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NAPLEX 2023 > Chapter 38: Common Conditions of the Eyes and Ears > Flashcards

Chapter 38: Common Conditions of the Eyes and Ears Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Ear drops can be used in the eye, but eye drops cannot be used in the ear

A

FALSE - eye drops can be used in the ear, but ear drops cannot be used in the eye
(remember the eye is more sensitive than the ear, so eye products ONLY goes in the eye)

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2
Q

AD

A 
Right ear
(A = auris, D = dextra)
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3
Q

AS

A 
Left ear
(A = auris, S = sinistra)
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4
Q

AU

A

Each ear

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5
Q

OD

A 
Right eye
(O = oculus, D = dextra)
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6
Q

OS

A 
Left eye
(O = oculus, S = sinistra)
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7
Q

OU

A

Each eye

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8
Q

For a eye/ear solution, 1 drop = __ mL

A

0.05 (so, there are 20 drops per mL)

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9
Q

Eye ointments can make vision

A

blurry

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10
Q

For eye gels, what should the patient be counseled to do

A

Invert and shake ONCE to get the medication into the tip before instilling into the eye

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11
Q

Glaucoma is a disease of the eye that results in damage to the ____ and loss of ____

A

optic nerve
loss of the visual field (i.e., the vision straight ahead and peripheral vision)

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12
Q

In most cases, IOP is ____ (increased or decreased) in glaucoma

A

Increased

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13
Q

Which type of glaucoma is a sharp, sudden increase in IOP due to blockage & is a medical emergency that is treated surgically

A

Closed-angle glaucoma

luckily, open-angled is more common

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14
Q

Which key drugs can increase IOP

A
  • Anticholinergics (e.g., oxybutinin, tolterodine, benztropine, trihexyphenidyl, TCAs, antihistamines, scopolamine)
  • decongestants (pseudoephedrine)
  • Chronic steroids, especially eye drops such as prednisolone (Pred Forte)
  • Topiramate (Topamax)
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15
Q

Glaucoma treatment goal is to decrease IOP in 2 ways, which include:

A
  • Reduce aqueous humor production (make less fluid) by using BB like timolol
  • Increase aqueous humor outflow (move fluid out) using PG analogs like latanoprost
  • Or do both with add-on treatment such as alpha-2 agonists like brimonidine
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16
Q

What are the most effective drugs at decreasing IOP

A

PG analogs (safe and used once daily)

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17
Q

When is a BB preferred in glaucoma

A

if the pressure is high in one eye only

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18
Q

Bimatoprost brand name

A

Lumigan

also Latisse to increase eyelash growth; should not be used with PG analogs indicated for glaucoma

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19
Q

Latanoprost brand name

A

Xalatan, Xelpros

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20
Q

PG analogs MOA (glaucoma)

A

increase aqueous humor OUTFLOW

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21
Q

Travoprost brand name

A

Travatan Z

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22
Q

How are PG analogs for glaucoma dosed

A

1 drop QHS

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23
Q

PG analogs warnings (glaucoma)

A

darken the iris and eyelashes, eyelash length and number can increase

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24
Q

PG analogs SE (glaucoma)

A

blurred vision, stinging, increased pigmentation of the iris/eyelashes, growth of eyelashes

