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Medical Terminology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

antibody (Ab)

A

specific protein (immunoglobulin) produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, other antigens. An antibody is specific to an antigen and inactivates it.

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2
Q

antigen

A

substance (usually foreign) that stimulates the production of an antibody

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3
Q

basophil

A

white blood cell containing granules that stain blue; associated with release of histamine and heparin and

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4
Q

bilirubin

A

orange-yellow pigment in bile; formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed.

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5
Q

coagulation

A

blood clotting

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6
Q

colony-stimulating factor (CSF)

A

protein that simulates growth of white blood cells (granulocytes)

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7
Q

differentiation

A

change in structure and function of a cell as it mature; specialization.

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8
Q

electrophoresis

A

method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge.

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9
Q

eosinophil

A

white blood cell containing granules that stain red: associated with allergic reaction

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10
Q

erythroblast

A

immature red blood cell

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11
Q

erythrocyte

A

red blood cell. There are about 5 million per microliter or cubic millimeter of blood

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12
Q

erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Hormone secreted by the kidneys; stimulates red blood cell formation

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13
Q

fibrin

A

protein that forms the basis of a blood clot

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14
Q

fibrinogen

A

plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process

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15
Q

globulin

A

plasma protein; alpha, beta, and gamma (immune) globulins are examples

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16
Q

granulocyte

A

white blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules: eosinophil, neutrophil, and basophil

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17
Q

hematopoietic stem cell

A

cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells

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18
Q

hemoglobin

A

blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells.

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19
Q

hemolysis

A

destruction or breakdown of blood (red blood cells)

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20
Q

heparin

A

anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells

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21
Q

immune reaction

A

response of the immune system to foreign invasion

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22
Q

immunoglobulin

A

protein (globulin) with antibody activity( examples are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD.

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23
Q

immun/o

A

protection

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24
Q

leukocyte

A

white blood cell

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25
Q

lymphocyte

A

mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies

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26
Q

macrophage

A

monocyte that migrates from the blood to tissue spaces. As a phagocyte, it engulfs foreign material and debris. In the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, macrophages destroy worn out red blood cells

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27
Q

megakaryocyte

A

large platelets precursor cell found in the bone marrow

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28
Q

monocyte

A

leukocyte with one large nucleus. It is a cell that engulfs foreign material and debris. Monocytes become macrophages as they leave the blood and enter body tissues

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29
Q

mononuclear

A

pertaining to a cell (leukocyte) with a single round nucleus; lymphocytes and monocytes are mononuclear leukocytes

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30
Q

myeloblast

A

immature bone marrow that gives rise to granulocytes

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31
Q

neutrophil

A

granulocytic leukocyte formed in bone marrow. It is phagocytic tissue-fighting cell. Also called a polymorphonuclear leukocyte.

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32
Q

plasma

A

liquid portion of the blood; contains water, proteins, salts, nutrients, lipids, hormones, and vitamins

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33
Q

plasmapheresis

A

removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge. Collected cells are retransfused back into the donor. Fresh-frozen plasma or salt solution is used to replace withdrawn plasma.

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34
Q

platelet

A

small blood fragment that collects at sites of injury to begin the clotting process.

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35
Q

polymorphonuclear

A

pertaining to a white blood cell a multi-lobed; neutrophil

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36
Q

prothrombin

A

plasma protein; converted to thrombin in the clotting process

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37
Q

reticulocyte

A

immature erythrocyte. A network of strands (reticulin) is seen after staining a cell with special dyes.

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38
Q

Rh factor

A

Antigen on red blood cells of Rh positive (Rh+) individuals. The factor was first identified in the blood of a rhesus monkey.

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39
Q

serum

A

plasma minus clotting proteins and cells. Clear yellowish fluid that separates from blood when it is allowed to clot. It is formed from plasma, but does not contain protein-coagulation factors.

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40
Q

stem cell

A

unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms. A hematopoietic stem cell is progenitor for all different types of blood cells.

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41
Q

thrombin

A

enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation

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42
Q

thrombocyte

A

platelet

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43
Q

bas/o

A

base

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44
Q

chrom/o

A

color

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45
Q

coagul/o

A

clotting

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46
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

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47
Q

eosin/o

A

red, dawn, rosy

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48
Q

erythr/o

A

red

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49
Q

granul/o

A

granules

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50
Q

hem/o

A

blood

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51
Q

hemat/o

A

blood

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52
Q

hemoglobin/o

A

hemoglobin

53
Q

is/o

A

same, equal

54
Q

kary/o

A

nucleus

55
Q

leuk/o

A

white

56
Q

mon/o

A

one, single

57
Q

morph/o

A

shape, form

58
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow

59
Q

neutr/o

A

neutral (neither base nor acid)

