Chapter 8 Flashcards
If someone specifically wanted to burn a lot of fat (not necessarily total calories), what type of exercise should they do?
Low- to moderate-intensity exercise for 30 to 60 minutes
A client plans to go for a 10-mile run, but they become fatigued after 7 miles, so they stop. What is the most likely cause of this fatigue?
Glycogen stores were exhausted.
What is the process called that prepares fatty acid substrates to enter the citric acid cycle?
Beta-oxidation
Which of the following is a limiting factor for how long anaerobic glycolysis can proceed?
Free hydrogen ions
Low-intensity activity burns a higher proportion of fat as fuel, but if someone wanted to burn the most total calories from any substrate, which of the following activities would be most effective?
20 minutes of moderate-intensity activity
When ADP is converted to ATP, what is this process called?
Phosphorylation
What does the first law of thermodynamics state?
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
What are the building blocks of body proteins?
Amino acids
If pyruvate is being created via glycolysis faster than oxygen can be delivered to the muscle, what will happen to the pyruvate?
The pyruvate will be converted to lactate.
How many calories are in 1 pound of body fat?
About 3,500
What is the definition of energy balance?
When daily food intake is matched to energy needs
Why is nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) important?
NEAT can be protective against obesity.
What is the resting metabolic rate (RMR)?
RMR is the number of calories that the body uses at rest to function.
What is the ventilatory threshold 2 (VT2)?
The point at which the body shifts almost entirely to using carbohydrates for fuel
What does the electron transport chain (ETC) do?
The ETC uses a hydrogen gradient to create ATP.
Which substrate provides nearly all the energy for activity at and above VT2?
Glucose
What are triglycerides?
The stored form of fat
What are nonessential amino acids?
Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body if overall nutrition intake is adequate
What are the three pathways through which the body can produce ATP?
The ATP-PC system, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation
What two factors define any form or type of exercise?
Intensity and duration
Which of the following would make a person better at oxidizing fat?
Having more mitochondria in their muscle
If someone went out for a 5-mile jog with their friend, which energy system would provide most of the ATP for this activity?
Oxidative phosphorylation
What is a kilocalorie (kcal)?
The amount of energy needed to raise 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius. It is also the same thing as 1 food calorie.
What are the end products of the electron transport chain?
ATP and water
What is the term for the higher-than-normal energy expenditure during the recovery period after exercise?
Excess postexercise oxygen consumption
What breathing change occurs at the second ventilatory threshold (VT2)?
Expiration becomes more forceful.
What is acidosis in muscle?
A decrease in pH, which can lead to feelings of fatigue
When glucose is broken down via glycolysis, what molecule is created that could also be oxidized under aerobic conditions?
Pyruvate
Which of the following would occur during intermittent exercise?
All three energy systems would be used at some point during the activity.
Which of the following contributes the most to the total calories burned in a day?
Resting metabolic rate
What is excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)?
EPOC is the increase in aerobic metabolism above baseline that occurs for a period after exercise.
Before amino acids can be used to make ATP, what process do they have to go through?
Gluconeogenesis
Which of the following components of total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) is responsible for the most energy expenditure throughout the day?
Resting metabolic rate (RMR)
Which nutrient has the highest thermic effect?
Protein
What are the components of ATP?
Adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups
Which of the following would be an example of nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)?
Cleaning the house
What is bioenergetics?
The study of the ways in which food is turned into energy
What is the name of the stored form of glucose?
Glycogen
What are essential amino acids?
Amino acids that must be consumed because they cannot be created by the body
Which component contributes the most to total energy expenditure?
Resting metabolism
Which of the following conditions would produce nutritional ketosis in the body?
A very low-carbohydrate diet
When a person loses body weight, what is the only way that mass is lost?
As exhaled carbon dioxide
Before carbohydrates, fat, or protein can enter the citric acid cycle (CAC), they need to be converted to what common molecule?
Acetyl CoA
If someone were performing repeated sprints with each sprint lasting between 30 and 90 seconds, which energy system would be contributing the most to ATP production during this activity?
Glycolysis
Food is composed of which three compounds?
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
What is the high-energy compound used by the body to do work?
ATP
If someone engages in a short, intense burst of activity lasting less than 30 seconds, which energy system will contribute the most to ATP production?
The ATP-PC system
Which of the following is a ketone body?
Acetoacetic acid
Before amino acids can be used to make ATP, what process do they have to go through?
Gluconeogenesis
What is defined as steady-state exercise?
Aerobic exercise performed at a constant intensity
What is the ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1)?
The point at which the body switches to using carbohydrates to provide at least half the fuel for exercise
