Chapter 10 Flashcards
respiratory center
controls muscles of respiration in response to chemicals or other stimuli
cardiac center
slows the heart rate when the heart is beating too rapidly
vasomotor center
affects (constricts or dilates) the muscles in the walls of blood vessels, thus influencing blood pressure.
Function of the cerebrum
thinking, personality, sensation, movements, memory
function of the thalamus
relay station (“triage center”) for sensory impulses; control of awareness and consciousness
function of the hypothalamus
body temperature, sleep, appetite, emotions, control of the pituitary gland
function of the cerebellum
coordination of voluntary movements and balance
function of the pons
connection of nerves (to the eyes and face)
function of the medulla oblongata
nerve fibers cross over, left to right and right to left; contains centers to regulate heart, blood vessels, and respiratory system
acetylcholine
neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells
afferent nerve
carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerve)
af- and ad-
toward
-ferent
carrying
arachnoid membrane
middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord.
astrocyte
type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries
autonomic nervous system
nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs
axon
microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell
blood-brain barrier
protective separation between the blood and brain cells. This makes it difficult for substances (such as anticancer drugs) to penetrate capillary walls and enter the brain
brainstem
posterior portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; includes the pons and medulla oblongata
cauda equina
collection of spinal nerves below the end of spinal cord
cell body
part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus
central nervous system (CNS)
the brain and the spinal cord
cerebellum
posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance
cerebral cortex
outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord
cerebrum
largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory
cranial nerves
twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck ( except the vagus nerve)
dendrites
microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse
dura mater
thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord. Latin for “hard mother”
efferent nerve
carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve.
ef-
away
ependymal cell
glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid
ganglion (plural: ganglia)
collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
glial cell (neuroglial cell)
Supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses. Examples are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes. Glial cells can reproduce themselves, as opposed to neurons.
gyrus
sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution
hypothalamus
portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretion from the pituitary gland.
medulla oblongata
part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here.
meninges
three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
microglial cell
phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system
motor nerve
carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve
myelin sheath
covering of white fatty tissues that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. Myelin speeds impulse conduction along axons
nerve
macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers ( axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses.
three important vital centers of the medulla oblongata that regulate internal activities of the body
respiratory center
cardiac center
vasomotor center
neuron
nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body; parenchyma of the nervous system.
neurotransmitter
chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. It stimulates or inhibits another cell, which can be a nerve cell, muscle cell, or gland cell. Examples of neurotransmitters are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin.
oligodendroglial cell
glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons. Also called oligodendrocyte.
parasympathetic nerves
involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract.
parenchyma
essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system. The parenchyma of the nervous system includes the neurons and nerves that carry nervous impulses. Parenchymal cells of the liver are hepatocytes, and parenchymal tissue of the kidney includes the nephrons, where urine is formed.
peripheral nervous system
nerves outside the brain and spinal cord: cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves.
pia mater
thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges
plexus
large, interlacing network of nerves. Examples are lumbosacral, cervical and brachial plexuses.
pons
part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain. It is a bridge connecting various parts of the brain.
receptor
organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves. The skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are receptors.
sciatic nerve
nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot.
sciatica
pain or inflammation along the course of the nerve
sensory nerve
carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerve.
spinal nerves
thirty-one pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord.
stimulus
agent of change in the internal or external environment that evokes a response.
stroma
connective and supporting tissue of an organ. Glial cells are the stromal tissue of the brain
sulcus
depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in tomes of stress
synapse
space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells.
thalamus
main relay center of the brain. It conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are relayed through the thalamus to appropriate centers in the cerebrum.
vagus nerve
tenth cranial nerve; its branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach.
ventricles of the brain
canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid. Ventricles are also found in the heart. They are the two lower chambers of the heart.
