Chapter 13 Flashcards
1
Q
antibody (Ab)
A
specific protein (immunoglobulin) produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, other antigens. An antibody is specific to an antigen and inactivates it.
2
Q
antigen
A
substance (usually foreign) that stimulates the production of an antibody
3
Q
basophil
A
white blood cell containing granules that stain blue; associated with release of histamine and heparin and
4
Q
bilirubin
A
orange-yellow pigment in bile; formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed.
5
Q
coagulation
A
blood clotting
6
Q
colony-stimulating factor (CSF)
A
protein that simulates growth of white blood cells (granulocytes)
7
Q
differentiation
A
change in structure and function of a cell as it mature; specialization.
8
Q
electrophoresis
A
method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge.
9
Q
eosinophil
A
white blood cell containing granules that stain red: associated with allergic reaction
10
Q
erythroblast
A
immature red blood cell
11
Q
erythrocyte
A
red blood cell. There are about 5 million per microliter or cubic millimeter of blood
12
Q
erythropoietin (EPO)
A
Hormone secreted by the kidneys; stimulates red blood cell formation
13
Q
fibrin
A
protein that forms the basis of a blood clot
14
Q
fibrinogen
A
plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process
15
Q
globulin
A
plasma protein; alpha, beta, and gamma (immune) globulins are examples
16
Q
granulocyte
A
white blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules: eosinophil, neutrophil, and basophil
17
Q
hematopoietic stem cell
A
cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells
18
Q
hemoglobin
A
blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells.
19
Q
hemolysis
A
destruction or breakdown of blood (red blood cells)
20
Q
heparin
A
anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells
21
Q
immune reaction
A
response of the immune system to foreign invasion
22
Q
immunoglobulin
A
protein (globulin) with antibody activity( examples are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD.
23
Q
immun/o
A
protection
24
Q
leukocyte
A
white blood cell
25
lymphocyte
mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies
26
macrophage
monocyte that migrates from the blood to tissue spaces. As a phagocyte, it engulfs foreign material and debris. In the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, macrophages destroy worn out red blood cells
27
megakaryocyte
large platelets precursor cell found in the bone marrow
28
monocyte
leukocyte with one large nucleus. It is a cell that engulfs foreign material and debris. Monocytes become macrophages as they leave the blood and enter body tissues
29
mononuclear
pertaining to a cell (leukocyte) with a single round nucleus; lymphocytes and monocytes are mononuclear leukocytes
30
myeloblast
immature bone marrow that gives rise to granulocytes
31
neutrophil
granulocytic leukocyte formed in bone marrow. It is phagocytic tissue-fighting cell. Also called a polymorphonuclear leukocyte.
32
plasma
liquid portion of the blood; contains water, proteins, salts, nutrients, lipids, hormones, and vitamins
33
plasmapheresis
removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge. Collected cells are retransfused back into the donor. Fresh-frozen plasma or salt solution is used to replace withdrawn plasma.
34
platelet
small blood fragment that collects at sites of injury to begin the clotting process.
35
polymorphonuclear
pertaining to a white blood cell a multi-lobed; neutrophil
36
prothrombin
plasma protein; converted to thrombin in the clotting process
37
reticulocyte
immature erythrocyte. A network of strands (reticulin) is seen after staining a cell with special dyes.
38
Rh factor
Antigen on red blood cells of Rh positive (Rh+) individuals. The factor was first identified in the blood of a rhesus monkey.
39
serum
plasma minus clotting proteins and cells. Clear yellowish fluid that separates from blood when it is allowed to clot. It is formed from plasma, but does not contain protein-coagulation factors.
40
stem cell
unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms. A hematopoietic stem cell is progenitor for all different types of blood cells.
