Chapter 10 (NOT FINAL) Flashcards
What was the start of the British Civil Wars?
The Scottish Rebellion in 1637.
What was the Solemn League and Covenant?
A military alliance between the English Parliament and the Covenanters which alienated some Scottish nobles to the point that they came to support Charles.
When was the Solemn League and Covenant?
1643
When was the Scottish noble, the Earl of Montrose, defeat by the Covenanter army?
September 1645 at Philiphaugh, the end of Charles’ hopes in Scotland.
What success did the Earl of Montrose have in September 1644?
He defeated the Covenanters at Tippermuir.
What were the Irish Protestants bolstered by in April 1642?
The arrival of 10,000 Scottish troops financed by the English Parliament.
When was the cessation?
September 1643
Who led the Protestant forces in Ireland?
The Earl of Ormond.
What was the cessation?
A one year truce between Charles and the Catholic Confederation in Ireland.
When was the Catholic Confederation formed in Ireland?
May 1642
Who formed the Catholic Confederation?
Catholic Irish and Old English (also Catholic).
What was the result of the cessation?
Between 1643 and 1644 22,000 Irish troops were transported to England to help Charles fight in the English Civil War.
What did the arrival of 22,000 Irish troops signal to Parliament?
It only reinforced their impression that Charles was seeking to impose Catholicism as the troops from Ireland were mainly Catholic.
What did the cessation and the subsequent arrival of Catholic Irish troops prompt Parliament to do?
Sign the Solemn League and Covenant in September 1643 with the Scots Covenanters.
When did Ormond sign a peace with the Catholic Confederation and end the assist Charles was receiving from Ireland?
March 1646
Who set up the New Model Army?
The Committee of Both Kingdoms, 1644
When did the first English Civil War begin?
22 August 1642
What battle ended Charles’ military capabilities in England?
The Battle of Naseby
When was the Battle of Naseby?
June 1645
When did the first Civil War end?
June 1646, with the surrender of the last Royalist forces at Oxford.
What were the Royalists’ strengths?
- Led by a recognised leader.
- Support from the aristocracy who had money and military experience.
- Aid from abroad from Charles’ nephews Princes Rupert and Maurice.
What were the Royalists’ weaknesses?
- Areas under Royalist control were poorer.
- Clubmen protecting their localities.
- Commissions of Array was of dubious legality.
- Charles’ indecisiveness.
- Charles as a war leader.
- The use of Irish soldiers (cessation).
Who were Clubmen?
Men who tried to defend their localities from Royalist and Parliamentary forces.
How did Parliament raise money to fund the Civil War effort?
Through a new tax called the ‘assessment’.
When was the ‘assessment’ introduced?
November 1642
What was the ‘assessment’?
A tax on income implemented by Parliament to raise money for their armies.
What did the Scottish Covenanters believe they would receive by agreeing to the Solemn League and Covenant?
Establishment of Presbyterianism in England for 3 years.
How many troops did the Scottish Covenanters send to Parliament’s aid as part of the Solemn League and Covenant?
21,000
What were the advantages for Parliament of retaining control of London?
- It was the centre of printing and propaganda.
- Access to finance and City loans.
- Manpower.
- England’s largest port.
- Chief industrial industry and a supplier of arms and clothing.
How did controlling the navy help Parliament?
They could supply their forces at strongholds around the country and intercept supplies going to Charles from mainland Europe.
What was the main reason for Parliament’s victory in the first Civil War?
The creation of the New Model Army.
Why was the New Model Army so unique?
- It was the first regularly paid fighting force.
- It was made of profession soldiers.
- Strongly motivated by their Puritanism.
When was the New Model Army formed?
February 1645
