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Medical Terminology > Chapter 5 and 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 and 6 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

ingestion

A

when complex food material is taken into the mouth

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2
Q

Digestion

A

when food is broken down, mechanically and chemically, as it travels through the gastrointestinal tract.

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3
Q

enzymes

A

speeds up chemical reactions and aid the breakdown (digestion) of complex nutrients.

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4
Q

amino acids

A

What complex proteins turn into when they are digested

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5
Q

Glucose

A

complicated sugars are reduced to simple sugars; such as glucose

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6
Q

fatty acids and triglycerides

A

large fat or lipid molecules are broken down to simpler substances such as fatty acids and triglycerides

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7
Q

Where does digestion occur?

A

mouth, stomach and small intestine

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8
Q

absorption

A

digested food passes through the lining cells or epithelium of the small intestine and into the bloodstream.

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9
Q

elimination

A

The solid food waste materials that cannot be absorbed into the bloodstream is eliminated from the body.

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10
Q

feces

A

Concentrated solid wastes

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11
Q

or/o

A

the mouth

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12
Q

cheeks

A

form the walls of the oval-shaped cavity

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13
Q

lips

A

surround the opening to the cavity

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14
Q

hard palate

A

forms the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth

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15
Q

soft palate

A

muscular and lies posterior to the hard palate

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16
Q

Rugae

A

The irregular ridges in the mucous membrane covering the anterior portion of the hard palate

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17
Q

mastication

A

chewing

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18
Q

uvula

A

a small soft tissue projection, hangs from the soft palate. Aids in the production of sounds and speech

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19
Q

tongue

A

extends across the floor of the oral cavity, and muscles attach it to the lower jawbone. It moves food around the mouth during mastication and deglutition

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20
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

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21
Q

papillae

A

small raised areas on the tongue, contain taste buds that are sensitive to the chemical nature of foods and allow discrimination of different tastes as food moves across the tongue

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22
Q

tonsils

A

Lie on both sides of the oropharynx (part of the throat near the mouth) where masses of lymphatic tissue is located in depressions of the mucous membranes

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23
Q

gums

A

the fleshy tissue surrounding the sockets if the teeth.

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24
Q

buccal sufface

A

faces the cheek

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25
Q

lingual surface

A

faces the tongue

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26
Q

labial surface

A

faces the lips

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27
Q

facial surface

A

the labial and buccal surfaces

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28
Q

crown

A

part of the tooth that shows above the gum line

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29
Q

root of tooth

A

lies within the bony tooth socket

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30
Q

enamel

A

the outermost protective layer of the crown and protects the crown. It is dense, hard, white substance–the hardest substance in the body.

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31
Q

Dentin

A

the main substance of the tooth, lies beneath the enamel and extends throughout the crown. It is yellow and composed of bony tissue that is softer than enamel.

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32
Q

cementum

A

covers, protects, and supports the dentin in the root.

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33
Q

periodontal membrane

A

surrounds the cementum and holds the tooth in place in the tooth socket

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34
Q

pulp

A

lies beneath the dentin. It is a soft and delicate tissue that fills the center of the tooth.

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35
Q

Root canal

A

also called the pull canal is filled with blood vessels, nerve endings, connective tissue, and lymphatic vessels

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36
Q

salivary glands

A

exocrine glands that produce 1.5 liters of saliva, daily, which lubricates the mouth. Parotid gland, submandibular gland, and sublingual gland.

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37
Q

pharynx or throat

A

a muscular tube, about 5 inches long, lined with mucous membrane. It serves as a passageway both for air traveling from nose to the windpipe and for food traveling from the oral cavity to the esophagus.

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38
Q

peristalsis

A

the involuntary, progressive, rhythmic contraction of muscles in the wall of the esophagus (and other gastrointestinal organs) propelling a bolus down toward the stomach.

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39
Q

stomach

A

Has three parts the fundus, body and antrum. Rings of muscle called sphincters control the openings into and leading out of the stomach ( lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter) and pyloric sphincter). The rugae increase surface area for digestion and contain digestive glands that produce pepsin and hydrochloric acid.

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40
Q

small intestine (small bowel)

A

extends from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine. Three parts are the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.

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41
Q

large intestine

A

extends from the end of the ileum to the anus. It has three main parts: the cecum, the colon, and the rectum.

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42
Q

defecation

A

the expulsion or passage of feces from the body through the anus.

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43
Q

bilirubin

A

a bile pigment that is produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin during normal red blood cell destruction. Bacteria in the colon degrade bilirubin into a variety of pigments that give feces a brownish color.

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44
Q

Jaundice ( hyperbilirubinemia )

A

yellow discoloration of the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes. It is causes by blocked bile ducts or liver damage which makes the body unable to excrete bilirubin into bile and bilirubin then remains in the blood stream.

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45
Q

ampulla of Vater

A

at the junction of the pancreatic duct and common bile duct entering the duodenum

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46
Q

emulsification

A

a process where bile breaks apart large fat globules, creating more surface area so that enzymes from the pancreas can digest the fats. Without bile, most of the fat taken into the body remains undigested.

