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Stuarts - final > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

When did the Personal Rule begin?

A

4 March 1629

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2
Q

Which two courts gain great significance during the Personal Rule?

A
  • The Court of Star Chamber.

- The Court of High Commission.

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3
Q

What were the courts of Star Chamber and High Commission for during the Personal Rule?

A

Enforcing Charles’ and the Privy Council’s will.

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4
Q

Who sat on the Court of Star Chamber?

A

Privy Councillors selected by the monarch.

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5
Q

How were cases held before the Court of Star Chamber?

A

In secret.

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6
Q

How was the Court of High Commission used?

A

It was the chief court of the Church and was used by Laud to enforce conformity.

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7
Q

If you were found guilty by the Court of High Commission, what would happen?

A

You would be sent to the court of Star Chamber for sentencing.

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8
Q

Who sat on both the Court of Star Chamber and High Commission?

A

William Laud.

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9
Q

What was the Crown debt by 1629?

A

£2 million

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10
Q

When was the Treaty of Susa?

A

1629

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11
Q

What did the Treaty of Susa do?

A

Secured peace with France.

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12
Q

When was the Treaty of Madrid?

A

1630

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13
Q

What did the Treaty of Madrid do?

A

Secure peace with Spain.

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14
Q

Why did Charles withdraw from the Thirty Years War in 1629-30 through the two treaties?

A

To help with his financial situation.

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15
Q

How did Puritans view Charles’ withdrawal from the Thirty Years War?

A

They did not approve as they considered the destruction of Catholicism as their duty.

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16
Q

What methods of fiscal feudalism did Charles use to increase his income over the Personal Rule?

A
  • Customs duties including tonnage and poundage.
  • Wardships.
  • Monopolies.
  • Recusancy fines.
  • Distraint of knighthood.
  • Forest fines.
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17
Q

When was the Book of Rates updated to bring customs duties in line with inflation?

A

1635

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18
Q

How much was the Crown receiving from customs duties by the end of the 1630s?

A

£425,000 a year.

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19
Q

How much did wardships bring in for the Crown every year during the Personal Rule?

A

£75,000

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20
Q

What were distraint of knighthood fines?

A

Anyone who was not knighted at Charles’ coronation received a fine.

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21
Q

How much had distraint of knighthoods raised by 1635?

A

£175,000

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22
Q

What were forest fines?

A

Fines levied on anyone said to have encroached on areas of royal forest.

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23
Q

When were distraint of knighthoods introduced?

A

1630

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24
Q

When were forest fines introduced?

A

1634

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25
Q

What is the name given to the methods Charles used to increase his income during the Personal Rule?

A

Fiscal feudalism

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26
Q

What did Charles do to his annual income during the Personal Rule by exploiting his royal prerogative?

A

It raising from £600,000 to £900,000

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27
Q

What was Ship Money?

A

A tax levied in times of emergency to fund the navy.

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28
Q

When was Ship Money levied on coastal towns and counties?

A

October 1634

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29
Q

When was Ship Money extended inland?

A

August 1635

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30
Q

When was Ship Money levied until?

A

1639

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31
Q

How much did Ship Money raise on average every year?

A

£200,000

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32
Q

When was the new Laudian prayer book read from the pulpit in Edinburgh?

A

July 1637

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33
Q

What is the name of cathedral that the new Laudian prayer book was read from?

A

St Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh.

34
Q

When was Charles’ Privy Council forced to flee Edinburgh?

A

October 1637

35
Q

What happened after the new Laudian prayer book was read at St Giles?

A

A riot broke out.

36
Q

When was the riot at St Giles?

A

July 1637

37
Q

In response to Charles’ stubborn response to the rioting Scots, what happened?

A

The Scottish National Covenant was formed.

38
Q

When was the Scottish National Covenant written?

A

February 1638

39
Q

What was the Scottish National Covenant?

A

A document expressing opposition to Charles’ religious policy and to maintain Presbyterianism as the main religion in Scotland.

40
Q

What were those who signed the Scottish National Covenant called?

A

Covenanters

41
Q

What did Charles do to buy himself time to raise an army against the Scots?

A

He allowed the Scots to hold a religious General Assembly at Glasgow.

42
Q

When was the religious General Assembly at Glasgow?

A

September 1638

43
Q

What did the religious General Assembly do in November 1638?

A

They annulled the canon laws and abolished episcopacy.

44
Q

What is episcopacy?

A

Government of the Church by Bishops.

