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Medical Terminology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

respiratory center

A

controls muscles of respiration in response to chemicals or other stimuli

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2
Q

cardiac center

A

slows the heart rate when the heart is beating too rapidly

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3
Q

vasomotor center

A

affects (constricts or dilates) the muscles in the walls of blood vessels, thus influencing blood pressure.

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4
Q

Function of the cerebrum

A

thinking, personality, sensation, movements, memory

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5
Q

function of the thalamus

A

relay station (“triage center”) for sensory impulses; control of awareness and consciousness

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6
Q

function of the hypothalamus

A

body temperature, sleep, appetite, emotions, control of the pituitary gland

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7
Q

function of the cerebellum

A

coordination of voluntary movements and balance

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8
Q

function of the pons

A

connection of nerves (to the eyes and face)

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9
Q

function of the medulla oblongata

A

nerve fibers cross over, left to right and right to left; contains centers to regulate heart, blood vessels, and respiratory system

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10
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells

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11
Q

afferent nerve

A

carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerve)

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12
Q

af- and ad-

A

toward

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13
Q

-ferent

A

carrying

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14
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord.

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15
Q

astrocyte

A

type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries

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16
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs

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17
Q

axon

A

microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell

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18
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

protective separation between the blood and brain cells. This makes it difficult for substances (such as anticancer drugs) to penetrate capillary walls and enter the brain

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19
Q

brainstem

A

posterior portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; includes the pons and medulla oblongata

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20
Q

cauda equina

A

collection of spinal nerves below the end of spinal cord

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21
Q

cell body

A

part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus

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22
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

the brain and the spinal cord

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23
Q

cerebellum

A

posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance

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24
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain

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25
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord

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26
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory

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27
Q

cranial nerves

A

twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck ( except the vagus nerve)

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28
Q

dendrites

A

microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse

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29
Q

dura mater

A

thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord. Latin for “hard mother”

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30
Q

efferent nerve

A

carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve.

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31
Q

ef-

A

away

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32
Q

ependymal cell

A

glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid

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33
Q

ganglion (plural: ganglia)

A

collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

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34
Q

glial cell (neuroglial cell)

A

Supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses. Examples are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes. Glial cells can reproduce themselves, as opposed to neurons.

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35
Q

gyrus

A

sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution

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36
Q

hypothalamus

A

portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretion from the pituitary gland.

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37
Q

medulla oblongata

A

part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here.

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38
Q

meninges

A

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

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39
Q

microglial cell

A

phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system

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40
Q

motor nerve

A

carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve

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41
Q

myelin sheath

A

covering of white fatty tissues that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. Myelin speeds impulse conduction along axons

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42
Q

nerve

A

macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers ( axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses.

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43
Q

three important vital centers of the medulla oblongata that regulate internal activities of the body

A

respiratory center
cardiac center
vasomotor center

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44
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body; parenchyma of the nervous system.

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45
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. It stimulates or inhibits another cell, which can be a nerve cell, muscle cell, or gland cell. Examples of neurotransmitters are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin.

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46
Q

oligodendroglial cell

A

glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons. Also called oligodendrocyte.

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47
Q

parasympathetic nerves

A

involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract.

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48
Q

parenchyma

A

essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system. The parenchyma of the nervous system includes the neurons and nerves that carry nervous impulses. Parenchymal cells of the liver are hepatocytes, and parenchymal tissue of the kidney includes the nephrons, where urine is formed.

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49
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves outside the brain and spinal cord: cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves.

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50
Q

pia mater

A

thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

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51
Q

plexus

A

large, interlacing network of nerves. Examples are lumbosacral, cervical and brachial plexuses.

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52
Q

pons

A

part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain. It is a bridge connecting various parts of the brain.

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53
Q

receptor

A

organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves. The skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are receptors.

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54
Q

sciatic nerve

A

nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot.

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55
Q

sciatica

A

pain or inflammation along the course of the nerve

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56
Q

sensory nerve

A

carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerve.

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57
Q

spinal nerves

A

thirty-one pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord.

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58
Q

stimulus

A

agent of change in the internal or external environment that evokes a response.

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59
Q

stroma

A

connective and supporting tissue of an organ. Glial cells are the stromal tissue of the brain

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60
Q

sulcus

A

depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure

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61
Q

sympathetic nerves

A

autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in tomes of stress

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62
Q

synapse

A

space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells.

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63
Q

thalamus

A

main relay center of the brain. It conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are relayed through the thalamus to appropriate centers in the cerebrum.

64
Q

vagus nerve

A

tenth cranial nerve; its branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach.

65
Q

ventricles of the brain

A

canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid. Ventricles are also found in the heart. They are the two lower chambers of the heart.

