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Medical Terminology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

arteriole

A

small artery

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2
Q

calciferol

A

active form of Vitamin D, secreted by the kidney

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3
Q

calyx or calix (plural: calyces or calices)

A

cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis. The term comes from Greek, kalux meaning a cup or case surrounding a flower bud.

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4
Q

catheter

A

Tube for injecting or removing fluids

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5
Q

cortex

A

outer region of an organ; the renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney (cortical means pertaining to the cortex)

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6
Q

creatinine

A

Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine. Creatinine clearance is a measure of the efficiency of the kidneys in removing (clearing) creatinine from the blood.

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7
Q

electrolyte

A

Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water. Electrolytes are necessary for functioning of muscles and nerves. The kidneys maintain the proper balance of electrolytes and water in the blood. Potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) are electrolytes.

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8
Q

erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow. -Poietin means a substance that forms.

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9
Q

filtration

A

Process whereby some substances, but not all, pass through a filter.

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10
Q

glomerular capsule

A

Enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus. The glomerular capsule is also known as Bowman’s capsule and it collects the material that is filtered from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus.

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11
Q

glomerulus (plural: glomeruli)

A

Tiny ball of capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) in the kidney.

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12
Q

hilum

A

Depression in an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave. Hilum comes from the Latin meaning a small thing. It is also used in the respiratory system to mark the depression in the lung where blood vessels, bronchus, and lymphatic vessels enter and leave.

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13
Q

kidney

A

one of the two bean-shaped organs on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region; it filters nitrogenous wastes from the blood stream to form urine.

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14
Q

meatus

A

opening or canal

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15
Q

medulla

A

inner region of an organ. The renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney. The term comes from the Latin medulla, meaning marrow (inner part).The medullary cavity in long bones is the innermost part containing red and yellow marrow.

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16
Q

nephron

A

Combination of glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place in the kidney. It is th functional unit of the kidney, each capable of forming urine by itself. There are about 1 million nephrons in a kidney.

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17
Q

nitrogenous waste

A

Substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine. Examples of nitrogenous wastes are urea, uric acid, and creatinine.

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18
Q

potassium (K+)

A

Electrolyte regulated by the kidney so that a proper concentration is maintained within the blood. Potassium is essential for allowing muscle contraction and conduction of nervous impulses.

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19
Q

reabsorption

A

Process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream.

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20
Q

renal artery

A

blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney.

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21
Q

renal pelvis

A

central collecting region in the kidney.

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22
Q

renal tubule

A

Microscopic tube in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration.

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23
Q

renal vein

A

Blood vessel that carries blood waya from the kidney and toward the heart.

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24
Q

renin

A

Hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)

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25
Q

sodium (Na+)

A

Electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys; needed for proper transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and other metabolic functions. A common form of sodium is sodium chloride (table salt)

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26
Q

trigone

A

Triangular area in the urinary bladder.

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27
Q

urea

A

Major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine.

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28
Q

ureter

A

One of the two tubes leading from kidneys to the urinary bladder.

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29
Q

urethra

A

Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.

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30
Q

uric acid

A

Nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine

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31
Q

urinary bladder

A

Hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine.

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32
Q

urination (voiding)

A

Process of expelling urine; also called micturition.

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33
Q

cali/o, calic/o

A

calyx (calix); cup-shaped

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34
Q

cyst/o

A

urinary bladder

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35
Q

glomerul/o

A

glomerulus

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36
Q

meat/o

A

meatus

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37
Q

nephr/o

A

kidney

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38
Q

pyel/o

A

renal pelvis

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39
Q

ren/o

A

kidney

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40
Q

trigon/o

A

trigone (region of the bladder)

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41
Q

ureter/o

A

ureter

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42
Q

urethr/o

A

urethra

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43
Q

vesic/o

A

urinary bladder

44
Q

albumin/o

A

albumin (a protein in the blood)

45
Q

azot/o

A

nitrogen

46
Q

bacteri/o

A

bacteria

47
Q

dips/o

A

thirst

48
Q

kal/o

A

potassium

49
Q

ket/o, keton/o

A

ketone bodies (ketoacids and acetone)

50
Q

lith/o

A

stone

51
Q

natr/o

A

sodium

52
Q

noct/o

A

night

53
Q

olig/o

A

scanty

54
Q

poietin

A

substance that forms

55
Q

py/o

A

pus

56
Q

-tripsy

A

crushing

57
Q

ur/o

A

urine (urea)

58
Q

urin/o

A

urine

59
Q

-uria

A

urination; urine condition

60
Q

enuresis

A

the involuntary discharge of urine or bed-wetting

61
Q

nocturia

A

voluntary, frequent urination at night

62
Q

urinalysis

A

an examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements that may indicate various pathologic conditions.