60
Q

nucle/o

A

nucleus

61
Q

phag/o

A

eat, swallow

62
Q

poikil/o

A

varied, irregular

63
Q

sider/o

A

iron

64
Q

spher/o

A

globe, round

65
Q

thromb/o

A

clot

66
Q

-apheresis

A

removal, a carrying away

67
Q

-blast

A

immature cell, embryonic

68
Q

-phoresis

A

carrying, transmission

69
Q

-cytosis

A

abnormal condition of cells ( increase in cells)

70
Q

-emia

A

blood condition

71
Q

-gen

A

giving rise to; producing

72
Q

-globin and -globulin

A

protein

73
Q

-lytic

A

pertaining to destruction

74
Q

-oid

A

derived or originating from

75
Q

-osis

A

abnormal condition

76
Q

-penia

A

deficiency

77
Q

-phage

A

eat, swallow

78
Q

-philia

A

attraction for (an increase in cell numbers )

79
Q

-poiesis

A

formation

80
Q

-stasis

A

stop, control

81
Q

Anisocytosis

A

cells are unequal in size

82
Q

hypochromia

A

cells have reduced color ( less hemoglobin)

83
Q

macrocytosis

A

cells are large

84
Q

microcytosis

A

cells are small

85
Q

Poikilocyts

A

cells are irregularly shaped

86
Q

Spherocytosis

A

cells are rounded

87
Q

dyscrasia

A

disease

88
Q

albumin

A

protein in blood; maintains the proper amount of water in the blood.

89
Q

anemia

A

Deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin

90
Q

iron deficiency anemia

A

the most common type of anemia. It is caused by lack of iron, which is required for hemoglobin production.

91
Q

aplastic anemia

A

failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow

92
Q

pancytopenia

A

occurs when stem cells fail to produce leukocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes.

93
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction.

94
Q

congenital spherocytic anemia

A

heredity spherocytosis. An example of hemolytic anemia

95
Q

pernicious anemia

A

lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream

96
Q

intrinsic factor

A

a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. It is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 later on in the small intestine.

97
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle-shaped erythrocytes and hemolysis

98
Q

thalassemia

A

inherited defect in ability to produce hemoglobin, leading to hypochromia

99
Q

hemochromatosis

A

excess iron deposits throughout the body

100
Q

polycythemia vera

A

general increase in red blood cells (erythremia)

101
Q

hemophilia

A

excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of blood clotting factors (factor VIII or IX) necessary for blood clotting.

102
Q

purpura

A

multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin.

103
Q

petechiae

A

tiny purple or red flat spots appearing on the skin as a result of hemorrhages.

104
Q

ecchymoses

A

larger blue or purplish patches on the skin (bruises)

105
Q

autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura

A

a condition in which a patient makes an antibody that destroys platelets.

106
Q

leukemia

A

increase in cancerous white blood cells (leukocytes)

107
Q

granulocytosis

A

abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood

108
Q

eosinophilia

A

an increase in eosinophilic granulocytes seen in certain allergic conditions.

109
Q

basophilia

A

an increase in basophilic granulocytes seen in certain types if leukemia

110
Q

mononucleosis

A

infectious disease marked by increased number of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes

111
Q

multiple myeloma

A

malignant neoplasm of bone marrow

112
Q

antiglobulin test (coombs test)

A

test for the presence of antibiotics that coat and damage erythrocytes

113
Q

bleeding time

A

time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound

114
Q

coagulation time

A

time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube

115
Q

complete blood count (CBC)

A

determination of numbers of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red cell values– MCH, MCV, MCHC

116
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

A

speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma

117
Q

hematocrit (Hct)

A

percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood

118
Q

hemoglobin test (H, Hg. Hgb, HGB)

A

total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood.

119
Q

platelet time (PT)

A

test of the ability of blood to clot

120
Q

red blood cell count (RBC)

A

number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood.

121
Q

ref blood cell morphology

A

microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red cells.

122
Q

white blood cell count (WBC)

A

number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood.

123
Q

white blood cell differential [count]

A

percentages of different types of leukocytes in the blood.

124
Q

shift to the left

A

describes an increase in immature neutrophils in the blood

125
Q

apheresis

A

separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select portion from the blood

126
Q

blood transfusion

A

whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient

127
Q

bone marrow biopsy

A

microscopic examination of a core bone marrow removed with a needle

128
Q

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

A

peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered to a recipient

129
Q

autologous stem cell transplantation

A

the patients own stem cells are collected, stored, and reinfused after potent chemotherapy.

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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