66
Q

cerebell/o

A

cerebellum

67
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum

68
Q

dur/o

A

dura mater

69
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

70
Q

gli/o

A

glail cells

71
Q

lept/o

A

thin, slender

72
Q

mening/o, meningi/o

A

membranes, meninges

73
Q

my/o

A

muscle

74
Q

myel/o

A

spinal cord (means bone marrow in other context)

75
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

76
Q

pont/o

A

pons

77
Q

radicul/o

A

nerve root (of spinal nerves)

78
Q

thalam/o

A

thalamus

79
Q

thec/o

A

sheath (refers to the meninges)

80
Q

vag/o

A

vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)

81
Q

alges/o, -algesia

A

excessive sensitivity to pain

82
Q

-algia

A

pain

83
Q

caus/o

A

burning

84
Q

comat/o

A

deep sleep (coma)

85
Q

esthesi/o, -esthesia

A

feeling, nervous sensation

86
Q

kines/o, kinesi/o, -kinesia, -kinesis, -kinetic

A

movement

87
Q

-lepsy

A

seizure

88
Q

lex/o

A

word, phrase

89
Q

-paresis

A

weakness

90
Q

-phasia

A

speech

91
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis (loss or impairment of the ability to move parts of the body)

92
Q

-praxia

A

action

93
Q

-sthenia

A

strength

94
Q

syncop/o

A

to cut off. cut short

95
Q

tax/o

A

order, coordination

96
Q

hydrocephalus

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain

97
Q

spina bifida

A

congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect)

98
Q

meningocele

A

protrude to the outside of the body

99
Q

myelomeningocele

A

both the spinal cord and meninges protrude

100
Q

alzheimer disease (AD)

A

brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration (dementia), personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning

101
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

Degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem

102
Q

epilepsy

A

chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity

103
Q

Huntington disease (Huntington chorea)

A

hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration.

104
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue.

105
Q

myasthenia gravis (MG)

A

autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles.

106
Q

palsy

A

paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function)

107
Q

cerebral palsy

A

a partial paralysis and lack of muscular coordination caused by loss of oxygen (hypoxia) or blood flow to the cerebrum during pregnancy or in the perinatal period.

108
Q

bell palsy

A

paralysis on one side of the face. Likely cause is a viral infection, and therapy is directed against the virus and nerve swelling.

109
Q

parkinson disease

A

degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement.

110
Q

Tourette syndrome

A

involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words.

111
Q

herpes zoster (shingles)

A

viral infection affecting peripheral nerves.

112
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis

113
Q

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy

A

brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS.

114
Q

brain tumor

A

abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges

115
Q

cerebral concussion

A

type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head.

116
Q

cerebral contusion

A

bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head.

117
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

disruption in the normal blood supply tot he brain; stroke

118
Q

transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

A

Short episodes of neurologic dysfunction

119
Q

migraine

A

severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache.

120
Q

absence seizure

A

form of seizure consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of surroundings.

121
Q

aneurysm

A

enlarged, weakened area in an arterial wall, which may rupture, leading to hemorrhage and CVA (stroke)

122
Q

astrocytoma

A

malignant tumor of astrocytes (glial brain cells)

123
Q

aura

A

peculiar symptom or sensation occurring before the onset (prodromal) of an attack of migraine or an epileptic seizure

124
Q

dementia

A

mental decline and deterioration

125
Q

demyelination

A

destruction of myelin on axons of neurons (as in multiple sclerosis)

126
Q

dopamine

A

CNS neurotransmitter, deficient in patient with Parkinson disease

127
Q

embolus

A

clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel.

128
Q

gait

A

manner of walking

129
Q

ictal event

A

pertaining to a sudden, acute onset, as with the convulsions of an epileptic seizure

130
Q

occlusion

A

blockage

131
Q

palliative

A

relieving symptoms but not curing them

132
Q

thymectomy

A

removal of the thymus gland ( a lymphocyte-producing gland in the chest ); used as treatment for myasthenia gravis

133
Q

tic

A

involuntary movement of a small group of muscles, as of the face ; characteristic of Tourette syndrome.

134
Q

tonic-clonic seizure

A

major (grand mal) convulsive seizure marked by sudden loss of consciousness,stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movements.

135
Q

cerebrospinal fluid analysis

A

samples of CSF are examined

136
Q

cerebral angiography

A

X-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessels in the brain after injection of contrast materisl

137
Q

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

A

radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells

138
Q

Doppler ultrasound studies

A

sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries.

139
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

recording of the electrical activity of the brain

140
Q

lumbar puncture (LP)

A

CSF is with drawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis

141
Q

stereotactic radiosurgery

A

use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain.

142
Q

oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), abducens (VI)

A

eye movement

143
Q

olfactory (I)

A

smell

144
Q

optic (II)

A

vision

145
Q

trigeminal (V)

A

forehead and scalp sensation, cheek sensation, and chewing.

146
Q

facial (VII)

A

face and scalp movement, taste, and ear sensation

147
Q

vestibulocochlear (VIII) (auditory)

A

hearing and balance

148
Q

glossopharyngeal (IX)

A

tongue and throat sensation and throat movement

149
Q

vagus (X)

A

peristalsis, blood pressure, heart rate, coughing, sneezing

150
Q

accessory (XI) (spinal accessory)

A

swallowing and head and shoulder movement

151
Q

hypoglossal (XII)

A

speech and swallowing

152
Q

frontal lobe

A

thought processes, behavior, personality, emotion

153
Q

parietal lobe

A

body sensations, visual and spatial perception

154
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

155
Q

Wernicke area

A

language comprehension

156
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing, understanding speech, language

157
Q

broca area

A

language expression

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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