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Medical Terminology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

menarche

A

Beginning of the first menstrual period and ability to reproduce.

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2
Q

menstrual cycle days 1 to 5 (menstrual period)

A

discharge of bloody fluid containing disintegrated endometrial cells, glandular secretions, and blood cells.

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3
Q

menstrual cycle days 6 to 12

A

after bleeding ceases, the endometrium begins to repair itself. The maturing follicle in the ovary releases estrogen, which aids in the repair. The ovum grows in the follicle during this period.

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4
Q

menstrual cycle days 13 and 14 (ovulatory period)

A

on about the 14th day of the cycle, the follicle ruptures and the egg leaves the ovary (ovulation), passing through the fallopian tube.

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5
Q

menstrual cycle days 15 to 28

A

the empty follicle fills with a yellow material and becomes the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum functions as an endocrine organ and secrets the hormone progesterone into the blood stream.

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6
Q

adnexae uteri

A

fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligaments.

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7
Q

amnion

A

innermost membranous sac surrounding the developing fetus

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8
Q

areola

A

dark-pigmented area surrounding the breast nipple

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9
Q

Bartholin glands

A

small mucus-secreting exocrine glands at the vaginal orifice (opening to outside of the body). Caspar Bartholin was a Danish anatomist, who described the glands in 1637.

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10
Q

cervix

A

lower, neck-like portion of the uterus.

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11
Q

chorion

A

outermost layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo; it forms the fetal part of the placenta

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12
Q

clitoris

A

organ of sensitive erectile tissue anterior to the opening of the femal urethra.

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13
Q

coitus

A

sexual intercourse; copulation.

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14
Q

corpus luteum

A

Empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell; literally means yellow (luteum) body (corpus)

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15
Q

cul-de-sac

A

region in the lower abdomen, midway between the rectum and the uterus.

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16
Q

embryo

A

stage in prenatal development from 2 to 8 weaks

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17
Q

endometrium

A

inner, mucous membrane linings of the uterus.

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18
Q

estrogen

A

hormone produced by the ovaries; promotes female secondary sex characteristics.

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19
Q

fallopian tube

A

one of a pair of ducts through which the ovum travels to the uterus; also called an oviduct. The uterus were named for Gabriello Fallopia, an Italian anatomist.

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20
Q

fertilization

A

Union of the sperm cell and ovum from which the embryo develops.

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21
Q

fetus

A

Stage in prenatal development from 8 to 39 or 40 weeks

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22
Q

fimbriae (singular: fimbria)

A

finger- or fringe-like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes.

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23
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg cell (ovum)

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24
Q

gamete

A

male or female sexual reproductive cell; sperm cell or ovum

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25
Q

genitalia

A

reproductive organs, also called genitals

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26
Q

gestation

A

period from fertilization of the ovum to birth

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27
Q

gonad

A

female or male reproductive organ that produces sex cells and hormones; ovary or testis

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28
Q

gynecology

A

study of the female reproductive organs including the breasts.

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29
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

hormone produced by the placenta to sustain pregnancy stimulating (-tropin) the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone

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30
Q

hymen

A

mucous membrane partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina

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31
Q

labia

A

lips of the vagina; labia majora are the larger, outermost lips, and labia minora are the smaller, innermost lips.

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32
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

secreted by the pituitary gland to promote ovulation.

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33
Q

lactiferous ducts

A

tubes that carry milk within the breast

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34
Q

mammary papilla

A

nipple of the breast. A papilla is any small nipple-shaped projection

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35
Q

menopause

A

gradual ending of menstruation

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36
Q

menstruation

A

monthly shedding of the uterine lining. The flow of blood and tissue normally discharged during menstruation is called the menses.