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25
Which PG analogs should be refrigerated before opening and once opened, stored at room temp (glaucoma)
Latanoprost, latanoprostene bunod and tafluprost
26
Timolol 0.25% and 0.5% brand names
Timoptic, Timoptic-XE, Istalol
27
Timolol 0.25% and 0.5% + dorzolamide brand name
Cosopt, Cosopt PF
28
How is timolol dosed
drops: 1 drop daily or BID gels: daily
29
If using an eye gel, how long should a patient wait before administering the gel if they already used another eye drop
10 minutes
30
BB SE for glaucoma
Burning, stinging, bradycardia/fatigue, bronchospasm with non-selective agents
31
All BB used in glaucoma are non-selective except
betaxolol (less likely to cause pulmonary SE in patients with chronic lung disease) | so timolol, carteolol, and levobunolol are non selective
32
BB MOA for glaucoma
Reduce (block) aqueous humor production
33
Cholinergics (miotics) can cause what side effect
pupil constriction
34
Dorzolamide + timolol (Cosopt) warning
Sulfonamide allergy | remember: -zolamide, caution with sulfonamide allergy
35
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors MOA in glaucoma
reduce aqueous humor production
36
adrenergic alpha-2 agonists MOA in glaucoma
increase aqueous humor outflow, reduce aqueous humor production
37
Conjunctivitis can be due to
virus, bacteria or allergen
38
Which virus most commonly causes conjunctivitis
Adenovirus
39
conjunctivitis occurs mostly in ____ ____ and are highly ____
young children contagious | stay home from school
40
What is the treatment for viral conjunctivitis
No topical treatment
41
Which bacteria most commonly cause conjunctivitis
Staph aureus More severe cases caused by Neisseia gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia
42
Treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis
``` Moxifoxacin (Vigamox) Neomycin/Polymyxin B/Dexamethasone (Maxitrol) Ofloxacin (Ocuflox) Trimethoprim/Polymyxin B (Polytrim) Azithromycin (AzaSite) ```
43
Moxifloxacin brand name for bacterial conjunctivitis
Vigamox
44
Neomycin/Polymyxin B/dexamethasone brand name from bacterial conjunctivitis
Maxitrol
45
Trimethoprim/Polymyxin B brand name from bacterial conjunctivitis
Polytrim
46
Ofloxacin brand name from bacterial conjunctivitis
Ocuflox
47
Azithromycin for bacterial conjunctivitis storage & stability
store in refrigerator and stable for 14 days at RT
48
Treatment for allergen-induced conjunctivitis
- Mast cell stabilizers - cromolyn, lodoxamide, nedocromil - Antihistamines - Azelastine, olopatadine (Pataday) - Antihistamine/mast cell stabilizer - Ketotifen (Alaway, Zatidor)
49
Treatment for blepharitis
(eyelid inflammation) Apply warm compress over eye for a few min then use a warm, moist washcloth to wipe away debris
50
Which meds can be used to treat eye inflammation
- Steroid eye drops (severe): Prednisolone (Pred Forte, Pred Mild) - use **short-term d/t risk of ↑ IOP** - NSAIDs (mild): ketorolac (Acular)
51
Which meds can be used for eye dryness
Refresh, Systane | often referred to as Artificial Tears
52
Which med can be used for chronic dry eye syndrome
Cyclosporine Emulsion Eye Drops (Restasis)
53
Which med can be used for eye redness
- Naphazoline (Clear Eyes Redness Relief) - Nephazoline/pheniramine (Naphcon A, Visine A) - Tetrahydrozoline (Visine)
54
Prednisolone eye drops brand name
Pred Forte, Pred Mild
55
ketorolac eye drops brand name
Acular
56
cyclosporine emulsion eye drops brand name
Restasis
57
Naphazoline eye drops brand name
Clear Eyes Redness Relief
58
Naphazoline/Pheniramine eye drops brand name
Naphcon A, Visine A
59
Tetrahydrozoline eye drops brand name
Visine
60
What is the most common preservative in eye drops
benzalkonium chloride (BAK)
61
What should a patient do if they are using an eye drop with BAK and wear contact lenses
Remove the lenses before using eye drops and wait 15 min after administration before reinserting
62
Common drugs that cause retinal changes/retinopathy
Chloroquine & hydroxychloroquine
63
Common drugs that cause optic neuropathy
Amiodarone (plus corneal deposits) Ethambutol Linezolid
64
Common drugs that cause intra-operative floppy iris syndrome, which causes difficulty in cataract surgery
Alpha-blockers (e.g., doxazosin, tamsulosin)
65
Common drugs that cause color discrimination
Digoxin (with toxicity) - yellow/green vision PDE5-i - greenish tinge around objects Voriconazole - color vision changes
66
Common drugs that cause vision loss/abnormal vision
Digoxin (with toxicity) - blurriness, halos PDE5-i - vision loss in 1 or both eyes Isotretinoin - ↓ night vision, dry eyes Topiramate - visual field defects Vigabatrin - permanent vision loss (high risk) Voriconazole - abnormal vision, photophobia
67
Treatment for otitis externa
Cipro and dexamethasone (Ciprodex)
68
Ppx for cerumen blockage
carbamide peroxide (Debrox), triethanolamine
69
How long should a patient wait to insert another drop of the same eye medication
5 minutes
70
How long should a patient wait to insert a drop of a different eye medication
5-10 min

NAPLEX 2023 (88 decks)

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