Chapter 7 Flashcards
arteriole
small artery
calciferol
active form of Vitamin D, secreted by the kidney
calyx or calix (plural: calyces or calices)
cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis. The term comes from Greek, kalux meaning a cup or case surrounding a flower bud.
catheter
Tube for injecting or removing fluids
cortex
outer region of an organ; the renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney (cortical means pertaining to the cortex)
creatinine
Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine. Creatinine clearance is a measure of the efficiency of the kidneys in removing (clearing) creatinine from the blood.
electrolyte
Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water. Electrolytes are necessary for functioning of muscles and nerves. The kidneys maintain the proper balance of electrolytes and water in the blood. Potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) are electrolytes.
erythropoietin (EPO)
Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow. -Poietin means a substance that forms.
filtration
Process whereby some substances, but not all, pass through a filter.
glomerular capsule
Enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus. The glomerular capsule is also known as Bowman’s capsule and it collects the material that is filtered from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus.
glomerulus (plural: glomeruli)
Tiny ball of capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) in the kidney.
hilum
Depression in an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave. Hilum comes from the Latin meaning a small thing. It is also used in the respiratory system to mark the depression in the lung where blood vessels, bronchus, and lymphatic vessels enter and leave.
kidney
one of the two bean-shaped organs on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region; it filters nitrogenous wastes from the blood stream to form urine.
meatus
opening or canal
medulla
inner region of an organ. The renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney. The term comes from the Latin medulla, meaning marrow (inner part).The medullary cavity in long bones is the innermost part containing red and yellow marrow.
nephron
Combination of glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place in the kidney. It is th functional unit of the kidney, each capable of forming urine by itself. There are about 1 million nephrons in a kidney.
nitrogenous waste
Substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine. Examples of nitrogenous wastes are urea, uric acid, and creatinine.
potassium (K+)
Electrolyte regulated by the kidney so that a proper concentration is maintained within the blood. Potassium is essential for allowing muscle contraction and conduction of nervous impulses.
reabsorption
Process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream.
renal artery
blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney.
renal pelvis
central collecting region in the kidney.
renal tubule
Microscopic tube in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration.
renal vein
Blood vessel that carries blood waya from the kidney and toward the heart.
renin
Hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)
sodium (Na+)
Electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys; needed for proper transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and other metabolic functions. A common form of sodium is sodium chloride (table salt)
trigone
Triangular area in the urinary bladder.
urea
Major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine.
ureter
One of the two tubes leading from kidneys to the urinary bladder.
urethra
Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
uric acid
Nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine
urinary bladder
Hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine.
urination (voiding)
Process of expelling urine; also called micturition.
cali/o, calic/o
calyx (calix); cup-shaped
cyst/o
urinary bladder
glomerul/o
glomerulus
meat/o
meatus
nephr/o
kidney
pyel/o
renal pelvis
ren/o
kidney
trigon/o
trigone (region of the bladder)
ureter/o
ureter
urethr/o
urethra
vesic/o
urinary bladder
albumin/o
albumin (a protein in the blood)
azot/o
nitrogen
bacteri/o
bacteria
dips/o
thirst
kal/o
potassium
ket/o, keton/o
ketone bodies (ketoacids and acetone)
lith/o
stone
natr/o
sodium
noct/o
night
olig/o
scanty
poietin
substance that forms
py/o
pus
-tripsy
crushing
ur/o
urine (urea)
urin/o
urine
-uria
urination; urine condition
enuresis
the involuntary discharge of urine or bed-wetting
nocturia
voluntary, frequent urination at night
urinalysis
an examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements that may indicate various pathologic conditions.
turbid urine
indicates a urinary tract infection with pus (pyuria) and bacteria (bacteriuria)
ketone bodies
ketones (acetones) are formed when fatty acids are broken down in the liver. Ketones accumulate in blood and urine when the body breaks down fats, instead of sugar, for fuel.
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
this is a rare condition in which a baby is born unable to break down an amino acid.
Glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney
intestinal nephritis
inflammation of the connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules
nephrolithiasis
kidney stones (renal calculi)
nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)
Group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine.
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
Multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidney
pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma
renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)
Cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood.
renal failure
Decrease in excretion of wastes results from impaired filtration function.
renal hypertension
high blood pressure resulting from kidney disease
Wilms tumor
malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood.
bladder cancer
malignant tumor of the urinary bladder
chronic kidney disease (CKD)
stages patients according to the level of creatinine clearance and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), ranging from normal to end-stage renal failure.
secondary hypertension
high blood pressure caused by abnormal condition such as glomerulonephritis
essential hypertension
name for when the cause of high blood pressure is not known
diabetes insipidus (DI)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted, or there is a resistance of the kidney to ADH.
diabetes mellitus (DM)
Insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects.
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
measurement of urea levels in blood.
creatinine clearance
measurement of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney.
CT urography
X-ray images obtained using computed tomography show multiple cross-sectional and other views of the kidney.
kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB)
X-ray examination (without contrast) of kidneys, ureters, and bladder
renal angiography
X-ray examination (with contrast) of the blood vessels of the kidney
retrograde pyelogram (RP)
X-ray image of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters from the baldder
voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
X-ray image (with contrast) of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the patient is voiding
ultrasonography
imaging of urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves.
radioisotope scan
image of the kidney obtained after injecting a radioactive substance (radioisotope) into the bloodstream.
MRI urography
changing magnetic field produces images of the kidney and surrounding structures in three planes of the body
cystoscopy
direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope (cystoscope)
flexible cystoscopy
uses a thin fiberoptic cystoscope and is used for diagnosis and check-ups of the urinary bladder.
rigid cystoscopy
uses a hollow metal tube, passed through the urethra and into the bladder. It is used to take biopsy samples, remove polyps, or perform laser treatment.
dialysis
process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from the blood.
hemodialysis (HD)
uses an artificial kidney machine that receives waste-filled blood from the patient’s bloodstream, filters it through an artificial porous membrane, and returns the dialyzed blood to the patient’s body.
peritoneal dialysis (PD)
uses a catheter to introduce fluid into the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity. Waste materials, such as urea, in the capillaries of the peritoneum pass out of the blood stream and into the fluid. The fluid (with wastes) is then removed by catheter.
lithotripsy
urinary tract stones are crushed.
extra/o
outside
corpor/o
body
renal angiplasty
Dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries.
renal biopsy
removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination
renal transplantation
surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient.
urinary catheterization
passage of a flexible, tubular instrument through the urethra into the urinary bladder.
foley catheter
an indwelling (left in the bladder) catheter held in place by a balloon inflated with liquid.