41
thrombin
enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation
42
thrombocyte
platelet
43
bas/o
base
44
chrom/o
color
45
coagul/o
clotting
46
cyt/o
cell
47
eosin/o
red, dawn, rosy
48
erythr/o
red
49
granul/o
granules
50
hem/o
blood
51
hemat/o
blood
52
hemoglobin/o
hemoglobin
53
is/o
same, equal
54
kary/o
nucleus
55
leuk/o
white
56
mon/o
one, single
57
morph/o
shape, form
58
myel/o
bone marrow
59
neutr/o
neutral (neither base nor acid)
60
nucle/o
nucleus
61
phag/o
eat, swallow
62
poikil/o
varied, irregular
63
sider/o
iron
64
spher/o
globe, round
65
thromb/o
clot
66
-apheresis
removal, a carrying away
67
-blast
immature cell, embryonic
68
-phoresis
carrying, transmission
69
-cytosis
abnormal condition of cells ( increase in cells)
70
-emia
blood condition
71
-gen
giving rise to; producing
72
-globin and -globulin
protein
73
-lytic
pertaining to destruction
74
-oid
derived or originating from
75
-osis
abnormal condition
76
-penia
deficiency
77
-phage
eat, swallow
78
-philia
attraction for (an increase in cell numbers )
79
-poiesis
formation
80
-stasis
stop, control
81
Anisocytosis
cells are unequal in size
82
hypochromia
cells have reduced color ( less hemoglobin)
83
macrocytosis
cells are large
84
microcytosis
cells are small
85
Poikilocyts
cells are irregularly shaped
86
Spherocytosis
cells are rounded
87
dyscrasia
disease
88
albumin
protein in blood; maintains the proper amount of water in the blood.
89
anemia
Deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin
90
iron deficiency anemia
the most common type of anemia. It is caused by lack of iron, which is required for hemoglobin production.
91
aplastic anemia
failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
92
pancytopenia
occurs when stem cells fail to produce leukocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes.
93
hemolytic anemia
reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction.
94
congenital spherocytic anemia
heredity spherocytosis. An example of hemolytic anemia
95
pernicious anemia
lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream
96
intrinsic factor
a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. It is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 later on in the small intestine.
97
sickle cell anemia
hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle-shaped erythrocytes and hemolysis
98
thalassemia
inherited defect in ability to produce hemoglobin, leading to hypochromia
99
hemochromatosis
excess iron deposits throughout the body
100
polycythemia vera
general increase in red blood cells (erythremia)
101
hemophilia
excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of blood clotting factors (factor VIII or IX) necessary for blood clotting.
102
purpura
multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin.
103
petechiae
tiny purple or red flat spots appearing on the skin as a result of hemorrhages.
104
ecchymoses
larger blue or purplish patches on the skin (bruises)
105
autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura
a condition in which a patient makes an antibody that destroys platelets.
106
leukemia
increase in cancerous white blood cells (leukocytes)
107
granulocytosis
abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood
108
eosinophilia
an increase in eosinophilic granulocytes seen in certain allergic conditions.
109
basophilia
an increase in basophilic granulocytes seen in certain types if leukemia
110
mononucleosis
infectious disease marked by increased number of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes
111
multiple myeloma
malignant neoplasm of bone marrow
112
antiglobulin test (coombs test)
test for the presence of antibiotics that coat and damage erythrocytes
113
bleeding time
time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound
114
coagulation time
time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube
115
complete blood count (CBC)
determination of numbers of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red cell values-- MCH, MCV, MCHC
116
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma
117
hematocrit (Hct)
percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood
118
hemoglobin test (H, Hg. Hgb, HGB)
total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood.
119
platelet time (PT)
test of the ability of blood to clot
120
red blood cell count (RBC)
number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood.
121
ref blood cell morphology
microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red cells.
122
white blood cell count (WBC)
number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood.
123
white blood cell differential [count]
percentages of different types of leukocytes in the blood.
124
shift to the left
describes an increase in immature neutrophils in the blood
125
apheresis
separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select portion from the blood
126
blood transfusion
whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient
127
bone marrow biopsy
microscopic examination of a core bone marrow removed with a needle
128
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered to a recipient
129
autologous stem cell transplantation
the patients own stem cells are collected, stored, and reinfused after potent chemotherapy.
