Chapter 5 and 6 Flashcards
ingestion
when complex food material is taken into the mouth
Digestion
when food is broken down, mechanically and chemically, as it travels through the gastrointestinal tract.
enzymes
speeds up chemical reactions and aid the breakdown (digestion) of complex nutrients.
amino acids
What complex proteins turn into when they are digested
Glucose
complicated sugars are reduced to simple sugars; such as glucose
fatty acids and triglycerides
large fat or lipid molecules are broken down to simpler substances such as fatty acids and triglycerides
Where does digestion occur?
mouth, stomach and small intestine
absorption
digested food passes through the lining cells or epithelium of the small intestine and into the bloodstream.
elimination
The solid food waste materials that cannot be absorbed into the bloodstream is eliminated from the body.
feces
Concentrated solid wastes
or/o
the mouth
cheeks
form the walls of the oval-shaped cavity
lips
surround the opening to the cavity
hard palate
forms the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth
soft palate
muscular and lies posterior to the hard palate
Rugae
The irregular ridges in the mucous membrane covering the anterior portion of the hard palate
mastication
chewing
uvula
a small soft tissue projection, hangs from the soft palate. Aids in the production of sounds and speech
tongue
extends across the floor of the oral cavity, and muscles attach it to the lower jawbone. It moves food around the mouth during mastication and deglutition
deglutition
swallowing
papillae
small raised areas on the tongue, contain taste buds that are sensitive to the chemical nature of foods and allow discrimination of different tastes as food moves across the tongue
tonsils
Lie on both sides of the oropharynx (part of the throat near the mouth) where masses of lymphatic tissue is located in depressions of the mucous membranes
gums
the fleshy tissue surrounding the sockets if the teeth.
buccal sufface
faces the cheek
lingual surface
faces the tongue
labial surface
faces the lips
facial surface
the labial and buccal surfaces
crown
part of the tooth that shows above the gum line
root of tooth
lies within the bony tooth socket
enamel
the outermost protective layer of the crown and protects the crown. It is dense, hard, white substance–the hardest substance in the body.
Dentin
the main substance of the tooth, lies beneath the enamel and extends throughout the crown. It is yellow and composed of bony tissue that is softer than enamel.
cementum
covers, protects, and supports the dentin in the root.
periodontal membrane
surrounds the cementum and holds the tooth in place in the tooth socket
pulp
lies beneath the dentin. It is a soft and delicate tissue that fills the center of the tooth.
Root canal
also called the pull canal is filled with blood vessels, nerve endings, connective tissue, and lymphatic vessels
salivary glands
exocrine glands that produce 1.5 liters of saliva, daily, which lubricates the mouth. Parotid gland, submandibular gland, and sublingual gland.
pharynx or throat
a muscular tube, about 5 inches long, lined with mucous membrane. It serves as a passageway both for air traveling from nose to the windpipe and for food traveling from the oral cavity to the esophagus.
peristalsis
the involuntary, progressive, rhythmic contraction of muscles in the wall of the esophagus (and other gastrointestinal organs) propelling a bolus down toward the stomach.
stomach
Has three parts the fundus, body and antrum. Rings of muscle called sphincters control the openings into and leading out of the stomach ( lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter) and pyloric sphincter). The rugae increase surface area for digestion and contain digestive glands that produce pepsin and hydrochloric acid.
small intestine (small bowel)
extends from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine. Three parts are the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
large intestine
extends from the end of the ileum to the anus. It has three main parts: the cecum, the colon, and the rectum.
defecation
the expulsion or passage of feces from the body through the anus.
bilirubin
a bile pigment that is produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin during normal red blood cell destruction. Bacteria in the colon degrade bilirubin into a variety of pigments that give feces a brownish color.
Jaundice ( hyperbilirubinemia )
yellow discoloration of the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes. It is causes by blocked bile ducts or liver damage which makes the body unable to excrete bilirubin into bile and bilirubin then remains in the blood stream.
ampulla of Vater
at the junction of the pancreatic duct and common bile duct entering the duodenum
emulsification
a process where bile breaks apart large fat globules, creating more surface area so that enzymes from the pancreas can digest the fats. Without bile, most of the fat taken into the body remains undigested.
glycogen (starch)
What the liver turn glucose into. The liver removes excess glucose from be bloodstream and stores it as glycogen in liver cells.
glycogenolysis
a process that occurs when the blood sugar level becomes dangerously low, the liver converts stored glycogen back into glucose
gluconeogenesis
when the lover converts proteins and fats into glucose, when the body needs sugar.
The pancreas and its functions
It secretes enzymes to the duodenum for digestion (exocrine function). It also secretes insulin to the bloodstream to cells (endocrine function)
portal vein
brings blood to the liver from the intestines. Digested foods pass into the portal vein directly after being absorbed into the capillaries of the small intestine, thus giving the liver the first chance to use the nutrients
amyl/o
starch
-ase
enzyme
lip/o
fat
prote/o
protein
par-
near
ot/o
ear
an/o
anus
append/o and appendic/o
appendix
bucc/o
cheek
cec/o
cecum
celi/o
belly, abdomen
cheil/o
lip
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
choledoch/o
common bile duct
col/o or colon/o
colon
dent/i
tooth
duoden/o
duodenum
enter/o
intestine, usually the small intestine
gastrointestinal tract
or digestive tract; begins with the mouth and ends with the anus.
