Chapter 20 - NEED WORK Flashcards
When was the Abhorrence Movement?
1682
When was James II’s Declaration of Indulgence?
June 1687
What was the fear that underpinned the Exclusion Crisis?
The creation of a Catholic line of succession after James married the Catholic princess Mary of Modena.
What was Godden v Hales?
The case concerned James’ dispensing power as Hales was a Catholic army officer and the case was an attempt to have him removed as a result of his Catholicism.
What did the result of the vote of the Exclusion Bill show?
Many MPs abstained from voting, meaning there were potentially many MPs that the king could exploit and win over.
What did James II do within his army that caused a protest from Parliament?
He appointed 90 Catholic army officers.
What did James II’s Declaration of Indulgence show?
That there was now complete toleration and right of office for Catholics.
Who was James, Duke of Monmouth?
Charles II’s eldest illegitimate son. Despite his illegitimacy, he was a Protestant and was seen as a possible monarch instead of James, Duke of York.
Who made up the majority of James II’s first parliament?
The Tories
What were the reasons for the failure of the Exclusion Crisis?
- Charles’ financial security.
- Conservatism of the Lords in blocking the Exclusion Bills.
- Wider support, generated through propaganda.
- Prerogative powers of dissolution and prorogation.
- Radicalism of the Exclusionists, calling for James to be sentenced to a traitor’s death.
What was James II’s attitude to ruling?
The same as his father’s, Charles I: authoritarian and inflexible.
When was James II’s first parliament?
May 1685
What did the Earl of Tyrconnell’s success in Catholicising the Irish army lead James II to do?
Appoint him his Lord Deputy to try and re-establish the power of English Catholics in Ireland.
When was the Oxford Parliament called?
March 1681
What did James refuse to do?
Swear loyalty to the Church of England under the terms of the Test Act, making known his Catholicism.
What did Charles II do to reinforce his stance on Exclusion after he had dissolved the Oxford Parliament?
Issued the ‘Declaration Touching the Reasons That Moved Him to Dissolve the Two Last Parliaments’.
When was the Habeas Corpus Amendment Act passed?
May 1679
What was Titus Oates’ fabricated Popish Plot?
That the Jesuits planned to assassinate Charles II so that his Catholic brother James could replace him.
In what year did Charles defeat Exclusion and emerged in a strong position of Tory Anglican Support?
1681
When was the ‘Declaration Touching the Reasons That Moved him Dissolve the Two Last Parliaments’ published, and where was it read from?
April 1681; it was read from every church pulpit.
What did the Oxford Parliament proceed to do after being called?
Voted to introduced another Exclusion Bill on 20 March 1681.
How many prorogations did Charles II use to delay the opening of the Second Exclusion Parliament?
7
When was the First Exclusion Parliament called?
6 March - July 1679
What can all of James II’s actions be seen as a means to achieving?
His religious goal of improving the position of Catholics.
What was the result of Godden v Hales?
James had six judges removed before the trial so that the final judgement went in his favour.
What did the second Test Act do?
Excluded Catholics from Parliament and required people to swear allegiance to the Church of England.
What did Charles II’s lack of legitimate children mean?
That James, his brother, was next in line for the throne.
What was the result of the vote on the Exclusion Bill?
207-128 out of 509 MPs.
When did James II become king?
6 February 1685
What made James II’s position weak?
His open Catholicism.
Who would allegedly support the Popish Plot?
The French, who would invade England, as well as another Irish Rebellion.
What did Charles do in March 1681 that allowed him to dissolve the Oxford Parliament?
He made a secret treaty with King Louis XIV.
How did Charles II try to exploit the ending of the Dutch War in 1678?
Both the French and Dutch tried to secure an alliance with England in the event war broke out again between the French and Dutch, so Charles tried to get money off of them to avoid calling another parliament.
What did James II do to try and strengthen Catholicism in Scotland?
- Proclaimed freedom of private worship for Catholics and Quakers in Scotland via his royal prerogative, but not for Presbyterians.
- He relaxed the penal laws.
What did John Locke start writing around the time of the Exclusion Crisis, and what party did he belong to?
His Two Treatise of Government, arguing for popular sovereignty and the right of resistance; he was a Whig.
What happened to both Argyll’s and Monmouth’s attempts at rebellion against James II?
They both failed, being defeated by James II’s standing army.
Why was James’ appointment of 90 Catholic officers an issue for Parliament?
- The Test Acts had prohibited any Catholics from being appointed army officers unless they had an exempt from parliament (which these 90 did not have).
- It might lead to James having an army that was solely loyal to him.
How did the Earl of Tyrconnell go about reinforcing English Catholic control of Ireland?
He forced Protestants to give up half of their land to Catholics.
When did Charles II’s illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth, launch a rebellion against James II’s rule?
July 1685
What did Charles secure in his secret treaty with King Louis XIV?
- An immediate payment of £40,000.
- £115,000 annually.
When did Charles agree to the limits on a Catholic monarch’s power?
30 April 1679
In the context of Argyll’s and Monmouth’s uprisings, what two things did James’ first parliament do?
- Grant him substantial funds totalling £2 million a year.
- Extended James’ army to 20,000 by December 1685.
Who falsely created the Popish Plot?
Titus Oates
When was the second Test Act?
1678
How did Charles II try to re-establish order during 1679?
- Sent the Duke of Monmouth to the Netherlands.
- Sent the Duke of York to Scotland as the King’s representative.
- Removed opponents such as Shaftsbury from the Privy Council.
- He prorogued the Second Exclusion parliament before it had even met.
How many legitimate children did Charles II have?
None, although he had many illegitimate ones.
When did the Earl of Tyrconnell become James’ Lord Deputy in Ireland?
