Chapter 79: Pharmacogenomics Flashcards

1
Q

For a recessive allele to produce a recessive phenotype, the individual must have ___ copies

A

2

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2
Q

Specific sequence of nucleotides that code for a single protein

A

gene

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3
Q

What is the most commonly occurring allele

A

Wild-type

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4
Q

Two identical alleles make up a ____ genotype

A

homozygous

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5
Q

Two different alleles make up a ____ genotype

A

heterozygous

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6
Q

The set of unique genes that determine a specific trait in an individual

A

Genotype

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7
Q

An observable trait of the genotype, such as hair color, or an inherited trait that is not outwardly visible, such as sickle cell disease

A

Phenotype

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8
Q

A change in a single nucleotide in a genetic sequence

A

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

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9
Q

The most common genetic alteration in DNA

A

SNPs

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10
Q

What is responsible for the majority of individual variability in response to a drug

A

SNP

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11
Q

Which type of drug metabolizer has fewer functional enzymes to metabolize a drug substrate

A

Poor metabolizers

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12
Q

Which type of drug metabolizer has more functional enzymes to metabolize a drug substrate

A

Ultra-rapid metabolizers

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13
Q

Abacavir + abacavir containing combo drugs (Triumeq, Epzicom) requires testing for which HLA gene

A

HLA-B*5701

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14
Q

Allopurinol (Zyloprim, Aloprim) requires testing for which HLA gene

A

HLA-B*5801

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15
Q

-Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
-Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal)
-Phenytoin (Dilantin)
-Fosphenytoin (Cerebyx)
require testing for which HLA gene

A

HLA-B*1502

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16
Q

Patients who test positive for HLA-B*5701 with Abacavir + abacavir containing combo drugs (Triumeq, Epzicom) are at increased risk of

A

fatal hypersensitivity reaction

17
Q

Patients who test positive for HLA-B*5801 with allopurinol are at increased risk of

A

SJS

18
Q

Patients who test positive for HLA-B*1502 with AEDs are at increased risk of

A

SJS and TEN

19
Q

Which ethnic group must be tested prior to starting carbamazepine

A

Asians

20
Q

Which CYP enzyme should be tested prior to Plavix therapy

A

CYP2C19

prodrug

21
Q

Patients with which star allele(s) are poor metabolizers of Plavix and have increased CV events

A

*2 and *3

22
Q

Which CYP enzyme should be tested prior to Codeine therapy

A

CYP2D6

prodrug

23
Q

Which patients will be at increased risk of opioid overdose with codeine therapy

A

Ultra-rapid metabolizers (due to extensive conversion to morphine)

24
Q

What should be tested prior to warfarin therapy

A

CYP2C9*2 and *3
VKORC1

25
Q

Patients on warfarin therapy and have CYP2C9*2 and *3 alleles or VCORC1 G>A variant are at increased risk of

A

bleeding

26
Q

What should be done if a patient on warfarin has CYP2C9*2 and *3 alleles or VCORC1 G>A variant

A

Start with a lower dose

27
Q

What should be tested prior to trastuzumab (Herceptin) therapy

A

HER2 gene expression

need HER2 expression for trastuzumab to work

28
Q

What should be tested prior to Cetuximab (Erbitux) therapy

A

KRAS mutation

29
Q

If a patient is positive for the KRAS mutation, what should be done with cetuximab

A

It should not be used. Only patients who are KRAS-mutation negative (wild-type) should receive the medication

30
Q

What should be tested prior to azathioprine therapy

A

TPMT

31
Q

Low or absent TPMT activity with azathioprine therapy increases the risk of

A

severe, life threatening myelosuppression

32
Q

What should be tested for with capecitabine/5-FU?

A

DPD deficiency

33
Q

Patients using capecitabine (Xeloda) or fluorouracil and have DPD deficiency are at increased risk of

A

severe toxicity (diarrhea, neutropenia, neurotoxicity)

34
Q

Key drugs where testing is required or strongly recommended

A
  • Abacavir and any combination products containing abacavir
  • Azathioprine
  • Carbamazepine
  • Cetuximab and other EGFR inhibitors
  • Trastuzumab and other HER2 inhibitors
35
Q

Avoid the drug when these pharmacogenomic tests are POSITIVE

A
  • HLA-B testing (increased risk of hypersensitivity)
  • KRAS mutation (predicts poor response)