esophag/o
esophagus
faci/o
face
gastr/o
stomach
gingiv/o
gums
gloss/o
tongue
hepat/o
liver
ile/o
ileum
jejun/o
jejunum
labi/o
lip
lapar/o
abdomen
lingu/o
tongue
mandibul/o
lower jaw, mandible
odont/o
tooth
palat/o
palate
pancreat/o
pancreas
peritone/o
peritoneum
pharyng/o
throat
proct/o
anus and rectum
pylor/o
pyloric sphincter
rect/o
rectum
sialaden/o
salivary gland
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
stomat/o
mouth
uvul/o
uvula
amyl/o
starch
bil/i
gall, bile
bilirubin/o
bilirubin (bile pigment)
chol/e
gall, bile
chlorhydr/o
hydrochloric acid
gluc/o
sugar
glyc/o
sugar
glycogen/o
glycogen, animal starch
lip/o
fat,lipid
lith/o
stone
prote/o
protein
py/o
pus
sial/o
saliva,salivary
steat/o
fat
-ase
enzyme
-chezia
defecation, elimination of wastes
-iasis
abnormal condition
-prandial
meal
anorexia
lack of appetite
ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
borborygmus (plural: borborygmi)
rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract.
constipation
difficulty in passing stools (feces)
diarrhea
Frequent passage of loose, watery stools
dysphagia
difficulty in swallowing
eructation
gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
flatus
gas expelled through the anus
hematochezia
passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum
jaundice (icterus)
yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia)
melena
black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood
nausea
unpleasant sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to vomit
steatorrhea
Fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter
aphthous stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers
dental caries
tooth decay
herpetic stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus
oral leukoplakia
white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth
periodontal disease
inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone
achalasia
failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax
-chalasia
relaxation
esophageal cancer
malignant tumor of the esophagus
esophageal varices
swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus
gastric cancer
malignant tumor if he stomach
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach
hernia
protrusion of an organ or part through the tissues and muscles normally containing it
peptic ulcer
open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
anal fistula
abnormal tube- like passageway near the anus
colonic polyps
polyps ( benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon
colorectal cancer
Adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both
Crohn disease
chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract
diverticulosis
abnormal outpouchings (diverticula) in the intestional wall of the colon
dysentery
painful, inflamed intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection
hemorrhoids
swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region
ileus
loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
inflammation of the colon and small intestine ( Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis)
intussusception
telescoping of the intestines
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
group of GI symptoms ( abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation) , but without abnormalities in the intestines
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers
volvulus
twisting of the intestine on itself
cholelithiasis
gallstones in the gallbladder
cirrhosis
chronic degenerative disease of the liver
pancreatic cancer
malignant tumor of the pancreas
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
viral hepatitis
inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
ectasis and -ectasia
dilution (dilatation) widening
-emesis
vomiting
-pepsia
digestion
-phagia
eating, swallowing
-plasty
surgical repair
-ptysis
spitting
-rrhage or -rrhagia
bursting forth (of blood)
-rrhaphy
suture
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-spasm
involuntary contraction of muscles
-stasis
stopping controlling
-stenosis
narrowing, tightening
-tresia
opening
amylase and lipase tests
tests for the levels of amylase and lipase enzymes in the blood
liver function tests (LFTs)
tests for the presence of enzymes and bilirubin in blood
stool culture
test for microorganisms present in feces
stool guaiac test or hemoccult test
test to detect occult ( hidden ) blood in feces
lower gastrointestinal series (barium enema)
x-ray images of the colon and rectum obtained after injection of barium into the rectum
upper gastrointestinal series
x-ray images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine obtained after administering barium by month
cholangiography
x-ray examination of the biliary system performed after injection of contrast into the bile ducts
computed tomography(CT)
a series of x-ray images are taken in multiple views (especially cross section)
abdominal ultrasonography
sound waves beamed into the abdomen produce an image of abdominal viscera
endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)
use of an endoscope combined with ultrasound to examine the organs of the gastrointestinal tract
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Magnetic waves produce images of organs and tissues in all three planes of body
HIDA scan
radioactive imaging procedure that tracks the production and flow of bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine
gastric bypass or bariatric surgery
reducing the size of the stomach and diverting food to the jejunum (gastrojejunostomy)
gastrointestinal endoscopy
visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using an endoscope
laparoscopy
visual (endoscopic) examination of the abdomen with a laparoscope inserted through small incisions in the abdomen
liver biopsy
removal of liver tissue for microscopic examination
nasogastric intubation
insertion of a tube through the nose into the stomach
paracentesis (abdominocentesis)
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen
alk phos
alkaline phosphatase
ALT, AST
alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase–enzymes measured to evaluate liver function
BE
barium enema
BM
bowel movement
BRBPR
bright red blood per rectum– hematochezia
CD
celiac disease
EGD
espphagogastroduodenoscopy
ERCP
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographu
EUS
endoscopic ultrasonography
FOBT
fecal occult blood test
G tube
gastrostomy tube; also called stomach tube and PEG tube- used to introduce nutrients into the stomach after insertion through the abdominal wall with laparoscopic instruments
GB
gallbladder
GI
gastrointestinal
HBV
hepatitis B virus
LAC
laparoscopic-assisted colectomy
LFTs
Liver function tests- alk phos m, bilirubin, AST, ALT
NG tube
nasogastric tube
NPO
nothing by mouth (Latin nil per os)
PEG tube
percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube- feeding tube
PEJ tube
percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy tube- feeding tube
PTHC
percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
PUD
peptic ulcer disease
TPN
total parenteral nutrition
T tube
tube placed in the bile duct for drainage into a small pouch (bile bag) on the outside of the body