January 1687
Which party/faction supported the Exclusion Crisis?
The Whigs.
Why did James II dissolve his parliament in 1687?
To prepare to call a new parliament that would repeal the penal laws against Catholics.
Why did James II’s Catholicism undermine his support from the Tories and Political Nation at large?
Because the Tories and PN supported an intolerant Church of England, and would not cooperate with a king who wanted to alter the religious settlement to appease Catholics and dissenters.
What did the Commons do to try and persuade Charles II to agree to an Exclusion Bill, and prevent James from becoming king?
They offered him a grant of £600,000 if he accepted an Exclusion Bill, and said that they would not grant him any more money until Exclusion was granted.
What emerged from the Abhorrence Movement?
It gave rise to Tory ideology, arguing for support of the divine right of kings and the rule of law.
What was the First Exclusion Parliament aiming to do?
Protect people from any arbitrary rule in the event of James becoming King; they were not yet trying to actively exclude him from the throne.
What did Charles II agree to do alongside the second Test Act?
Prosecute the penal laws with more rigour.
When was Titus Oates arrested and why?
1684; for lying about the Popish Plot and accusing the King of being a traitor.
Before did Charles do before calling the First Exclusion Parliament to try and diffuse some tension?
Sent James to Brussels.
How much did James II’s first parliament grant him annually?
£2 million
What did James II do with the result of the Godden v Hales case?
He used it to allow himself to appoint other Catholics to positions of power, appointing four Catholics to the Privy Council in July 1686.
When was the Popish Plot?
1678
What two measures did the Exclusion Parliament take?
- It granted £200,000 to disband Charles II’s standing army.
- Passed the Habeas Corpus Amendment Act.
What anti-Exclusion book was published in 1680?
Robert Filmer’s ‘Patriarcha’, which argued for absolute monarchy.
When was the case of Godden v Hales?
June 1686
How many Exclusionist pamphlets were produced between 1679 and 1681 after the lapsing of the Licensing Act?
200
When was the Licensing Act passed?
1662
What had the Earl of Tyrconnell done by September 1686?
Remodelled the Irish army so that most were Catholic.
Who was the leader of the Whigs in Parliament?
The Earl of Shaftsbury
When was the Duke of Monmouth’s rebellion crushed and Monmouth executed?
July 1685.
When was the Cavalier Parliament dissolved by Charles II?
January 1679
What did James II do after the Scottish Parliament rejected his proposals for toleration for Catholics?
He granted freedom of private worship for Catholics and Quakers in Scotland but not for Presbyterians.
When and why did James appoint four Catholics to the Privy Council?
July 1686; the result of Godden v Hales gave James dispensing powers, allowing him to overrule the limits placed on Catholics under the Test Acts.
Why did Charles dissolve the Oxford Parliament?
Because he has secured money from King Louis XIV through the secret treaty meaning Parliament served no more purpose, and because they were planning on introducing yet another Exclusion Bill.
What did Charles II promise King Louis XIV in return for the money granted in the secret treaty?
Not to call another parliament for three years.
How many signatures did Shaftsbury’s petition gain in London?
16,000
When was the Exclusion Bill passed?
21 May 1679
What were James II’s two main aims upon becoming king?
- Improve the position of Catholics, giving them more power.
- Repeal of the penal laws against Catholics and dissenters.
When was the Second Exclusion Parliament?
21 October 1680 - 18 January 1681 (remember it opened much later than it should have done)
What did James II propose for Catholicism in Scotland in 1686?
Toleration for Catholics in 1686, but the Scottish parliament rejected it.
What happened to the Licensing Act and when?
It lapsed in 1679, allowing more freedom to produce pamphlets.
Who were the opponents of the Exclusion Crisis?
The Tories
What did the Declaration of Indulgence do?
Suspended the penal laws against Catholics and Dissenters, allowing them to worship privately.
How did James avoid agreeing to the second Test Act?
He was granted an exemption by Parliament, which passed by just two votes.
What was the Abhorrence Movement?
It was a response to the radicalism of Shaftsbury’s Exclusion movement.
Who did James II appoint as his lieutenant general in Ireland?
The Catholic Earl of Tyrconnell.
What did Shaftsbury do in response to Charles’ prorogation of parliament?
He and his Whig party organised a petitioning campaign calling for a meeting of Parliament.
When did the Second Exclusion Parliament eventually open?
21 October 168l, a year after it should have opened.
What was the size of James II’s army by December 1685?
20,000
Who was Roger L’Estrange and what did he do?
He was a Royalist, against the Exclusion Crisis, and publisher of Tory pamphlets and the Tory newspaper ‘Observator’ between 1681 and 1687.
When did James II grant freedom of private worship for Catholics and Quakers in Scotland but not for Presbyterians?
February 1687
What did Charles II agree to in order to appease Parliament’s concerns about a Catholic monarch?
- No Church patronage for a Catholic monarch.
- Parliament had the power to make civil, legal, and military appointments.
Why did Charles II call the First Exclusion Parliament just two months after dissolving the Cavalier Parliament?
Because, as ever, he needed money.
When did Charles dissolve the Oxford Parliament?
28 March 1681
What sparked the Exclusion Crisis and when?
The Popish Plot, 1678.
Why did Charles chose Oxford as the place to call parliament?
It was a loyalist area whereas London was pro-Exclusion.
What is the ‘Bloody Assizes’?
The sentencing of 250 of Monmouth’s rebels to death, and the sending of a further 800 to the West Indies as slaves.
When did the Earl of Argyll launch a rebellion in Scotland against James II’s rule?
May 1685
What did the Habeas Corpus Amendment Act do?
Ensured that everyone have to be brought to trial, meaning no one could be imprisoned without trial.