cerebell/o
cerebellum
cerebr/o
cerebrum
dur/o
dura mater
encephal/o
brain
gli/o
glail cells
lept/o
thin, slender
mening/o, meningi/o
membranes, meninges
my/o
muscle
myel/o
spinal cord (means bone marrow in other context)
neur/o
nerve
pont/o
pons
radicul/o
nerve root (of spinal nerves)
thalam/o
thalamus
thec/o
sheath (refers to the meninges)
vag/o
vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)
alges/o, -algesia
excessive sensitivity to pain
-algia
pain
caus/o
burning
comat/o
deep sleep (coma)
esthesi/o, -esthesia
feeling, nervous sensation
kines/o, kinesi/o, -kinesia, -kinesis, -kinetic
movement
-lepsy
seizure
lex/o
word, phrase
-paresis
weakness
-phasia
speech
-plegia
paralysis (loss or impairment of the ability to move parts of the body)
-praxia
action
-sthenia
strength
syncop/o
to cut off. cut short
tax/o
order, coordination
hydrocephalus
abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain
spina bifida
congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect)
meningocele
protrude to the outside of the body
myelomeningocele
both the spinal cord and meninges protrude
alzheimer disease (AD)
brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration (dementia), personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem
epilepsy
chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity
Huntington disease (Huntington chorea)
hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration.
multiple sclerosis (MS)
destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue.
myasthenia gravis (MG)
autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles.
palsy
paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function)
cerebral palsy
a partial paralysis and lack of muscular coordination caused by loss of oxygen (hypoxia) or blood flow to the cerebrum during pregnancy or in the perinatal period.
bell palsy
paralysis on one side of the face. Likely cause is a viral infection, and therapy is directed against the virus and nerve swelling.
parkinson disease
degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement.
Tourette syndrome
involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words.
herpes zoster (shingles)
viral infection affecting peripheral nerves.
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy
brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS.
brain tumor
abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges
cerebral concussion
type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head.
cerebral contusion
bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head.
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
disruption in the normal blood supply tot he brain; stroke
transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
Short episodes of neurologic dysfunction
migraine
severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache.
absence seizure
form of seizure consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of surroundings.
aneurysm
enlarged, weakened area in an arterial wall, which may rupture, leading to hemorrhage and CVA (stroke)
astrocytoma
malignant tumor of astrocytes (glial brain cells)
aura
peculiar symptom or sensation occurring before the onset (prodromal) of an attack of migraine or an epileptic seizure
dementia
mental decline and deterioration
demyelination
destruction of myelin on axons of neurons (as in multiple sclerosis)
dopamine
CNS neurotransmitter, deficient in patient with Parkinson disease
embolus
clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel.
gait
manner of walking
ictal event
pertaining to a sudden, acute onset, as with the convulsions of an epileptic seizure
occlusion
blockage
palliative
relieving symptoms but not curing them
thymectomy
removal of the thymus gland ( a lymphocyte-producing gland in the chest ); used as treatment for myasthenia gravis
tic
involuntary movement of a small group of muscles, as of the face ; characteristic of Tourette syndrome.
tonic-clonic seizure
major (grand mal) convulsive seizure marked by sudden loss of consciousness,stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movements.
cerebrospinal fluid analysis
samples of CSF are examined
cerebral angiography
X-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessels in the brain after injection of contrast materisl
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells
Doppler ultrasound studies
sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries.
electroencephalography (EEG)
recording of the electrical activity of the brain
lumbar puncture (LP)
CSF is with drawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis
stereotactic radiosurgery
use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain.
oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), abducens (VI)
eye movement
olfactory (I)
smell
optic (II)
vision
trigeminal (V)
forehead and scalp sensation, cheek sensation, and chewing.
facial (VII)
face and scalp movement, taste, and ear sensation
vestibulocochlear (VIII) (auditory)
hearing and balance
glossopharyngeal (IX)
tongue and throat sensation and throat movement
vagus (X)
peristalsis, blood pressure, heart rate, coughing, sneezing
accessory (XI) (spinal accessory)
swallowing and head and shoulder movement
hypoglossal (XII)
speech and swallowing
frontal lobe
thought processes, behavior, personality, emotion
parietal lobe
body sensations, visual and spatial perception
occipital lobe
vision
Wernicke area
language comprehension
temporal lobe
hearing, understanding speech, language
broca area
language expression
