Chapter 8 Flashcards
menarche
Beginning of the first menstrual period and ability to reproduce.
menstrual cycle days 1 to 5 (menstrual period)
discharge of bloody fluid containing disintegrated endometrial cells, glandular secretions, and blood cells.
menstrual cycle days 6 to 12
after bleeding ceases, the endometrium begins to repair itself. The maturing follicle in the ovary releases estrogen, which aids in the repair. The ovum grows in the follicle during this period.
menstrual cycle days 13 and 14 (ovulatory period)
on about the 14th day of the cycle, the follicle ruptures and the egg leaves the ovary (ovulation), passing through the fallopian tube.
menstrual cycle days 15 to 28
the empty follicle fills with a yellow material and becomes the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum functions as an endocrine organ and secrets the hormone progesterone into the blood stream.
adnexae uteri
fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligaments.
amnion
innermost membranous sac surrounding the developing fetus
areola
dark-pigmented area surrounding the breast nipple
Bartholin glands
small mucus-secreting exocrine glands at the vaginal orifice (opening to outside of the body). Caspar Bartholin was a Danish anatomist, who described the glands in 1637.
cervix
lower, neck-like portion of the uterus.
chorion
outermost layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo; it forms the fetal part of the placenta
clitoris
organ of sensitive erectile tissue anterior to the opening of the femal urethra.
coitus
sexual intercourse; copulation.
corpus luteum
Empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell; literally means yellow (luteum) body (corpus)
cul-de-sac
region in the lower abdomen, midway between the rectum and the uterus.
embryo
stage in prenatal development from 2 to 8 weaks
endometrium
inner, mucous membrane linings of the uterus.
estrogen
hormone produced by the ovaries; promotes female secondary sex characteristics.
fallopian tube
one of a pair of ducts through which the ovum travels to the uterus; also called an oviduct. The uterus were named for Gabriello Fallopia, an Italian anatomist.
fertilization
Union of the sperm cell and ovum from which the embryo develops.
fetus
Stage in prenatal development from 8 to 39 or 40 weeks
fimbriae (singular: fimbria)
finger- or fringe-like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes.
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg cell (ovum)
gamete
male or female sexual reproductive cell; sperm cell or ovum
genitalia
reproductive organs, also called genitals
gestation
period from fertilization of the ovum to birth
gonad
female or male reproductive organ that produces sex cells and hormones; ovary or testis
gynecology
study of the female reproductive organs including the breasts.
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
hormone produced by the placenta to sustain pregnancy stimulating (-tropin) the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone
hymen
mucous membrane partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina
labia
lips of the vagina; labia majora are the larger, outermost lips, and labia minora are the smaller, innermost lips.
luteinizing hormone (LH)
secreted by the pituitary gland to promote ovulation.
lactiferous ducts
tubes that carry milk within the breast
mammary papilla
nipple of the breast. A papilla is any small nipple-shaped projection
menopause
gradual ending of menstruation
menstruation
monthly shedding of the uterine lining. The flow of blood and tissue normally discharged during menstruation is called the menses.
myometrium
muscle layer of the uterus
neonatology
Branch of medicine that studies the disorders and care of the newborn (neonate)
obstetrics
branch of medicine concerned with pregnancy and childbirth
orifice
an opening
ovarian follicle
developing sac enclosing each ovum within the ovary. Only about 400 o these sacs mature in a woman’s lifetime.
ovum (plural: ova)
mature egg cell (female gamete). Ova develop from immature egg cells called oocytes.
parturition
act of giving birth
perineum
In females, the area between the anus and the vagina
pituitary gland
Endocrine gland at the base of the brain. It produces hormones that stimulate the ovaries. The pituitary gland also regulates other endocrine organs.
placenta
Vascular organ attached to the uterine wall during pregnancy. It permits the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products between mother and fetus.
pregnancy
condition in a female of having a developing embryo and fetus in her uterus for about 40 weeks.
progesterone
hormone produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary and the placenta of pregnant women.
puberty
point in the life cycle at which secondary sex characteristics appear and gamtes are produced.
uterine serosa
Hollow, pear-shaped muscular female organ in which the embryo and fetus develop, and form which menstruation occurs. The upper portion is the fundus; the middle portion is the corpus; the lowermost, neck-like portion is the cervix.
vagina
muscular, mucosa-lined canal extending from the uterus to the exterior
vulva
external female genitalia; includes the labia, hymen, clitoris, and vaginal orifice.
zygote
stage in prenatal development from fertilization and implantation up to 2 weeks.