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47
Q

glycogen (starch)

A

What the liver turn glucose into. The liver removes excess glucose from be bloodstream and stores it as glycogen in liver cells.

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48
Q

glycogenolysis

A

a process that occurs when the blood sugar level becomes dangerously low, the liver converts stored glycogen back into glucose

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49
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

when the lover converts proteins and fats into glucose, when the body needs sugar.

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50
Q

The pancreas and its functions

A

It secretes enzymes to the duodenum for digestion (exocrine function). It also secretes insulin to the bloodstream to cells (endocrine function)

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51
Q

portal vein

A

brings blood to the liver from the intestines. Digested foods pass into the portal vein directly after being absorbed into the capillaries of the small intestine, thus giving the liver the first chance to use the nutrients

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52
Q

amyl/o

A

starch

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53
Q

-ase

A

enzyme

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54
Q

lip/o

A

fat

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55
Q

prote/o

A

protein

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56
Q

par-

A

near

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57
Q

ot/o

A

ear

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58
Q

an/o

A

anus

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59
Q

append/o and appendic/o

A

appendix

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60
Q

bucc/o

A

cheek

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61
Q

cec/o

A

cecum

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62
Q

celi/o

A

belly, abdomen

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63
Q

cheil/o

A

lip

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64
Q

cholecyst/o

A

gallbladder

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65
Q

choledoch/o

A

common bile duct

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66
Q

col/o or colon/o

A

colon

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67
Q

dent/i

A

tooth

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68
Q

duoden/o

A

duodenum

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69
Q

enter/o

A

intestine, usually the small intestine

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70
Q

gastrointestinal tract

A

or digestive tract; begins with the mouth and ends with the anus.

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71
Q

esophag/o

A

esophagus

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72
Q

faci/o

A

face

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73
Q

gastr/o

A

stomach

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74
Q

gingiv/o

A

gums

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75
Q

gloss/o

A

tongue

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76
Q

hepat/o

A

liver

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77
Q

ile/o

A

ileum

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78
Q

jejun/o

A

jejunum

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79
Q

labi/o

A

lip

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80
Q

lapar/o

A

abdomen

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81
Q

lingu/o

A

tongue

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82
Q

mandibul/o

A

lower jaw, mandible

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83
Q

odont/o

A

tooth

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84
Q

palat/o

A

palate

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85
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

86
Q

peritone/o

A

peritoneum

87
Q

pharyng/o

A

throat

88
Q

proct/o

A

anus and rectum

89
Q

pylor/o

A

pyloric sphincter

90
Q

rect/o

A

rectum

91
Q

sialaden/o

A

salivary gland

92
Q

sigmoid/o

A

sigmoid colon

93
Q

stomat/o

A

mouth

94
Q

uvul/o

A

uvula

95
Q

amyl/o

A

starch

96
Q

bil/i

A

gall, bile

97
Q

bilirubin/o

A

bilirubin (bile pigment)

98
Q

chol/e

A

gall, bile

99
Q

chlorhydr/o

A

hydrochloric acid

100
Q

gluc/o

A

sugar

101
Q

glyc/o

A

sugar

102
Q

glycogen/o

A

glycogen, animal starch

103
Q

lip/o

A

fat,lipid

104
Q

lith/o

A

stone

105
Q

prote/o

A

protein

106
Q

py/o

A

pus

107
Q

sial/o

A

saliva,salivary

108
Q

steat/o

A

fat

109
Q

-ase

A

enzyme

110
Q

-chezia

A

defecation, elimination of wastes

111
Q

-iasis

A

abnormal condition

112
Q

-prandial

A

meal

113
Q

anorexia

A

lack of appetite

114
Q

ascites

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

115
Q

borborygmus (plural: borborygmi)

A

rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract.

116
Q

constipation

A

difficulty in passing stools (feces)

117
Q

diarrhea

A

Frequent passage of loose, watery stools

118
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty in swallowing

119
Q

eructation

A

gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth

120
Q

flatus

A

gas expelled through the anus

121
Q

hematochezia

A

passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum

122
Q

jaundice (icterus)

A

yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia)

123
Q

melena

A

black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood

124
Q

nausea

A

unpleasant sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to vomit

125
Q

steatorrhea

A

Fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter

126
Q

aphthous stomatitis

A

inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers

127
Q

dental caries

A

tooth decay

128
Q

herpetic stomatitis

A

inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus

129
Q

oral leukoplakia

A

white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth

130
Q

periodontal disease

A

inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone

131
Q

achalasia

A

failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax

132
Q

-chalasia

A

relaxation

133
Q

esophageal cancer

A

malignant tumor of the esophagus

134
Q

esophageal varices

A

swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus

135
Q

gastric cancer

A

malignant tumor if he stomach

136
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach

137
Q

hernia

A

protrusion of an organ or part through the tissues and muscles normally containing it

