Chapter 21 Flashcards
What prompted the Political Nation to take action against James II and enact the Glorious Revolution?
The aims and policies of James II, promoting Catholicism above all else.
What did James reissue in July 1688?
His Declaration of Indulgence
When did James II reissue his Declaration of Indulgence?
April 1688
What did James announce would happen to his Declaration of Indulgence?
The Parliament due to assemble in November 1688 would make it law.
After reissuing his Declaration of Indulgence, what did James II order to happen?
He ordered clergy to read it from all Church of England pulpits in May and June 1688.
When did James want his Declaration of Indulgence read from all Church of England pulpits?
May and June 1688.
What did Archbishop William Sancroft and six bishops do in response to being ordered to read the Declaration of Indulgence from Church of England pulpits?
The petitioned James II asking not to be forced to read the Declaration of Indulgence.
What did James II do in response to being petitioned by the Archbishop and six bishops?
He locked them up in the Tower of London and put them on trial.
Who was the Archbishop that petitioned James II against reading the Declaration of Indulgence?
Archbishop William Sancroft
What was the outcome of the trial of Sancroft and the six bishops?
Despite James dismissing judges who were not sympathetic to him, the court still found all 7 of them not guilty, showing that only Parliament could repeal statutes.
What is the Crown’s suspending power?
The power of the monarch to suspend or repeal laws and statutes, and caused concerned when James II tried to use them to suspend the penal laws.
When did Archbishop Sancroft and six bishops petition James II?
May 1688
Who was James II’s wife?
The Catholic Mary of Modena
When was James’ son born?
10 June 1688
Why was the birth of James’ son an issue?
A Catholic line of succession had been established.
If James’ son had not been born, who would most likely be the next monarch?
James’ daughter Mary, married to William of Orange.
Who did William of Orange send to England to get an invitation to invade?
William Henry Zuylestien
Why did William of Orange want to invade England?
It would allow the Dutch to encircle France who were threatening to attack Holland.
When was William of Orange invited to invade England?
30 June 1688
What were the 5 Whigs and 2 Tories that inviting the Dutch invasion known as?
The Immortal Seven
What did William of Orange want to do in England?
He did not want to take the throne. He wanted to intervene in English politics and ensure England supported the Dutch Republic against Louis XIV.
When did William of Orange land in England?
5 November 1688
What was the general attitude of the population towards William’s invasion?
They did not want to get involved, reinforcing the fact that this was a revolution from above not below.
When did James send his wife and son to France?
9 December 1688
When did James leave London, forcing bishops and peers to support William since their king had ‘withdrawn himself’ from kinship?
11 December 1688
When were there anti-Catholic riots in London?
11-13 December 1688
When did James flee to France?
23 December 1688
When did the Assembly of Peers invite William to take over the government of England?
24 December 1688
How many ships did William of Orange send to England?
463 ships, carrying 15,000 men.
When did the Convention Parliament meet?
22 January 1689
What did the Whigs argue for at the Convention Parliament?
That James had forfeited the crown and had ‘broken the fundamental laws of the constitution’.
What did the Tories argue for at the Convention Parliament?
That James was only incapacitated and that William and Mary should only rule as regents.
What is a regent?
A person appointed to administer a state because the monarch is unable to.
When did William warn peers in a secret meeting?
That he would return to Holland unless he was made king.
When was the secret meeting between William and peers?
3 February 1689
What were the conditions the Lords placed on William when they made him king?
- Mary would also be monarch although without any power.
- If Mary died and William remarried, the children from his new marriage would be behind Anne, Mary’s sister, in the line of succession.
What did the Declaration of Rights state?
That Catholics were never to inherit the Crown.
When was William and Mary crowned king and queen of England and Ireland?
11 April 1689
When was the Mutiny Act passed?
March 1689
What did the Mutiny Act do?
Prevented the creation of any standing army without the consent of Parliament.
When was the Toleration Act passed?
May 1689
What did the Toleration Act do?
Exempted dissenters from penal laws if they took an oath of allegiance.
When was the Bill of Rights passed?
January 1690
What was the Bill of Rights?
A watered-down version of the Declaration of Rights.
What did the new coronation oath that William and Mary swore to include?
That they would rule “according to the statutes in Parliament agreed on”.
What did the new coronation oath show?
That the monarchs were beneath, not above, the rule of law.
What was the size of the financial settlement agreed for William and Mary?
£1.2 million a year.
When was the financial settlement for the Crown agreed?
20 March 1690
When was the Million Loan Act passed?
1693
When was the Bank of England established?
1694
What did the Million Loan Act and the Bank of England give the Political Nation?
Secured financial and political control of the monarch and government.
When did William and Mary accepted the Scottish throne?
11 May 1689
What religious agreement did William make in Scotland when he took the crown?
To abolish bishops.
What did William allow the Scots to do regarding religion?
He allowed for Presbyterian Church government.
What was Ireland the centre of after William and Mary became monarchs?
The Jacobite resistance.
What had Tyrconnell done in Ireland?
Established Catholic control of the country apart from Ulster.
When was the Battle of the Boyne?
1 July 1690
What was the Battle of the Boyne?
The battle between William and James II who tried to re-claim the throne.
What was the result of the Battle of the Boyne?
James II lost and fled to France where he died in exile in 1701.
When did James II land in Ireland with 3000 soldiers?
March 1689
What did James II after landing in Ireland with his army?
He convened a parliament in Dublin.
When did James II convene a parliament in Dublin?
May 1689
What was the aim of James II’s Declaration of Indulgence?
Establish freedom of religion.
