Chapter 10 Flashcards
1
Q
respiratory center
A
controls muscles of respiration in response to chemicals or other stimuli
2
Q
cardiac center
A
slows the heart rate when the heart is beating too rapidly
3
Q
vasomotor center
A
affects (constricts or dilates) the muscles in the walls of blood vessels, thus influencing blood pressure.
4
Q
Function of the cerebrum
A
thinking, personality, sensation, movements, memory
5
Q
function of the thalamus
A
relay station (“triage center”) for sensory impulses; control of awareness and consciousness
6
Q
function of the hypothalamus
A
body temperature, sleep, appetite, emotions, control of the pituitary gland
7
Q
function of the cerebellum
A
coordination of voluntary movements and balance
8
Q
function of the pons
A
connection of nerves (to the eyes and face)
9
Q
function of the medulla oblongata
A
nerve fibers cross over, left to right and right to left; contains centers to regulate heart, blood vessels, and respiratory system
10
Q
acetylcholine
A
neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells
11
Q
afferent nerve
A
carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerve)
12
Q
af- and ad-
A
toward
13
Q
-ferent
A
carrying
14
Q
arachnoid membrane
A
middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord.
15
Q
astrocyte
A
type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries
16
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs
17
Q
axon
A
microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell
18
Q
blood-brain barrier
A
protective separation between the blood and brain cells. This makes it difficult for substances (such as anticancer drugs) to penetrate capillary walls and enter the brain
19
Q
brainstem
A
posterior portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; includes the pons and medulla oblongata
20
Q
cauda equina
A
collection of spinal nerves below the end of spinal cord
21
Q
cell body
A
part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus
22
Q
central nervous system (CNS)
A
the brain and the spinal cord
23
Q
cerebellum
A
posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance
24
Q
cerebral cortex
A
outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain
25
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord
26
cerebrum
largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory
27
cranial nerves
twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck ( except the vagus nerve)
28
dendrites
microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse
29
dura mater
thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord. Latin for "hard mother"
30
efferent nerve
carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve.
31
ef-
away
32
ependymal cell
glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid
33
ganglion (plural: ganglia)
collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
34
glial cell (neuroglial cell)
Supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses. Examples are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes. Glial cells can reproduce themselves, as opposed to neurons.
35
gyrus
sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution
36
hypothalamus
portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretion from the pituitary gland.
37
medulla oblongata
part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here.
38
meninges
three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
39
microglial cell
phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system
40
motor nerve
carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve
41
myelin sheath
covering of white fatty tissues that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. Myelin speeds impulse conduction along axons
42
nerve
macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers ( axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses.
43
three important vital centers of the medulla oblongata that regulate internal activities of the body
respiratory center
cardiac center
vasomotor center
44
neuron
nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body; parenchyma of the nervous system.
45
neurotransmitter
chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. It stimulates or inhibits another cell, which can be a nerve cell, muscle cell, or gland cell. Examples of neurotransmitters are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin.
46
oligodendroglial cell
glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons. Also called oligodendrocyte.
47
parasympathetic nerves
involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract.
48
parenchyma
essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system. The parenchyma of the nervous system includes the neurons and nerves that carry nervous impulses. Parenchymal cells of the liver are hepatocytes, and parenchymal tissue of the kidney includes the nephrons, where urine is formed.
49
peripheral nervous system
nerves outside the brain and spinal cord: cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves.
50
pia mater
thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges
51
plexus
large, interlacing network of nerves. Examples are lumbosacral, cervical and brachial plexuses.
52
pons
part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain. It is a bridge connecting various parts of the brain.
53
receptor
organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves. The skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are receptors.
54
sciatic nerve
nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot.
55
sciatica
pain or inflammation along the course of the nerve
56
sensory nerve
carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerve.
57
spinal nerves
thirty-one pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord.
58
stimulus
agent of change in the internal or external environment that evokes a response.
59
stroma
connective and supporting tissue of an organ. Glial cells are the stromal tissue of the brain
60
sulcus
depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure
61
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in tomes of stress
62
synapse
space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells.
63
thalamus
main relay center of the brain. It conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are relayed through the thalamus to appropriate centers in the cerebrum.
64
vagus nerve
tenth cranial nerve; its branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach.
65
ventricles of the brain
canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid. Ventricles are also found in the heart. They are the two lower chambers of the heart.
