Chapter 8 Flashcards
When did the Personal Rule begin?
4 March 1629
Which two courts gain great significance during the Personal Rule?
- The Court of Star Chamber.
- The Court of High Commission.
What were the courts of Star Chamber and High Commission for during the Personal Rule?
Enforcing Charles’ and the Privy Council’s will.
Who sat on the Court of Star Chamber?
Privy Councillors selected by the monarch.
How were cases held before the Court of Star Chamber?
In secret.
How was the Court of High Commission used?
It was the chief court of the Church and was used by Laud to enforce conformity.
If you were found guilty by the Court of High Commission, what would happen?
You would be sent to the court of Star Chamber for sentencing.
Who sat on both the Court of Star Chamber and High Commission?
William Laud.
What was the Crown debt by 1629?
£2 million
When was the Treaty of Susa?
1629
What did the Treaty of Susa do?
Secured peace with France.
When was the Treaty of Madrid?
1630
What did the Treaty of Madrid do?
Secure peace with Spain.
Why did Charles withdraw from the Thirty Years War in 1629-30 through the two treaties?
To help with his financial situation.
How did Puritans view Charles’ withdrawal from the Thirty Years War?
They did not approve as they considered the destruction of Catholicism as their duty.
What methods of fiscal feudalism did Charles use to increase his income over the Personal Rule?
- Customs duties including tonnage and poundage.
- Wardships.
- Monopolies.
- Recusancy fines.
- Distraint of knighthood.
- Forest fines.
When was the Book of Rates updated to bring customs duties in line with inflation?
1635
How much was the Crown receiving from customs duties by the end of the 1630s?
£425,000 a year.
How much did wardships bring in for the Crown every year during the Personal Rule?
£75,000
What were distraint of knighthood fines?
Anyone who was not knighted at Charles’ coronation received a fine.
How much had distraint of knighthoods raised by 1635?
£175,000
What were forest fines?
Fines levied on anyone said to have encroached on areas of royal forest.
When were distraint of knighthoods introduced?
1630
When were forest fines introduced?
1634
What is the name given to the methods Charles used to increase his income during the Personal Rule?
Fiscal feudalism
What did Charles do to his annual income during the Personal Rule by exploiting his royal prerogative?
It raising from £600,000 to £900,000
What was Ship Money?
A tax levied in times of emergency to fund the navy.
When was Ship Money levied on coastal towns and counties?
October 1634
When was Ship Money extended inland?
August 1635
When was Ship Money levied until?
1639
How much did Ship Money raise on average every year?
£200,000
When was the new Laudian prayer book read from the pulpit in Edinburgh?
July 1637
What is the name of cathedral that the new Laudian prayer book was read from?
St Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh.
When was Charles’ Privy Council forced to flee Edinburgh?
October 1637
What happened after the new Laudian prayer book was read at St Giles?
A riot broke out.
When was the riot at St Giles?
July 1637
In response to Charles’ stubborn response to the rioting Scots, what happened?
The Scottish National Covenant was formed.
When was the Scottish National Covenant written?
February 1638
What was the Scottish National Covenant?
A document expressing opposition to Charles’ religious policy and to maintain Presbyterianism as the main religion in Scotland.
What were those who signed the Scottish National Covenant called?
Covenanters
What did Charles do to buy himself time to raise an army against the Scots?
He allowed the Scots to hold a religious General Assembly at Glasgow.
When was the religious General Assembly at Glasgow?
September 1638
What did the religious General Assembly do in November 1638?
They annulled the canon laws and abolished episcopacy.
What is episcopacy?
Government of the Church by Bishops.
When was the Truce of Berwick?
June 1639
What was the Truce of Berwick?
An agreement between Charles and the Covenanters to disband their armies and hold another General Assembly; the Covenanters did not disband their army because they did not trust Charles.
When did Thomas Wentworth return from Ireland?
September 1639
Who was Thomas Wentworth?
Lord Deputy of Ireland.
Why did Charles recall Thomas Wentworth?
To help him fight the Scots.
What did Thomas Wentworth advise Charles to do?
Call an English Parliament as the only means of raising money to fight the Scots.
When was the First Bishops’ War?
1639
How many untrained and unruly soldiers did Charles have to fight the First Bishops’ War in April 1639?
15,000
When did the Scots cross the river Tweed and enter England?
August 1640
When was the Treaty of Ripon?
October 1640
What did the Treaty of Ripon state?
That Charles would pay the Scottish army’s living costs while they occupied English soil.
Why did Charles call the Short Parliament?
At the suggestion of Wentworth to try and raise money to fight the Scots.
What changed Charles’ position in England?
The continuing opposition in Scotland.
Why was the Scottish army so much better than the English?
- They had many soldiers returning from fighting in Europe in the Thirty Years War.
- The returning soldiers trained recruits and were given mid-rank positions.
- This meant that there was a core group of expert soldiers in the Covenanter army.
What were the 4 groups Ireland was divided into?
- Irish Catholics.
- Catholic Old Irish, people descended from original English settlers.
- Protestant New English, people who went after the reformation.
- Presbyterian Scots, based mainly in the north.
When was Thomas Wentworth appointed Lord Deputy in Ireland?
1632
What did Wentworth succeed in doing in Ireland?
- Enhancing the authority of the Crown and Church.
- Profits for the Crown from customs duties.
How was Laudianism viewed by Protestants/Puritans?
As being too close to Catholicism.
When was the Irish Rebellion?
October 1641
What religion was most of Ireland?
Catholic
Why were the Irish Catholics prompted to act and start the Irish Rebellion?
- The growing influence of the Presbyterian Scots and their alliance with the English Puritans threatened the Irish Catholics.
- After Wentworth was recalled the Irish Catholics feared the imposition of harsh Protestant rule.
How did the Irish Rebellion begin?
Irish Catholics seized the opportunity to strike first since there was no Crown authority and massacred 3000 Protestants at Ulster.
When was the Hampden Case?
November 1637
What was the Hampden Case?
Charles took John Hampden to court over his refusal to pay ship money in the hope it would serve as an example to others who defied him.
What was the result of the Hampden Case?
Charles won but by 7 votes to 5.
What did the result of the Hampden Case show?
The narrow victory showed that Charles’ authority and position was weakening.
What was opposition in England and Scotland centred around?
It was a Puritan reaction to Charles’ imposition of Laudianism.
How long did the Short Parliament last?
Less than a month, from 13 April 1640 - 5 May 1640.
When did Charles announce that Ship Money was illegal?
During the Short Parliament of April-May 1640 to try and win favour and finances to help him fight the Scots.
Why did Charles dissolve the Short Parliament as decide to fight the Scot without the 12 subsidies he needed?
It was clear he would not get any money without first granting considerable concessions, which he was not prepared to give.
Why was Charles forced to call the Long Parliament?
Because he had to find £850 a day to pay the occupying Scots under the terms of the Treaty of Ripon.
When did the Long Parliament begin?
3 November 1640
How much did Charles have to pay every day the Scots were occupying Newcastle?
£850
What did the Council of Peers demand in September 1640 in return for their cooperation and money?
The calling of a new Parliament.
When was the Petition of Twelve Peers produced?
August 1640
What was the Petition of Twelve Peers?
A list of grievances against the Crown, including the length of time without a Parliament.