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37
Q

myometrium

A

muscle layer of the uterus

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38
Q

neonatology

A

Branch of medicine that studies the disorders and care of the newborn (neonate)

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39
Q

obstetrics

A

branch of medicine concerned with pregnancy and childbirth

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40
Q

orifice

A

an opening

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41
Q

ovarian follicle

A

developing sac enclosing each ovum within the ovary. Only about 400 o these sacs mature in a woman’s lifetime.

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42
Q

ovum (plural: ova)

A

mature egg cell (female gamete). Ova develop from immature egg cells called oocytes.

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43
Q

parturition

A

act of giving birth

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44
Q

perineum

A

In females, the area between the anus and the vagina

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45
Q

pituitary gland

A

Endocrine gland at the base of the brain. It produces hormones that stimulate the ovaries. The pituitary gland also regulates other endocrine organs.

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46
Q

placenta

A

Vascular organ attached to the uterine wall during pregnancy. It permits the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products between mother and fetus.

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47
Q

pregnancy

A

condition in a female of having a developing embryo and fetus in her uterus for about 40 weeks.

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48
Q

progesterone

A

hormone produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary and the placenta of pregnant women.

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49
Q

puberty

A

point in the life cycle at which secondary sex characteristics appear and gamtes are produced.

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50
Q

uterine serosa

A

Hollow, pear-shaped muscular female organ in which the embryo and fetus develop, and form which menstruation occurs. The upper portion is the fundus; the middle portion is the corpus; the lowermost, neck-like portion is the cervix.

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51
Q

vagina

A

muscular, mucosa-lined canal extending from the uterus to the exterior

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52
Q

vulva

A

external female genitalia; includes the labia, hymen, clitoris, and vaginal orifice.

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53
Q

zygote

A

stage in prenatal development from fertilization and implantation up to 2 weeks.

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54
Q

amni/o

A

amnion

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55
Q

bartholin/o

A

Bartholin gland

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56
Q

cervic/o

A

cervix, neck

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57
Q

chori/o, chorion/o

A

chorion

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58
Q

colp/o

A

vagina

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59
Q

culd/o

A

cul-de-sac

60
Q

episi/o

A

vulva

61
Q

galact/o

A

milk

62
Q

gynec/o

A

woman, female

63
Q

hyster/o

A

uterus, womb

64
Q

lact/o

A

milk

65
Q

mamm/o

A

breast

66
Q

total hysterectomy

A

removal of the uterus

67
Q

laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy

A

removal of the top portion of the uterus, leaving the cervix intact.

68
Q

mast/o

A

breast

69
Q

men/o

A

menses, menstruation

70
Q

metr/o, metri/o

A

uterus

71
Q

my/o, myom/o

A

muscle, muslce tumor

72
Q

nat/i

A

birth

73
Q

obstetr/o

A

pregnancy and childbirth

74
Q

o/o

A

egg

75
Q

oophor/o

A

ovary

76
Q

ovari/o

A

ovary

77
Q

ov/o

A

egg

78
Q

ovul/o

A

egg

79
Q

perine/o

A

perineum

80
Q

phor/o

A

to bear

81
Q

salping/o

A

fallopian tubes

82
Q

uter/o

A

uterus

83
Q

vagin/o

A

vagina

84
Q

vulv/o

A

vulva

85
Q

-arche

A

beginning

86
Q

-cyesis

A

pregnancy

87
Q

-gravida

A

pregnancy

88
Q

pseudo-

A

false

89
Q

-parous

A

bearing, brining forth

90
Q

-rrhea

A

discharge

91
Q

para

A

a noun, often followed by a number to indicate the number of deliveries after the 20th week of gestation (para 1, para 2, para 3)

92
Q

-salpinx

A

fallopian (uterine) tube

93
Q

-tocia

A

labor, birth

94
Q

-version

A

act of turning

95
Q

dys-

A

painful

96
Q

endo-

A

within

97
Q

in-

A

in

98
Q

intra-

A

within

99
Q

multi-

A

many

100
Q

nulli-

A

no, not, none

101
Q

pre-

A

before

102
Q

primi-

A

first

103
Q

retro-

A

backward

104
Q

carcinoma of the cervix

A

malignant cells within the cervix.