amni/o
amnion
bartholin/o
Bartholin gland
cervic/o
cervix, neck
chori/o, chorion/o
chorion
colp/o
vagina
culd/o
cul-de-sac
episi/o
vulva
galact/o
milk
gynec/o
woman, female
hyster/o
uterus, womb
lact/o
milk
mamm/o
breast
total hysterectomy
removal of the uterus
laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy
removal of the top portion of the uterus, leaving the cervix intact.
mast/o
breast
men/o
menses, menstruation
metr/o, metri/o
uterus
my/o, myom/o
muscle, muslce tumor
nat/i
birth
obstetr/o
pregnancy and childbirth
o/o
egg
oophor/o
ovary
ovari/o
ovary
ov/o
egg
ovul/o
egg
perine/o
perineum
phor/o
to bear
salping/o
fallopian tubes
uter/o
uterus
vagin/o
vagina
vulv/o
vulva
-arche
beginning
-cyesis
pregnancy
-gravida
pregnancy
pseudo-
false
-parous
bearing, brining forth
-rrhea
discharge
para
a noun, often followed by a number to indicate the number of deliveries after the 20th week of gestation (para 1, para 2, para 3)
-salpinx
fallopian (uterine) tube
-tocia
labor, birth
-version
act of turning
dys-
painful
endo-
within
in-
in
intra-
within
multi-
many
nulli-
no, not, none
pre-
before
primi-
first
retro-
backward
carcinoma of the cervix
malignant cells within the cervix.
cervicitis
inflammation of the cervix
carcinoma of the endometrium (endometrial cancer)
malignant tumor of the uterine lining (adenocarcinoma)
endometriosis
endometrial tissue located outside the uterus
fibroids
Benign tumors in the uterus
ovarian carcinoma (cancer)
malignant tumor of the ovary (adenocarcinoma)
ovarian cysts
collections of fluid within a sacs (cysts) in the ovary
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region; salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis, endocervicitis.
carcinoma of the heart (breast cancer)
malignant tumor of the breast (rising from milk glands and ducts)
fibrocystic breast disease
numerous small sacs of fluid surrounded by dense strands of fibrous tissue in the breats
abruptio placentae
premature separation of the normally implanted placenta
ectopic pregnancy
impla
multiple gestations
more than one fetus inside the uterus
placenta previa
implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the uterus.
preeclampsia
abnormal condition associated with pregnancy, marked by high blood pressure, proteinuria, edema, and headache.
down syndrome
chromosomal abnormality (trisomy 21) results in mental retardation, retarded growth, a flat face with a short nose, low-set ears, and slanted eyes
erythroblastosis fetalis
Hemolytic disease in the newborn (HDN) caused by a blood group (Rh factor) incompatibility between the mother and the the fetus
hyaline membrane disease
Acute lung disease commonly seen in the premature newborn.
hydrocephalus
accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain
meconium aspiration syndrome
abnormal inhalation of meconium (first stool) produced by a fetus or newborn.
pyloric stenosis
narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum
Pap test (Pap smear)
Microscopic examination of stained cells removed from the vagina cervix
pregnancy test
blood or urine test to detect the presence of hCG
hysterosalpingography (HSG)
X-ray imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of contrast material
mammography
X-ray imaging of the breast
breast ultrasound imaging and breast MRI
Technologies using sound waves and magnetic waves to create images of breast tissue.
pelvic ultrasonography
recording images of sound waves as they bounce off organs in the pelvic region
aspiration
withdrawal of fluid from a cavity or sac with an instrument using suction
cauterization
destruction of tissue by burning
colposcopy
visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope.
conization
removal of cone-shaped section (cone biopsy)
cryosurgery
use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue
culdocentesis
needle aspiratin of fluid from the cul-de-sac
dilation (dilatation) and curettage (D&C)
Widening the cervix and scraping off the endometrial lining of the uterus
exenteration
removal of internal organs within a cavity
laparoscopy
visual examination of the abdominal cavity using an endoscope (laparoscope)
tubal ligation
blocking the fallopian tube to prevent fertilization from occurring
abortion (AB)
termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus can exist on its own.
aminocentesis
needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis.
cesarean section
surgical incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a fetus
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
sampling of placental tissues (chronic villi) for prenatal disgnosis
fetal monitoring
continuous recording of the fetal heart rate and maternal uterine contractions to assess fetal status and the progress of labor.
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
egg and sperm cells are combined outside the body in a laboratory dish (in vitro) to fertilization
Pelvimetry
measurement of the dimensions of the material pelvis.
