Chapter 13 Flashcards
antibody (Ab)
specific protein (immunoglobulin) produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, other antigens. An antibody is specific to an antigen and inactivates it.
antigen
substance (usually foreign) that stimulates the production of an antibody
basophil
white blood cell containing granules that stain blue; associated with release of histamine and heparin and
bilirubin
orange-yellow pigment in bile; formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed.
coagulation
blood clotting
colony-stimulating factor (CSF)
protein that simulates growth of white blood cells (granulocytes)
differentiation
change in structure and function of a cell as it mature; specialization.
electrophoresis
method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge.
eosinophil
white blood cell containing granules that stain red: associated with allergic reaction
erythroblast
immature red blood cell
erythrocyte
red blood cell. There are about 5 million per microliter or cubic millimeter of blood
erythropoietin (EPO)
Hormone secreted by the kidneys; stimulates red blood cell formation
fibrin
protein that forms the basis of a blood clot
fibrinogen
plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process
globulin
plasma protein; alpha, beta, and gamma (immune) globulins are examples
granulocyte
white blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules: eosinophil, neutrophil, and basophil
hematopoietic stem cell
cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells
hemoglobin
blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells.
hemolysis
destruction or breakdown of blood (red blood cells)
heparin
anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells
immune reaction
response of the immune system to foreign invasion
immunoglobulin
protein (globulin) with antibody activity( examples are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD.
immun/o
protection
leukocyte
white blood cell
lymphocyte
mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies
macrophage
monocyte that migrates from the blood to tissue spaces. As a phagocyte, it engulfs foreign material and debris. In the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, macrophages destroy worn out red blood cells
megakaryocyte
large platelets precursor cell found in the bone marrow
monocyte
leukocyte with one large nucleus. It is a cell that engulfs foreign material and debris. Monocytes become macrophages as they leave the blood and enter body tissues
mononuclear
pertaining to a cell (leukocyte) with a single round nucleus; lymphocytes and monocytes are mononuclear leukocytes
myeloblast
immature bone marrow that gives rise to granulocytes
neutrophil
granulocytic leukocyte formed in bone marrow. It is phagocytic tissue-fighting cell. Also called a polymorphonuclear leukocyte.
plasma
liquid portion of the blood; contains water, proteins, salts, nutrients, lipids, hormones, and vitamins
plasmapheresis
removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge. Collected cells are retransfused back into the donor. Fresh-frozen plasma or salt solution is used to replace withdrawn plasma.
platelet
small blood fragment that collects at sites of injury to begin the clotting process.
polymorphonuclear
pertaining to a white blood cell a multi-lobed; neutrophil
prothrombin
plasma protein; converted to thrombin in the clotting process
reticulocyte
immature erythrocyte. A network of strands (reticulin) is seen after staining a cell with special dyes.
Rh factor
Antigen on red blood cells of Rh positive (Rh+) individuals. The factor was first identified in the blood of a rhesus monkey.
serum
plasma minus clotting proteins and cells. Clear yellowish fluid that separates from blood when it is allowed to clot. It is formed from plasma, but does not contain protein-coagulation factors.
stem cell
unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms. A hematopoietic stem cell is progenitor for all different types of blood cells.
thrombin
enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation
thrombocyte
platelet
bas/o
base
chrom/o
color
coagul/o
clotting
cyt/o
cell
eosin/o
red, dawn, rosy
erythr/o
red
granul/o
granules
hem/o
blood
hemat/o
blood
hemoglobin/o
hemoglobin
is/o
same, equal
kary/o
nucleus
leuk/o
white
mon/o
one, single
morph/o
shape, form
myel/o
bone marrow
neutr/o
neutral (neither base nor acid)
nucle/o
nucleus
phag/o
eat, swallow
poikil/o
varied, irregular
sider/o
iron
spher/o
globe, round
thromb/o
clot
-apheresis
removal, a carrying away
-blast
immature cell, embryonic
-phoresis
carrying, transmission
-cytosis
abnormal condition of cells ( increase in cells)
-emia
blood condition
-gen
giving rise to; producing
-globin and -globulin
protein
-lytic
pertaining to destruction
-oid
derived or originating from
-osis
abnormal condition
-penia
deficiency
-phage
eat, swallow
-philia
attraction for (an increase in cell numbers )
-poiesis
formation
-stasis
stop, control
Anisocytosis
cells are unequal in size
hypochromia
cells have reduced color ( less hemoglobin)
macrocytosis
cells are large
microcytosis
cells are small
Poikilocyts
cells are irregularly shaped
Spherocytosis
cells are rounded
dyscrasia
disease
albumin
protein in blood; maintains the proper amount of water in the blood.
anemia
Deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin
iron deficiency anemia
the most common type of anemia. It is caused by lack of iron, which is required for hemoglobin production.
aplastic anemia
failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
pancytopenia
occurs when stem cells fail to produce leukocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes.
hemolytic anemia
reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction.
congenital spherocytic anemia
heredity spherocytosis. An example of hemolytic anemia
pernicious anemia
lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream
intrinsic factor
a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. It is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 later on in the small intestine.
sickle cell anemia
hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle-shaped erythrocytes and hemolysis
thalassemia
inherited defect in ability to produce hemoglobin, leading to hypochromia
hemochromatosis
excess iron deposits throughout the body
polycythemia vera
general increase in red blood cells (erythremia)
hemophilia
excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of blood clotting factors (factor VIII or IX) necessary for blood clotting.
purpura
multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin.
petechiae
tiny purple or red flat spots appearing on the skin as a result of hemorrhages.
ecchymoses
larger blue or purplish patches on the skin (bruises)
autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura
a condition in which a patient makes an antibody that destroys platelets.
leukemia
increase in cancerous white blood cells (leukocytes)
granulocytosis
abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood
eosinophilia
an increase in eosinophilic granulocytes seen in certain allergic conditions.
basophilia
an increase in basophilic granulocytes seen in certain types if leukemia
mononucleosis
infectious disease marked by increased number of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes
multiple myeloma
malignant neoplasm of bone marrow
antiglobulin test (coombs test)
test for the presence of antibiotics that coat and damage erythrocytes
bleeding time
time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound
coagulation time
time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube
complete blood count (CBC)
determination of numbers of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red cell values– MCH, MCV, MCHC
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma
hematocrit (Hct)
percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood
hemoglobin test (H, Hg. Hgb, HGB)
total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood.
platelet time (PT)
test of the ability of blood to clot
red blood cell count (RBC)
number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood.
ref blood cell morphology
microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red cells.
white blood cell count (WBC)
number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood.
white blood cell differential [count]
percentages of different types of leukocytes in the blood.
shift to the left
describes an increase in immature neutrophils in the blood
apheresis
separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select portion from the blood
blood transfusion
whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient
bone marrow biopsy
microscopic examination of a core bone marrow removed with a needle
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered to a recipient
autologous stem cell transplantation
the patients own stem cells are collected, stored, and reinfused after potent chemotherapy.