45
Q

When was the Truce of Berwick?

A

June 1639

46
Q

What was the Truce of Berwick?

A

An agreement between Charles and the Covenanters to disband their armies and hold another General Assembly; the Covenanters did not disband their army because they did not trust Charles.

47
Q

When did Thomas Wentworth return from Ireland?

A

September 1639

48
Q

Who was Thomas Wentworth?

A

Lord Deputy of Ireland.

49
Q

Why did Charles recall Thomas Wentworth?

A

To help him fight the Scots.

50
Q

What did Thomas Wentworth advise Charles to do?

A

Call an English Parliament as the only means of raising money to fight the Scots.

51
Q

When was the First Bishops’ War?

A

1639

52
Q

How many untrained and unruly soldiers did Charles have to fight the First Bishops’ War in April 1639?

A

15,000

53
Q

When did the Scots cross the river Tweed and enter England?

A

August 1640

54
Q

When was the Treaty of Ripon?

A

October 1640

55
Q

What did the Treaty of Ripon state?

A

That Charles would pay the Scottish army’s living costs while they occupied English soil.

56
Q

Why did Charles call the Short Parliament?

A

At the suggestion of Wentworth to try and raise money to fight the Scots.

57
Q

What changed Charles’ position in England?

A

The continuing opposition in Scotland.

58
Q

Why was the Scottish army so much better than the English?

A
  • They had many soldiers returning from fighting in Europe in the Thirty Years War.
  • The returning soldiers trained recruits and were given mid-rank positions.
  • This meant that there was a core group of expert soldiers in the Covenanter army.
59
Q

What were the 4 groups Ireland was divided into?

A
  • Irish Catholics.
  • Catholic Old Irish, people descended from original English settlers.
  • Protestant New English, people who went after the reformation.
  • Presbyterian Scots, based mainly in the north.
60
Q

When was Thomas Wentworth appointed Lord Deputy in Ireland?

A

1632

61
Q

What did Wentworth succeed in doing in Ireland?

A
  • Enhancing the authority of the Crown and Church.

- Profits for the Crown from customs duties.

62
Q

How was Laudianism viewed by Protestants/Puritans?

A

As being too close to Catholicism.

63
Q

When was the Irish Rebellion?

A

October 1641

64
Q

What religion was most of Ireland?

A

Catholic

65
Q

Why were the Irish Catholics prompted to act and start the Irish Rebellion?

A
  • The growing influence of the Presbyterian Scots and their alliance with the English Puritans threatened the Irish Catholics.
  • After Wentworth was recalled the Irish Catholics feared the imposition of harsh Protestant rule.
66
Q

How did the Irish Rebellion begin?

A

Irish Catholics seized the opportunity to strike first since there was no Crown authority and massacred 3000 Protestants at Ulster.

67
Q

When was the Hampden Case?

A

November 1637

68
Q

What was the Hampden Case?

A

Charles took John Hampden to court over his refusal to pay ship money in the hope it would serve as an example to others who defied him.

69
Q

What was the result of the Hampden Case?

A

Charles won but by 7 votes to 5.

70
Q

What did the result of the Hampden Case show?

A

The narrow victory showed that Charles’ authority and position was weakening.

71
Q

What was opposition in England and Scotland centred around?

A

It was a Puritan reaction to Charles’ imposition of Laudianism.

72
Q

How long did the Short Parliament last?

A

Less than a month, from 13 April 1640 - 5 May 1640.

73
Q

When did Charles announce that Ship Money was illegal?

A

During the Short Parliament of April-May 1640 to try and win favour and finances to help him fight the Scots.

74
Q

Why did Charles dissolve the Short Parliament as decide to fight the Scot without the 12 subsidies he needed?

A

It was clear he would not get any money without first granting considerable concessions, which he was not prepared to give.

75
Q

Why was Charles forced to call the Long Parliament?

A

Because he had to find £850 a day to pay the occupying Scots under the terms of the Treaty of Ripon.

76
Q

When did the Long Parliament begin?

A

3 November 1640

77
Q

How much did Charles have to pay every day the Scots were occupying Newcastle?

A

£850

78
Q

What did the Council of Peers demand in September 1640 in return for their cooperation and money?

A

The calling of a new Parliament.

79
Q

When was the Petition of Twelve Peers produced?

A

August 1640

80
Q

What was the Petition of Twelve Peers?

A

A list of grievances against the Crown, including the length of time without a Parliament.

Stuarts - final (22 decks)

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