pressure
  • 2 phases
  • -inspiration
  • -expiration
34
Q

inspiration

A

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract

  • thoracic cavity expands
  • pressure in pleural cavity decreases
  • lungs expand into lower pressure area
  • pressure in lungs decreases
  • air moves into lungs to equalize pressure
35
Q

expiration

A 
passive process
-muscles relax
-recoil shrinks thoracic cavity
-pressure in pleural cavity increases
-pressure in lungs increases
-air moves out to equalize pressure
this is known as tidal expiration
36
Q

forced expriation

A
  • internal intercostals, external obliques, and abdominal recti muscles contract
  • -further shrinks thoracic cavity
  • -pressure in pleural cavity increases
  • lungs are compressed
  • -pressure in lungs increases
  • -air moves out to equalize pressure

Anatomy (19 decks)

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