Chapter 11 Flashcards
aort/o
aorta
arter/o, arteri/o
artery
ather/o
yellowish plaque
atri/o
atrium
brachi/o
arm
cardi/o, coron/o
heart
electro/o
electricity
my/o
muscle
pericardi/o
pericardium
phleb/o, ven/i, ven/o
vein
rhythm/o
rhythm
scler/o
hard
sphygm/o
pulse
steth/o
chest
thromb/o
blood clot
valv/o, valvul/o
valve
varic/o
varicose vein
ventricul/o
ventricle
brady-
slow
de-
lack of; down; less
endo-
in, within
epi-
on; above; upon
inter-
between
intra-
within
peri-
around, surrounding
tachy-
rapid, fast
trans-
across, through
tri-
three
-al, -ar, -art, -ic
pertaining to
-ectasia
dilation, widening
-gram
record
-graph
instrument of recording
-graphy
process of recording
-icle, -ole, -ule
small
-ium
tissue, structure
-lytic
breakdown, separation
-stenosis
stricture, tightening
constriction
the process of narrowing or tightening of a structure
cyanotic
pertaining to a blue or purple discoloration due to deoxygenated blood
deoxygenation
process of removing or having a lack of oxygen
ischemic
pertaining to a lack of blood flow
oxygenation
process of adding oxygen
patent
open or exposed
precordial
pertaining to the anterior left chest
sphygmic
pertaining to the pulse
stenotic
pertaining to the condition of narrowing
supraventricular
pertaining to above the ventricles
thrombotic
pertaining to a thrombus or blood clot
vasodilation
increase in the diameter of a blood vessel
vasoconstriction
decrease in the diameter of a blood vessel
tricuspid valve
right atrioventricular valve between the right atrium and right ventricle
mitral/ bicuspid valve
left atrioventricular valve between the left atrium and left ventricle
diastole
relaxation; ventricle walls relax; blood fills up the heart
systole
contraction; wall pf the right and left ventricle contract to pump blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta
lubb
closure of tricuspid and mitral valve at the beginning of systole
dubb
closure of aortic and pulmonary valves at the end of diastole
electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
composite of all action potentials generated by nodal and contractile cells at given time.
P wave
depolarization SA node to atria
QRS complex
ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
T wave
ventricular repolarization
p-r interval
beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
s-t interval
entire ventricular myocardium depolarized
q-t interval
beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization
heart murmurs
abnormal heart sounds; usually indicate incompetent or stenotic valve
flutter
rapid, but regular contractions, usually in the atria. Symptomatic of heart disease
fibrillation
very rapid, random, inefficient and irregular contractions of the heart (>350 beats per min)
congenital heart disease septal defects
small holes in the wall between the atria or the ventricles
acute coronary syndrome
chest pain and other signs and symptoms associated with cardiac ischemia ( unstable angina and myocardial infarction)
atherosclerosis
buildup of plaque or fatty paste inside arterial walls
angina pectoris
chest pain or pressure resulting from lack of blood flow to the myocardium
angiostenosis
narrowing of a blood vessel
aortic stenosis
narrowing of the aortic valve opening
arteriosclerosis, arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD)
hardening or loss of elasticity of the arteries
cardiac tamponade
compression of the heart due to an increase of fluid in the pericardium
cardiomegaly
enlargement of the heart
cardiomyopathy
disease of the heart muscles
cardiopathy
any disease of the heart
coarctation of the aorta
narrowing of the aorta causing hypertension, ventricular strain, and ischemia
congestive heart failure (CHF)
inefficiency of cardiac circulation causing edema and pulmonary congestion
coronary artery disease (CAD)
narrowing of coronary arteries causing a decrease of blood flow or ischemia to the myocardium
coronary occlusion
blockage of a coronary vessel often leading to a myocardial infarction
embolus
vascular blockage made up of a thrombus, bacteria, air, plaque, and/or other foreign material
endocarditis
inflammation of the endocardium
hypertension
persistently elevated blood pressure
hypotension
blood pressure that is below normal
ischemia
lack of blood flow
myocarditis
inflammation of the heart muscle
occlusion
blockage or closure
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardial sac around the heart.
peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
any disorder of the arteries outside of, or peripheral to, the heart
plaque
fat or lipid deposit on an arterial wall
polyarteritis
inflammation of many arteries
raynaud disease, raynaud syndrome
cyanosis of the fingers or toes due to vascular constriction, usually caused by cold temperatures or emotional stress
rheumatic heart disease (RHD)
valvular disease resulting from rheumatic fever
thrombus
blood clot
valvulitis
inflammation of the valves of the heart
aneurysm
widening of an arterial wall. Usually caused by atherosclerosis and hypertension or congenital weakness in vessel wall. Common in aorta
deep vein thrombosis
blood clot forms in large vein. Usually in lower leg. Results in pulmonary embolism if not treated
varicose veins
abnormally swollen and twisted veins. Usually in leg. Caused by damaged valves. Blood collects in veins; veins become distended.
cardiac enzyme tests
blood tests uses to measure the cardiac enzyme levels; when such levels are increased, may indicate a myocardial infarction
cardiac toponin
blood test used to measure the level of a protein that is released in the blood when myocardial cells die
C-reactive protein (CRP)
blood test used to measure the level of inflammation in the body; may indicate conditions that lead to cardiovascular disease
electrolyte panel
blood test used to measure the level of sodium, potassium, chloride, and carbon dioxide; used to diagnose an acid-base or pH imbalance that may cause arrhythmias, muscle damage, or death
lipid panal, lipid profile
blood test to measure the level of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides, all of which may signal an increase risk of cardiovascular disease.
angioscopy
insertion of a catheter with an attached camera to visualize a structure or vessel
arteriography
process of recording an artery after injection of a dye
coronary angiography, cardiac catheterization
process of recording the heart and major vessels after injection of a dye
Holter monitoring
portable ECG device is worn for 24 hours to detect cardiac arrhythmias
stress test
exercise tolerance test to detect heart’s reaction to physical exertion
cardioversion (defibrillation)
use of electricity to stop arrhythmias
endarterectomy
surgical removal of plaque from artery
extracorporeal circulation
blood circulates through heart-lung machine while heart is being repaired
phlebectomy
excision of a vein
stent
intravascular insertion of a hollow mesh tube designed to keep a vessel open or patent
angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o
vessel
arrhythmias
abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias)
bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block)
failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
flutter
rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria
fibrillation
very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart (350 beats or more per minute)
congenital heart disease
abnormalities in the heart at birth
coarctation of the aorta (CoA)
narrowing coarctation) of the aorta
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Passageway (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open (patent) after birth.
septal defects
small holes in the wall between the atria (atrial septal defects) or the ventricles (ventricular septal defects)
tetralogy of Fallot
congenital malformation involving four (tetra-) distinct heart defects
congestive heart failure (CHF)
Heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood
coronary artery disease (CAD)
disease of the arteries surrounding the heart