138
Q

peptic ulcer

A

open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum

139
Q

anal fistula

A

abnormal tube- like passageway near the anus

140
Q

colonic polyps

A

polyps ( benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon

141
Q

colorectal cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both

142
Q

Crohn disease

A

chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract

143
Q

diverticulosis

A

abnormal outpouchings (diverticula) in the intestional wall of the colon

144
Q

dysentery

A

painful, inflamed intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection

145
Q

hemorrhoids

A

swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region

146
Q

ileus

A

loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines

147
Q

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

A

inflammation of the colon and small intestine ( Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis)

148
Q

intussusception

A

telescoping of the intestines

149
Q

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A

group of GI symptoms ( abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation) , but without abnormalities in the intestines

150
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers

151
Q

volvulus

A

twisting of the intestine on itself

152
Q

cholelithiasis

A

gallstones in the gallbladder

153
Q

cirrhosis

A

chronic degenerative disease of the liver

154
Q

pancreatic cancer

A

malignant tumor of the pancreas

155
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

156
Q

viral hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver caused by a virus

157
Q

ectasis and -ectasia

A

dilution (dilatation) widening

158
Q

-emesis

A

vomiting

159
Q

-pepsia

A

digestion

160
Q

-phagia

A

eating, swallowing

161
Q

-plasty

A

surgical repair

162
Q

-ptysis

A

spitting

163
Q

-rrhage or -rrhagia

A

bursting forth (of blood)

164
Q

-rrhaphy

A

suture

165
Q

-rrhea

A

flow, discharge

166
Q

-spasm

A

involuntary contraction of muscles

167
Q

-stasis

A

stopping controlling

168
Q

-stenosis

A

narrowing, tightening

169
Q

-tresia

A

opening

170
Q

amylase and lipase tests

A

tests for the levels of amylase and lipase enzymes in the blood

171
Q

liver function tests (LFTs)

A

tests for the presence of enzymes and bilirubin in blood

172
Q

stool culture

A

test for microorganisms present in feces

173
Q

stool guaiac test or hemoccult test

A

test to detect occult ( hidden ) blood in feces

174
Q

lower gastrointestinal series (barium enema)

A

x-ray images of the colon and rectum obtained after injection of barium into the rectum

175
Q

upper gastrointestinal series

A

x-ray images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine obtained after administering barium by month

176
Q

cholangiography

A

x-ray examination of the biliary system performed after injection of contrast into the bile ducts

177
Q

computed tomography(CT)

A

a series of x-ray images are taken in multiple views (especially cross section)

178
Q

abdominal ultrasonography

A

sound waves beamed into the abdomen produce an image of abdominal viscera

179
Q

endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)

A

use of an endoscope combined with ultrasound to examine the organs of the gastrointestinal tract

180
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Magnetic waves produce images of organs and tissues in all three planes of body

181
Q

HIDA scan

A

radioactive imaging procedure that tracks the production and flow of bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine

182
Q

gastric bypass or bariatric surgery

A

reducing the size of the stomach and diverting food to the jejunum (gastrojejunostomy)

183
Q

gastrointestinal endoscopy

A

visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using an endoscope

184
Q

laparoscopy

A

visual (endoscopic) examination of the abdomen with a laparoscope inserted through small incisions in the abdomen

185
Q

liver biopsy

A

removal of liver tissue for microscopic examination

186
Q

nasogastric intubation

A

insertion of a tube through the nose into the stomach

187
Q

paracentesis (abdominocentesis)

A

surgical puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen

188
Q

alk phos

A

alkaline phosphatase

189
Q

ALT, AST

A

alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase–enzymes measured to evaluate liver function

190
Q

BE

A

barium enema

191
Q

BM

A

bowel movement

192
Q

BRBPR

A

bright red blood per rectum– hematochezia

193
Q

CD

A

celiac disease

194
Q

EGD

A

espphagogastroduodenoscopy

195
Q

ERCP

A

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographu

196
Q

EUS

A

endoscopic ultrasonography

197
Q

FOBT

A

fecal occult blood test

198
Q

G tube

A

gastrostomy tube; also called stomach tube and PEG tube- used to introduce nutrients into the stomach after insertion through the abdominal wall with laparoscopic instruments

199
Q

GB

A

gallbladder

200
Q

GI

A

gastrointestinal

201
Q

HBV

A

hepatitis B virus

202
Q

LAC

A

laparoscopic-assisted colectomy

203
Q

LFTs

A

Liver function tests- alk phos m, bilirubin, AST, ALT

204
Q

NG tube

A

nasogastric tube

205
Q

NPO

A

nothing by mouth (Latin nil per os)

206
Q

PEG tube

A

percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube- feeding tube

207
Q

PEJ tube

A

percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy tube- feeding tube

208
Q

PTHC

A

percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography

209
Q

PUD

A

peptic ulcer disease

210
Q

TPN

A

total parenteral nutrition

211
Q

T tube

A

tube placed in the bile duct for drainage into a small pouch (bile bag) on the outside of the body

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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