63
Q

turbid urine

A

indicates a urinary tract infection with pus (pyuria) and bacteria (bacteriuria)

64
Q

ketone bodies

A

ketones (acetones) are formed when fatty acids are broken down in the liver. Ketones accumulate in blood and urine when the body breaks down fats, instead of sugar, for fuel.

65
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

this is a rare condition in which a baby is born unable to break down an amino acid.

66
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney

67
Q

intestinal nephritis

A

inflammation of the connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules

68
Q

nephrolithiasis

A

kidney stones (renal calculi)

69
Q

nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)

A

Group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine.

70
Q

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

A

Multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidney

71
Q

pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma

72
Q

renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)

A

Cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood.

73
Q

renal failure

A

Decrease in excretion of wastes results from impaired filtration function.

74
Q

renal hypertension

A

high blood pressure resulting from kidney disease

75
Q

Wilms tumor

A

malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood.

76
Q

bladder cancer

A

malignant tumor of the urinary bladder

77
Q

chronic kidney disease (CKD)

A

stages patients according to the level of creatinine clearance and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), ranging from normal to end-stage renal failure.

78
Q

secondary hypertension

A

high blood pressure caused by abnormal condition such as glomerulonephritis

79
Q

essential hypertension

A

name for when the cause of high blood pressure is not known

80
Q

diabetes insipidus (DI)

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted, or there is a resistance of the kidney to ADH.

81
Q

diabetes mellitus (DM)

A

Insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects.

82
Q

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

A

measurement of urea levels in blood.

83
Q

creatinine clearance

A

measurement of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney.

84
Q

CT urography

A

X-ray images obtained using computed tomography show multiple cross-sectional and other views of the kidney.

85
Q

kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB)

A

X-ray examination (without contrast) of kidneys, ureters, and bladder

86
Q

renal angiography

A

X-ray examination (with contrast) of the blood vessels of the kidney

87
Q

retrograde pyelogram (RP)

A

X-ray image of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters from the baldder

88
Q

voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

A

X-ray image (with contrast) of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the patient is voiding

89
Q

ultrasonography

A

imaging of urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves.

90
Q

radioisotope scan

A

image of the kidney obtained after injecting a radioactive substance (radioisotope) into the bloodstream.

91
Q

MRI urography

A

changing magnetic field produces images of the kidney and surrounding structures in three planes of the body

92
Q

cystoscopy

A

direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope (cystoscope)

93
Q

flexible cystoscopy

A

uses a thin fiberoptic cystoscope and is used for diagnosis and check-ups of the urinary bladder.

94
Q

rigid cystoscopy

A

uses a hollow metal tube, passed through the urethra and into the bladder. It is used to take biopsy samples, remove polyps, or perform laser treatment.

95
Q

dialysis

A

process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from the blood.

96
Q

hemodialysis (HD)

A

uses an artificial kidney machine that receives waste-filled blood from the patient’s bloodstream, filters it through an artificial porous membrane, and returns the dialyzed blood to the patient’s body.

97
Q

peritoneal dialysis (PD)

A

uses a catheter to introduce fluid into the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity. Waste materials, such as urea, in the capillaries of the peritoneum pass out of the blood stream and into the fluid. The fluid (with wastes) is then removed by catheter.

98
Q

lithotripsy

A

urinary tract stones are crushed.

99
Q

extra/o

A

outside

100
Q

corpor/o

A

body

101
Q

renal angiplasty

A

Dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries.

102
Q

renal biopsy

A

removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination

103
Q

renal transplantation

A

surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient.

104
Q

urinary catheterization

A

passage of a flexible, tubular instrument through the urethra into the urinary bladder.

105
Q

foley catheter

A

an indwelling (left in the bladder) catheter held in place by a balloon inflated with liquid.

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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