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Stuarts - final > Chapter 5 (NOT FINAL) > Flashcards

Chapter 5 (NOT FINAL) Flashcards

1
Q

What did James I say in a speech to Parliament in March 1610?

A

‘The state of monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth”

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2
Q

What are the 2 important ‘ancient privileges’ that are part of MPs’ parliamentary privilege?

A
  • Freedom from arrest while Parliament is sitting.

- Freedom of speech.

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3
Q

When was the Buckinghamshire election?

A

1604

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4
Q

What was the issue of the Buckinghamshire election?

A

Francis Goodwin had been elected as MP for Buckinghamshire but the Court of Chancery found him guilty of being an outlaw and so annulled the election victory. John Fortescue was returned in his place but this was seen as royal interference. The Commons subsequently voted to reinstate Goodwin.

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5
Q

What was the outcome of the dispute over the Buckinghamshire election?

A

James’ pragmatism allowed for a compromise and he suggested that both Goodwin and Fortescue should be dismissed and a new election held.

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6
Q

When was Shirley’s case?

A

1604

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7
Q

What was Shirley’s case?

A

MP Thomas Shirley was arrested for debt which upset MPs because it breached their parliamentary privilege. They therefore sent the governor of the Fleet debtors’ prison to the Tower of London until Shirley was released.

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8
Q

Why were MPs concerned about James I’s plan for the unification of England and Scotland, and forming the new kingdom of Great Britain?

A

Because James would be allowed to write the new laws of this new kingdom and potentially give himself much greater power than he already had.

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9
Q

When did James try and unite England and Scotland?

A

1606

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10
Q

When was James’ first parliament?

A

1604-1611

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11
Q

What was the main reason James dissolved his first parliament?

A

The failure to reach a settlement over the Crown’s financial difficulties.

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12
Q

When was James’ second parliament?

A

1614

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13
Q

What was James’ second parliament known as and what does it mean?

A

The Addled Parliament; addled means confused and refers to its ineffectiveness.

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14
Q

How long did the Addled Parliament last?

A

8 weeks

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15
Q

What was James’ debt in 1614?

A

£680,000

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16
Q

What was the Catholic pro-Spanish faction in Parliament called?

A

The Howards

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17
Q

When was James’ third parliament?

A

1621

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18
Q

What suggests that divisions in the 1621 Parliament were not between Crown-Parliament but between different factions?

A

The fact that MPs focused on the abuse of monopolies and Buckingham, Edward Coke, and Lionel Cranfield tried to get Francis Bacon impeached over his use of monopolies to attack other courtiers.

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19
Q

What royal prerogative did James allow Parliament to discuss in 1621 and why?

A

Foreign policy; as a way to frighten the Spanish into agreeing to the Spanish match. James knew MPs would call for war with Spain and the Spanish match would be a way to resolve the hostility and maybe end the Thirty Years War too.

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20
Q

What did the Commons do after James allowed them to discuss foreign policy?

A

They went much further than James had anticipated, and on 3 December 1621 the produced a petition criticising the Spanish match.

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21
Q

What did James do in response to the Commons’ petition on 3 December 1621?

A

He backtracked and said that foreign policy was a royal prerogative and not for the Commons to discuss.

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22
Q

What did the Commons do on 18 December 1621?

A

In response to James backtracking over foreign policy, the Commons issued a protestation declaring their ‘undoubted birthright’ to discuss foreign policy.

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23
Q

What did James do with the Commons’ protestation in 18 December 1621?

A

He ripped the document from the Commons’ Journal and dissolved Parliament.

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24
Q

When was the Madrid Trip?

A

1623

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25
Q

What was the Madrid Trip?

A

Charles and Buckingham travelled to Spain to complete the Spanish match but they received such poor treatment that they returned favouring war with Spain.

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26
Q

What was the outcome of the Madrid Trip?

A
  • The Spanish match failed.
  • Charles and Buckingham favoured war with Spain.
  • Charles married French princess Henrietta Maria, aligning England with France, Spain’s main rival.
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27
Q

When was James’ fourth parliament?

A

1624

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28
Q

What happened when James pushed for a more aggressive anti-Spanish stance in 1624?

A

MPs were reluctant to provide the necessary funds for a more aggressive foreign policy; it is possible James only agreed to a more aggressive stance in order to make MPs see the crippling cost of entering the Thirty Years War.

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29
Q

How much did Charles need to fight the war with Spain?

A

£1 million

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30
Q

What finances did Parliament grant Charles in 1625?

A
  • 2 subsidies totalling £140,000.

- Tonnage and poundage for one year.

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31
Q

When did Buckingham emerge as James’ favourite?

A

1616

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32
Q

What did Charles do the Richard Montagu in 1625?

A

He made him his royal chaplain, a very controversial move since Parliament did not like him on the grounds of his Arminianism.

33
Q

Who was Richard Montagu?

A

An Arminian cleric whom Charles favoured.

34
Q

When was Charles’ first Parliament?

A

1625

35
Q

How long did Charles’ first Parliament last?

A

Just two months; he dissolved it over the lack of money, tonnage and poundage, and criticism of Buckingham and Montagu.

36
Q

When and how did Charles enter the Thirty Years War?

A

He sent the English fleet to capture the Spanish port of Cadiz and the Spanish treasure fleet; they failed entirely.