105
Q

cervicitis

A

inflammation of the cervix

106
Q

carcinoma of the endometrium (endometrial cancer)

A

malignant tumor of the uterine lining (adenocarcinoma)

107
Q

endometriosis

A

endometrial tissue located outside the uterus

108
Q

fibroids

A

Benign tumors in the uterus

109
Q

ovarian carcinoma (cancer)

A

malignant tumor of the ovary (adenocarcinoma)

110
Q

ovarian cysts

A

collections of fluid within a sacs (cysts) in the ovary

111
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

A

Inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region; salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis, endocervicitis.

112
Q

carcinoma of the heart (breast cancer)

A

malignant tumor of the breast (rising from milk glands and ducts)

113
Q

fibrocystic breast disease

A

numerous small sacs of fluid surrounded by dense strands of fibrous tissue in the breats

114
Q

abruptio placentae

A

premature separation of the normally implanted placenta

115
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

impla

116
Q

multiple gestations

A

more than one fetus inside the uterus

117
Q

placenta previa

A

implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the uterus.

118
Q

preeclampsia

A

abnormal condition associated with pregnancy, marked by high blood pressure, proteinuria, edema, and headache.

119
Q

down syndrome

A

chromosomal abnormality (trisomy 21) results in mental retardation, retarded growth, a flat face with a short nose, low-set ears, and slanted eyes

120
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Hemolytic disease in the newborn (HDN) caused by a blood group (Rh factor) incompatibility between the mother and the the fetus

121
Q

hyaline membrane disease

A

Acute lung disease commonly seen in the premature newborn.

122
Q

hydrocephalus

A

accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain

123
Q

meconium aspiration syndrome

A

abnormal inhalation of meconium (first stool) produced by a fetus or newborn.

124
Q

pyloric stenosis

A

narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum

125
Q

Pap test (Pap smear)

A

Microscopic examination of stained cells removed from the vagina cervix

126
Q

pregnancy test

A

blood or urine test to detect the presence of hCG

127
Q

hysterosalpingography (HSG)

A

X-ray imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of contrast material

128
Q

mammography

A

X-ray imaging of the breast

129
Q

breast ultrasound imaging and breast MRI

A

Technologies using sound waves and magnetic waves to create images of breast tissue.

130
Q

pelvic ultrasonography

A

recording images of sound waves as they bounce off organs in the pelvic region

131
Q

aspiration

A

withdrawal of fluid from a cavity or sac with an instrument using suction

132
Q

cauterization

A

destruction of tissue by burning

133
Q

colposcopy

A

visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope.

134
Q

conization

A

removal of cone-shaped section (cone biopsy)

135
Q

cryosurgery

A

use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue

136
Q

culdocentesis

A

needle aspiratin of fluid from the cul-de-sac

137
Q

dilation (dilatation) and curettage (D&C)

A

Widening the cervix and scraping off the endometrial lining of the uterus

138
Q

exenteration

A

removal of internal organs within a cavity

139
Q

laparoscopy

A

visual examination of the abdominal cavity using an endoscope (laparoscope)

140
Q

tubal ligation

A

blocking the fallopian tube to prevent fertilization from occurring

141
Q

abortion (AB)

A

termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus can exist on its own.

142
Q

aminocentesis

A

needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis.

143
Q

cesarean section

A

surgical incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a fetus

144
Q

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

A

sampling of placental tissues (chronic villi) for prenatal disgnosis

145
Q

fetal monitoring

A

continuous recording of the fetal heart rate and maternal uterine contractions to assess fetal status and the progress of labor.

146
Q

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

A

egg and sperm cells are combined outside the body in a laboratory dish (in vitro) to fertilization

147
Q

Pelvimetry

A

measurement of the dimensions of the material pelvis.

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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