Chapter 11 (NOT FINAL) Flashcards
What were the two parliamentary factions?
- Political Presbyterians.
- Political Independents.
Who was the key figure of the Political Presbyterians?
Denzil Holles
What was the attitude of the Political Presbyterians?
- Generally conservative.
- More moderate in nature.
- Sometimes called the ‘peace party’.
- Favoured a negotiated peace with Charles on minimal terms.
Who were the key figures in the Political Independents?
Oliver Cromwell and Henry Ireton.
What was the character of the Political Independents?
- More radical in nature.
- Sometimes called the ‘War Party’.
- Wanted religious toleration.
- Were allied with the New Model Army.
- Were willing to accept settlement with Charles only if his power was limited.
Who was the most influential group in Parliament and why?
The Political Presbyterians; because the country was weary of war and favoured their peace policy.
When were the Newcastle Propositions?
July 1646
What were the Newcastle Propositions?
The Political Presbyterian’s plan for a settlement with Charles.
What were the 4 features of the Newcastle Propositions?
- Religion: Charles was to accept the establishment of Presbyterianism in England for three years.
- Militia: Parliament would control the militia for 20 years.
- Parliament: The Triennial Act was to remain.
- Royalists: All but 58 Royalists received a pardon, hopefully encouraging others to surrender.
What was Charles’ response to the Newcastle Propositions?
He stalled, allowing divisions amongst his opponents to develop.
What did the Political Presbyterians want to do to the New Model Army as part of the Newcastle Propositions?
Disband them but keep a smaller force to go to Ireland and crush the Catholics.
How much money did Parliament owe the New Model Army?
£3 million - royal revenues never amounted to even £1 million.
When was the New Model Army formed by Parliament?
1645
What document did Denzil Holles write that offended the New Model Army?
The Declaration of Dislike
What did Holles label the army in his Declaration of Dislike?
‘enemies to the state and disturbers of the public peace’
What had Parliament not passed that left soldiers in the New Model Army open to prosecution?
Indemnity Act
When did Parliament vote to disband the New Model Army with only 8 weeks’ pay?
25 May 1647
When did the New Model Army first petition Parliament?
March 1647
When did Parliament accept Charles’ reply to the Newcastle Propositions?
May 1647
What did the New Model Army do in response to Parliament voting to disband them?
They met at Newmarket and formed the General Council of the Army.
When did George Joyce kidnap Charles?
2 June 1647
When was the Humble Remonstrance?
4 June 1647
What was the Humble Remonstrance?
A declaration from the New Model Army saying that they would not disband until their grievances had been met.
What did the New Model Army do after publishing the Humble Remonstrance to put pressure on parliament?
Begin a slow march towards London.
What did the army do to reinforce the Solemn Engagement?
They drew up impeachment charges against 11 MPs including Holles.
When did the army present impeachment charges against 11 MPs?
July 1647
When was A Representation of the Army published?
14 June 1647
What was A Representation of the Army?
The document that outlined the position of the army.
What did A Representation of the Army outline?
- a purge of parliament.
- future parliaments a fixed duration.
- extension of religious freedom.
What gave the political statements of the army weight?
- Their military muscle.
- Their physical control of Charles.
When was the Heads of Proposals published?
2 August 1647
What was the Heads of Proposals?
The Army’s plan for a settlement with Charles.
What did the army want, as stated in the Heads of Proposals?
- Biennial parliaments.
- Reform of parliamentary representation.
- Parliamentary control of the army.
- Act of Oblivion that exempted only a few Royalists from punishment (meaning most of them would be punished).
What was it about the Heads of Proposals that meant they could be a genuine plan for settlement?
Ireton would have negotiated them directly with Charles since they had physical control of him.
What did Cromwell and Ireton’s negotiations with the King and Parliament show?
That they desired a moderate settlement with both.
When did Denzil Holles lead a mob into the Commons and passed a resolution to invite the king to London?
26 July 1647
What resolved the divisions between the leaders of the New Model Army and the lower ranks?
Charles’ escape from Hampton Court and the subsequent beginning of the Second Civil War.
Who were the Engagers?
A faction of the Scottish Covenanters that were disappointed with their alliance with the English Parliament.
When was The Engagement?
December 1647
What were the terms of The Engagement?
- Charles would allow Presbyterianism in England for 3 years.
- In return the Scots would help him invade England against Parliament and restore his power.
When was the Vote of No Addresses passed?
January 1648
Why did Parliament pass the Vote of No Addresses?
In response to The Engagement.
When was the Windsor Prayer Meeting?
April 1648
What did preachers at the Windsor Prayer Meeting declare Charles to be?
‘that man of blood’
What is the significance of the Windsor Prayer Meeting?
The first time regicide was debated openly.
What did victory in the Second Civil War prove to the leaders of the New Model Army?
That God was directing them and that God had condemned Charles.