37
Q

When was the foreign policy failure at Cadiz?

A

1625

38
Q

What was the result of the failure at Cadiz?

A

Charles had hoped to capture the Spanish fleet carrying gold from Spain’s South America colonies, but since this attempt failed Charles was forced to call another Parliament in 1626.

39
Q

What was the main cause of death amongst English troops during the attack on Cadiz?

A

Disease and starvation.

40
Q

Who did Charles provocatively get to preach at the opening of his 1626 Parliament?

A

The Arminian William Laud; he used his sermon to stress obedience to the king, antagonising Parliament.

41
Q

Who did Parliament blame for the failure of Cadiz?

A

Buckingham as he was Lord High Admiral and in charge of the navy.

42
Q

Who did Charles blame for the failure at Cadiz?

A

Parliament because they had failed to provide the necessary funds for a military intervention.

43
Q

What did MPs start doing to Buckingham in the 1626 Parliament?

A

They started impeachment proceedings against him.

44
Q

What did Charles I say to his 1626 Parliament that smacked of absolutism?

A

“as I find the fruits of them good or evil, they are to continue or not to be.”

45
Q

Why did Charles dissolve the 1626 Parliament?

A

To save Buckingham from impeachment.

46
Q

What did Buckingham lead in 1627?

A

He led the attack against the French in defence of the Huguenots at La Rochelle.

47
Q

When was the attack on La Rochelle?

A

1627

48
Q

When was the attack on Cadiz?

A

1625

49
Q

Who were the Huguenots?

A

French Protestants that were persecuted by the French King Louis XIII - Charles decided to go to their aid in 1627.

50
Q

What was Parliament’s reaction to Charles attacking the French Huguenots?

A

It was not welcomed as the Huguenots were Protestant and Charles was aiding the Catholic French king; the reversal of this policy happened in 1627.

51
Q

When did Charles marry Henrietta Maria?

A

1625

52
Q

Why did Buckingham’s assault on La Rochelle after months of laying siege fail?

A

The ladders used for scaling the walls of the stronghold of St Martin were too short.

53
Q

How many soldiers went with Buckingham to La Rochelle?

A

7833

54
Q

How many soldiers returned from La Rochelle?

A

2989

55
Q

Which soldier returned from La Rochelle?

A

John Felton, Buckingham’s assassin.

56
Q

What did the attacks on Cadiz and La Rochelle mean for Charles?

A

He was not at war with both Spain and France and he had no more funds.

57
Q

When was Charles’ third Parliament?

A

1628-29

58
Q

What did Parliament want addressing in return for granting Charles five subsidies?

A
  • He was to stop collecting tonnage and poundage.
  • He was to stop billeting troops in the Southwest.
  • Martial law was to come to an end because this was too absolutist.
59
Q

What is martial law and what were Parliament’s problems with it?

A

It was military law that overrode all other laws and seemed too absolutist to Parliament.

60
Q

When was the Five Knights’ Case?

A

November 1627

61
Q

What was the Five Knights’ Case?

A

Five of the knights imprisoned for refusing to pay the forced loan claimed habeas corpus - no one can be imprisoned without trial. The judgement on the case upheld Charles’ right to imprison them without trial.

62
Q

What is habeas corpus?

A

Freedom from imprisonment without trial.

63
Q

What did Charles do to the result of the Five Knights’ Case?

A

Charles had his Attorney General Sir Robert Heath falsify the legal record to say that Charles had a general right to imprison people without reason.

64
Q

Who was the Attorney General that falsified the record of the Five Knights’ Case?

A

Attorney General Sir Robert Heath.

65
Q

What did Parliament do in response to Charles’ falsifying the record of the Five Knights’ Case?

A

Some wanted to created a Bill of Rights to prevent it from happening again, but decided instead to proceed with the less aggressive Petition of Right.

66
Q

When was the Petition of Right?

A

1628

67
Q

What was the Petition of Right?

A

A response to the concern that Charles could not rule by the unwritten constitution, prompted by his handling of the Five Knights’ Case.

68
Q

What were the 4 main points of the Petition of Right?

A
  • Parliament must consent to taxation.
  • No imprisonment without just cause.
  • Martial law was illegal.
  • Billeting was illegal.
69
Q

When did Charles accept the Petition of Right?

A

7 June 1628

70
Q

Why did Charles accept the Petition of Right despite it limiting his powers?

A
  • He was concerned about further impeachment proceedings against Buckingham.
  • He was desperate for money.
71
Q

What did Charles do on his first response to the Petition of Right?

A

He did not use the proper signature and so not giving the proper royal assent and meaning it did not have the force of law.

72
Q

When and what was the first Remonstrance?

A

June 1628 - it attacked Buckingham’s foreign policy failure.

73
Q

When was the second Remonstrance and what did it criticise?

A

June 1628 - criticised Charles’ continued collection of tonnage and poundage even though it went against the Petition of Right.

74
Q

When was Buckingham assassinated by John Felton?

A

23 August 1628

75
Q

Who had their election victory annulled in the Buckinghamshire election?

A

Francis Goodwin

76
Q

Who replaced Goodwin in the Buckinghamshire election?

A

John Fortescue

77
Q

When was the petition criticising the Spanish match?

A

3 December 1621

78
Q

When did James rip the protestation from the Commons’ journal?

A

18 December 1621

Stuarts - final (22 decks)

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