Chapter 66: ADHD Flashcards

1
Q

The primary treatment for ADHD is stimulant medications because they raise ____ and ____ levels

A

Dopamine and NE

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2
Q

First-line treatment for pre-school aged children (age 4-5 years)

A

Parent training in behavior management and/or behavioral classroom intervention

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3
Q

ADHD medications are considered first-line in patients ≥ __ years old

A

6

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4
Q

DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for inattention

A

≥6 symptoms of inattention for children up to age 16, OR 5+ symptoms for ages 17 and older. Symptoms must have been present for at least 6 months

Fails to pay attention, trouble holding attention, does not pay attention when someone is talking, does not follow through on instructions, fails to finish schoolwork, has difficulty organizing tasks, avoids or dislikes tasks which require mental effort, loses things, is easily distracted, is forgetful

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5
Q

DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for hyperactivity and impulsivity

A

6+ symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity for children up to age 16, OR 5+ symptoms for ages 17 and older. Symptoms must have been present for at least 6 months

Often fidgets or squirms, leaves seat unexpectedly, runs about when not appropriate, unable to play quietly, is “on the go” as if “driven by a motor,” talks excessively, blurts out answers, has trouble waiting his/her turn and interrupts or intrudes on others

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6
Q

Which conditions must be met in order to be diagnosed with ADHD

A
  • several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were present before the age of 12
  • symptoms must have been present in 2 or more settings (e.g., at home, school, work, with friends or relatives, babysitters)
  • symptoms interfere with functioning, and are not caused by another disorder
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7
Q

Which natural product is used for a variety of psych conditions and have shown to modestly improve cognitive function and behavior in children with ADHD

A

Fish oils

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8
Q

What natural product can be taken to help with sleep onset in individuals taking stimulants

A

Melatonin

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9
Q

What formulation of stimulants are preferred for children who would otherwise need a dose during the day at school

A

Long-acting

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10
Q

A child or person who cannot swallow capsules or tablets can use these long-acting stimulant formuations:

A
Capsules - to sprinkle
Chewable tablet
ODT
Patch
Suspension
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11
Q

Which stimulant capsules can be opened and sprinkled on a small amount of applesauce

A

Adderall XR, Ritalin LA

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12
Q

Which stimulant medication can be opened and mixed in water, orange juice or yogurt

A

Vyvanse capsule

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13
Q

T/F: you can warm the food when sprinkling capsule contents, but you must take it right away

A

False - do NOT warm the food

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14
Q

Which medication can be used first line when prescribers are concerned about the possibility of abuse by the patient or family

A

Atomoxetine (Strattera)

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15
Q

Which non-stimulant medication can be tried when stimulants do not work well enough after a trial of 2-3 medications

A

Atomoxetine (Strattera)

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16
Q

Which medications can be taken to help sleep while taking stimulants

A

Clonidine IR (Catapres), diphenhydramine (OTC, 25-50 mg), melatonin (OTC, 2-5 mg)

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17
Q

non-stimulants that can be used alone or added onto stimulants

A

guanfacine ER (intuniv), clonidine ER (Kapvay)

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18
Q

Which symptoms of abuse should be assessed prior to and monitored during stimulant use

A

dilated pupils, increased HR and BP, sweating, tremor, anxiety

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19
Q

CI: Do not use stimulants within ___ days of ____

A

14 days of MAOi

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20
Q

What causes the increased HR and BP in patients taking stimulants

A

Increased levels of DA and NE. Assess for cardiac disease at baseline

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21
Q

What other vascular problems can occur when taking stimulants

A

Priapism and Raynaud’s disease

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22
Q

T/F: stimulants do not typically lower seizure threshold

A

False - they can lower the seizure threshold which increases the risk of seizures

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23
Q

T/F: stimulants can cause serotonin syndrome when used with other serotonergic drugs

A

True

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24
Q

T/F: loss of appetite is common with stimulants and can contribute to a decrease in growth trajectory of the child

A

True

25
Q

MOA of stimulants

A

Block the reuptake of NE and DA

26
Q

Stimulant doses can be titrated up every ___ days to reduce adverse events

A

every 7 days, prn

27
Q

T/F: stimulants do not need to be tapered off when used as directed

A

True

28
Q

Brand name for methylphenidate IR tablet

A

Ritalin

29
Q

Dose for methylphenidate IR tablet

A

5 mg BID 30 min before breakfast and lunch

30
Q

Brand name for methylphenidate ER tablet

A

Concerta (OROS delivery)

31
Q

Dose for methylphenidate ER tablet

A

18-36 mg QAM

32
Q

Brand name for methylphenidate ER capsule

A

Ritalin LA, Jornay PM (given qPM)

33
Q

Brand name for methylphenidate TD patch

A

Daytrana

34
Q

Side effects of stimulants

A

Insomnia, decreased appetite/weight loss, HA, irritability, N/V, blurry vision, dry mouth

35
Q

Monitoring for stimulants

A

Consider ECG prior to treatment; BP and HR, height and weight (in children)

36
Q

Counseling points for Concerta OROS delivery

A

the outer coat dissolves fast to give immediate action, and the rest is released slowly. Can see a ghost tablet in the stool; harder to crush which decreases abuse potential

concerta = methylphenidate ER tablet

37
Q

When should Daytrana be applied for desired effect & when should it be removed

A

2 hours before desired effect and remove 9 hours after

38
Q

Where should Daytrana patch be placed?

A

Hips; alternate daily

39
Q

____ is the active isomer of methylphenidate

A

dexmethylphenidate

40
Q

Brand name for dextroamphetamine/amphetamine IR tablet

A

Adderall

41
Q

Brand name for dextroamphetamine/amphetamine ER capsules

A

Adderall XR

42
Q

What formulations does lisdexamfetamine come in

A

capsule and chewable tablet

43
Q

Brand name for lisdexamfetamine

A

Vyvanse

44
Q

T/F: lisdexamfetamine has a similar abuse potential to other stimulants

A

False - low abuse potential

if injected or snorted, fast effect is muted

45
Q

Boxed warning for amphetamines

A

misuse can cause sudden death and serious CV events

46
Q

Drug class of atomoxetine

A

SNRI

47
Q

Brand name of atomoxetine

A

Strattera

48
Q

Atomoxetine boxed warning

A

risk of suicide ideation

49
Q

Atomoxetine contraindication

A

MAOi use within the past 14 days

50
Q

Atomoxetine side effects

A

decreased appetite, insomnia, somnolence, dry mouth, HTN, tachycardia

51
Q

T/F: you can open the capsule for atomoxetine

A

False - capsules contain an occular irritant

52
Q

Brand name for clonidine ER tablet

A

Kapvay

53
Q

Brand name for clonidine IR tablet (used for hypertension)

A

Catapres

54
Q

Brand name for guanfacine ER tablet

A

Intuniv

55
Q

When is clonidine dosed for ADHD

A

QHS

56
Q

How is guanfacine dosed

A

daily then increased slowly weekly

57
Q

Why should central alpha-2A Adrenergic agonists like guanfacine and clonidine not be d/c abruptly

A

can cause rebound hypertension

decrease dose every 3-7 days

58
Q

Warnings for central alpha-2A Adrenergic agonists like guanfacine and clonidine

A

dose-dependent CV effects, sedation and drowsiness
do NOT abruptly d/c due to rebound HTN

59
Q

What should be done to guanfacine dose if used with strong CYP3A4 inducers?
how about inhibitors?

A

Double the dose
decrease dose by 50% if inhibitor