Chapter 14 Flashcards
axillary nodes
lymph nodes in the armpit
B cell (B lymphocytes)
Lymphocyte that matures into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies. The B refers to the bursa of Fabricius, an organ in birds in which B cell differentiation and growth were first noted to occur.
cell-mediated immunity
T cells (cytotoxic, helper T and suppressor) that respond to antigens and destroy them; a type of adapted immunity
cervical nodes
lymph nodes in the neck region
complement system
proteins in the blood that help antibodies kill their target
cytokines
proteins secreted by cytotoxic T cells to aid in antigen destruction. Examples are interferons and interleukins
cytotoxic T crll
lymphocyte that directly kills antigens; called CD8-positive T cell
dendritic cell
antigen-presenting cell. Shows T and B cells what to attack.
helper T cell
lymphocyte that aids B cells and stimulates T cells. Also called CD4-positive T cell
humoral immunity
B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens; type of adaptive immunity
immunity
Body’s ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs. This includes immunity and adaptive immunity.
immunoglobulins
antibodies secreted by plasma cells (mature B cells) in response to the presence of an antigen
immunotherapy
use of immune cells, antibodies, or vaccines to treat or prevent disease.
inguinal nodes
lymph nodes in the groin region
interferons
proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune response.
interleukins
proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes
interstitial fluid
fluid in the spaces between cells. This fluid becomes lymph when it enters lymph capillaries.
lymph
thin, watery fluid found within lymphatic vessels and collect from tissues throughout the body.
lymph capillaries
tiniest lymphatic vessels
lymphoid organs
lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland
lymph node
collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue along lymph vessels; contains cells (lymphocytes and macrophages) that fight infection.
lymph vessel
Carrier of lymph throughout the body; lymphatic vessels empty lymph into veins in the upper part of the chest
macrophage
large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body.
mediastinal nodes
lymph nodes in that area between the lungs in the thoracic cavity
mesenteric nodes
lymph nodes in the mesentery (intestinal region)
functions of the spleen
Destruction of old erythrocytes by macrophages
Filtration of microorganisms and other foreign material from the blood
Activation of lymphocytes
Storage of blood
monoclonal antibody
antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens and to destroy cells; useful in immunotherapy
natural immunity
protection that an individual is born with to fight infection such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells. It is not antigen specific and does not elicit memory.
paraaortic nodes
lymph nodes near the aorta in the lumbar (waist) area of the body.
plasma cell
lymphocyte that secretes antibodies. It matures from B lymphocytes
right lymphatic duct
lymphatic vessels in the chest that drains lymph from the upper right part of the body, Ig empties lymph into large vein in the neck
spleen
organ in the upper quadrant of the abdomen that destroys worn-out ref blood cells, activates lymphocytes, and stores blood
suppressor T cell
lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B and T cells. Also called a Treg (regulatory T cell)
T cell ( T lymphocyte)
Lymphocyte that acts directly ok antigens to destroy them or produce chemicals (cytokines) such as interferons and Interleukins that are toxic yo antigens
tolerance
the ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body’s own antigens as “self” or friendly. Once tolerance is established, the immune system will not react against the body.
thoracic duct
large lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the lower and left side of the body (head, neck, arm, and chest). It empties lymph into large veins in the neck
thymus gland
lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response.
tonsils
masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx
toxin
poison; a protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants.
vaccination
exposure of an individual to a foreign protein (antigen) that provokes an immune response. The response will destroy any cell that posses the antigen on its surface and will protect against infection.
vaccine
weakened or killed microorganisms, toxins m, or other proteins given to induce immunity to infection or disease
immun/o
protection
lymph/o
lymph
lymphaden/o
lymph node (gland)
splen/o
spleen
thym/o
thymus gland
tox/o
poison
ana-
again, anew
inter-
between
severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)
an immunodeficiency disorder presented at birth. Affected infants are born with a deficiency of B cells and T cells, resulting in a lack of immunity
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
group of clinical signs and symptoms associated with suppression of the immune system and marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, and neurologic problems
all/o
other
allergy
abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen.
lymphoma
malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue
hodgkin disease
malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes
multiple myeloma
malignant tumor of bone marrow
thymoma
malignant tumor of the thymus gland
allergen
substance capable if causing a specific hypersensitivity reaction in the body; a type of antigen
anaphylaxis
exaggerated or unusual hypersensitivity to foreign protein or other substance.
atopy
hypersensitive or allergic state involving an inherited predisposition.
CD4 + cells
Helper T cell that carry the CD4 protein antigen on their surface. HIV binds to CD4 and infects and kills T cells bearing this protein. AIDS patients have an inadequate number of CD4+ cells.
HIV
virus (retrovirus) that cause AIDS
kaposi sarcoma
malignant lesion associated with AIDS; arises from the lining of capillaries and appears as red, purple, brown, or black skin nodules.
non-Hodgkin lymphomas
group of malignant tumors involving lymphoid tissue.
opportunistic infections
infectious diseases associated with AIDS; they occur because HIV infection lowers the body’s resistance and allows infection by bacteria and parasites that normally are easily contained
protease inhibitor
Drug that treats AIDS by blocking the production of protease, a proteolytic enzyme that helps create new viral pieces for HIV
reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTI)
drug that treats AIDS by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme needed to make copies of HIV.
wasting syndrome
weight loss, disease in muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity; associated with AIDS
CD4+ cell count
measures the number of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in the bloodstream of patients with AIDS
ELISA
screening test to detect anti-HIV antibodies in the bloodstream
immunoelectrophoresis
test that separates immunoglobulins
viral load count
measurement of the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in the bloodstream
computed tomography (CT) scan
x-rat imaging produces cross-sectional and other views of anatomic structures
