Chapter 24- The Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
upper respiratory system consists of
A
- nose, nasal cavity, sinuses and pharynx
- filter, warm, and humidify air and bring it to and from the..
2
Q
lower respiratory system
A
- larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and
- alveoli-gas exchange surface
3
Q
functions of respiratory system
A
- extensive area for gas exchange
- move air to and form exchange surface
- protect exchange surfaces from damage
- -dehydration, temperature, pathogens, etc.
- produce vocalization
- regulate blood volume, pH, pressure, etc
4
Q
3 key functional parameters
A
- increase the surface area of the membrane
- decrease thickness of the respiratory membrane
- highly cascularize the repiratory membrane-maximize concentration gradient
5
Q
external nose
A
- cartilage
- -lateral nasal
- -major and minor alar
- nasal bone
- external nares (nostrils)
6
Q
nose
A
- encloses the nasal vestibule
- -protected by hairs
- -opens into nasal cavity
- -divided by nasal septum
7
Q
nasal cavity
A
- starts at nasal vestibule and ends at internal nares
- divided in two by the nasal septum
- -ethmoid, vomer, septal cartilage
- separated from oral vaity
- -hard palate: palatine and maxilla
- -soft palate
- mucus membrane lining
8
Q
nasal cavity: olfactory region
A
- superior region
- all areas with olfactory receptors
- -cribiform plate, superior nasal conchae, superior septum
9
Q
nasal cavity: conchae
A
- three projections of bone on each side
- -superior, middle, inferior
- ethmoid and inferior nasal concha bone
- grooves in between conchae=meatuses
10
Q
conchae functions
A
- divide cavity into passages
- suppoer mucous membranes
- increase surface area
- increase turbulence
- -filters out airborne particles
11
Q
sinuses
A
- air filled sacs within cranial bones
- -maxilla, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid
- open into nasal cavity
- lined with mucous membranes
12
Q
functions of sinuses
A
- decrease weight of skull
- produce mucus
- resonant chambers
13
Q
pharynx
A
throat
- shared passageway for respiratory and digestive system
- nasopharynx: above uvula and posterior to internal nares
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx: between hyoid and esophagus
14
Q
functions of pharynx
A
- passage for food
- passage for air
- sound production
15
Q
layers of respiratory tree
A
- mucosa
- -goblet cells in pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- submucosa
- -areolar CT and seroud mucous glands
- hylaline cartilage
- trachealis muscle
- -transverse and longitudinal smooth muscle
- -more muscle as one moves closer to the lungs
16
Q
larynx
A
- enlargement in airway at top of trachea and below pharynx
- -routes air and food to proper channels
- -surrounds and protects glottis (opening into larynx
- houses vocal cords
17
Q
composition of larynx
A
-muscles and cartilage held together by elastic tissue
18
Q
cartilages of the larynx
A
- thryroid: adams apple
- cricoid: supports posterior larynx
- arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform: attach and control vocal cords
- epiglottis: projects into pharynx and covers glottis during swallowing
19
Q
vocal cords
A
- folds in mucous membrane
- vestibular folds
- -false vocal cords
- -no sound production
- -muscles help close larynx during swallowing
- vocal folds
- -true vocal cords
- -cause sound production
20
Q
vocal cords: speaking
A
- air pushed past vocal folds causes vibrations
- pitch controlled by changing tension of cords
- -tight=high
- volume related to force of air over cords
- -more force-loud
- oral cavity, lips and tongue change sound
21
Q
trachea
A
- flexible tube
- connects larynx with bronchi
22
Q
composition of trachea
A
- inner wall
- -ciliated mucous membrane with goblet cells
- –beat continuously
- –expel mucous loaded with debris
- -20 c-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage
23
Q
functions of trachea
A
- filter and direct incoming air
- cartilage rings prevent collapsing
- -but are still flexible
- soft tissue in back allows esophagus to expand
24
Q
bronchi
A
formed by division of trachea
- split at carina
- enter lungs at hilus
- bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches
- -primary
- -secondary
- -tertiary
- -bronchioles
25
Q
differences between bronchi sides
A
right bronchus
- is wider, shorter, and straighter
- divides into three parts; one for each lobe (left has 2)
- superior one divides very early
26
Q
bronchioles
A
- tertiary bronchi branch many times
- eventually form 6500 terminal brochioles
- smooth muscle dominant and little cartilage
- -bronchodialation (SNS)
- -bronchoconstriction (PSNS)
- terminal brochioles branch into respiratory lobules
- -50-80 per lobule
- -branch into alveolar ducts
27
Q
alveoli
A
- alveolar ducts lead to alveolar sacs
- alveolar sacs contain several alveoli
- 150 million per lung
- each asscoiated with a network of capillaries
- abundance of elastic fibers
28
Q
alveolus
A
consists of:
- pneumocyte type 1 cells
- -simple squamous epithelium for gas exchange
- -moist lining aids diffusion across respiratory membrne
29
Q
pneumocyte type 2 cells
A
- no gas exchange
- secrete pulmonary surfactant
- fluid will be a lower cohesive force than water
- alveolar walls dont stick to each other
- prevents collapse of alveoli
30
Q
alveolus consists of
A
- basal lamina
- capillary network
- connective tissue
- -fibroblasts: elastic and reticular fibers
- -macrophages: phagocytosis
- makes for a thin, flexible membrane
31
Q
lungs
A
in thoracic cavity
- surrounded by 2 membranes
- -parietal pleura
- -visceral pleura
- -pleural cavity in between
32
Q
lungs: structure
A
- apex and base
- hilus
- -all vessels and bronchi enter here
- lobes
- -left= 2 lobes
- -right=3 lobes
- -fissures separate
- lobes divide into lobules
33
Q
how breathing works
A
- depends on volume changes in thoracic cavity
- volume change leads to pressure change
- when pressure changes, gases flow in to equalize pressure
- 2 phases
- -inspiration
- -expiration
34
Q
inspiration
A
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract
- thoracic cavity expands
- pressure in pleural cavity decreases
- lungs expand into lower pressure area
- pressure in lungs decreases
- air moves into lungs to equalize pressure
35
Q
expiration
A
passive process -muscles relax -recoil shrinks thoracic cavity -pressure in pleural cavity increases -pressure in lungs increases -air moves out to equalize pressure this is known as tidal expiration
36
Q
forced expriation
A
- internal intercostals, external obliques, and abdominal recti muscles contract
- -further shrinks thoracic cavity
- -pressure in pleural cavity increases
- lungs are compressed
- -pressure in lungs increases
- -air moves out to equalize pressure