66
cerebell/o
cerebellum
67
cerebr/o
cerebrum
68
dur/o
dura mater
69
encephal/o
brain
70
gli/o
glail cells
71
lept/o
thin, slender
72
mening/o, meningi/o
membranes, meninges
73
my/o
muscle
74
myel/o
spinal cord (means bone marrow in other context)
75
neur/o
nerve
76
pont/o
pons
77
radicul/o
nerve root (of spinal nerves)
78
thalam/o
thalamus
79
thec/o
sheath (refers to the meninges)
80
vag/o
vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)
81
alges/o, -algesia
excessive sensitivity to pain
82
-algia
pain
83
caus/o
burning
84
comat/o
deep sleep (coma)
85
esthesi/o, -esthesia
feeling, nervous sensation
86
kines/o, kinesi/o, -kinesia, -kinesis, -kinetic
movement
87
-lepsy
seizure
88
lex/o
word, phrase
89
-paresis
weakness
90
-phasia
speech
91
-plegia
paralysis (loss or impairment of the ability to move parts of the body)
92
-praxia
action
93
-sthenia
strength
94
syncop/o
to cut off. cut short
95
tax/o
order, coordination
96
hydrocephalus
abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain
97
spina bifida
congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect)
98
meningocele
protrude to the outside of the body
99
myelomeningocele
both the spinal cord and meninges protrude
100
alzheimer disease (AD)
brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration (dementia), personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning
101
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem
102
epilepsy
chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity
103
Huntington disease (Huntington chorea)
hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration.
104
multiple sclerosis (MS)
destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue.
105
myasthenia gravis (MG)
autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles.
106
palsy
paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function)
107
cerebral palsy
a partial paralysis and lack of muscular coordination caused by loss of oxygen (hypoxia) or blood flow to the cerebrum during pregnancy or in the perinatal period.
108
bell palsy
paralysis on one side of the face. Likely cause is a viral infection, and therapy is directed against the virus and nerve swelling.
109
parkinson disease
degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement.
110
Tourette syndrome
involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words.
111
herpes zoster (shingles)
viral infection affecting peripheral nerves.
112
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis
113
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy
brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS.
114
brain tumor
abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges
115
cerebral concussion
type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head.
116
cerebral contusion
bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head.
117
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
disruption in the normal blood supply tot he brain; stroke
118
transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
Short episodes of neurologic dysfunction
119
migraine
severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache.
120
absence seizure
form of seizure consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of surroundings.
121
aneurysm
enlarged, weakened area in an arterial wall, which may rupture, leading to hemorrhage and CVA (stroke)
122
astrocytoma
malignant tumor of astrocytes (glial brain cells)
123
aura
peculiar symptom or sensation occurring before the onset (prodromal) of an attack of migraine or an epileptic seizure
124
dementia
mental decline and deterioration
125
demyelination
destruction of myelin on axons of neurons (as in multiple sclerosis)
126
dopamine
CNS neurotransmitter, deficient in patient with Parkinson disease
127
embolus
clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel.
128
gait
manner of walking
129
ictal event
pertaining to a sudden, acute onset, as with the convulsions of an epileptic seizure
130
occlusion
blockage
131
palliative
relieving symptoms but not curing them
132
thymectomy
removal of the thymus gland ( a lymphocyte-producing gland in the chest ); used as treatment for myasthenia gravis
133
tic
involuntary movement of a small group of muscles, as of the face ; characteristic of Tourette syndrome.
134
tonic-clonic seizure
major (grand mal) convulsive seizure marked by sudden loss of consciousness,stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movements.
135
cerebrospinal fluid analysis
samples of CSF are examined
136
cerebral angiography
X-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessels in the brain after injection of contrast materisl
137
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells
138
Doppler ultrasound studies
sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries.
139
electroencephalography (EEG)
recording of the electrical activity of the brain
140
lumbar puncture (LP)
CSF is with drawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis
141
stereotactic radiosurgery
use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain.
142
oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), abducens (VI)
eye movement
143
olfactory (I)
smell
144
optic (II)
vision
145
trigeminal (V)
forehead and scalp sensation, cheek sensation, and chewing.
146
facial (VII)
face and scalp movement, taste, and ear sensation
147
vestibulocochlear (VIII) (auditory)
hearing and balance
148
glossopharyngeal (IX)
tongue and throat sensation and throat movement
149
vagus (X)
peristalsis, blood pressure, heart rate, coughing, sneezing
150
accessory (XI) (spinal accessory)
swallowing and head and shoulder movement
151
hypoglossal (XII)
speech and swallowing
152
frontal lobe
thought processes, behavior, personality, emotion
153
parietal lobe
body sensations, visual and spatial perception
154
occipital lobe
vision
155
Wernicke area
language comprehension
156
temporal lobe
hearing, understanding speech, language
157
broca area
language expression
