Chapter 7; Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood Flashcards
middle and late childhood years are approximately […] years of age to […] or […] years of age
6
10
11
during the middle and late childhood years, what of children’s bodies change and grow
- grow taller
- heavier
- stronger
- become more adept at using their physical skills
Do disabilities emerge during middle and late childhood years
Yes.
may need special attention and intervention
what happens to the children’s cognitive abilities during middle and late childhood
increase dramatically
In middle and late childhood (6-10,11) the cognitive abilities that develop are that the command of grammar becomes […], they learn to […], and they may acquire a second […]
proficient
read
language
what is the key aspect to making sure middle and late childhood is developed into a healthy lifestyle of healthy growth and development
regular exercise and good nutrition
Continued […] and change in […] characterizes children’s bodies during middle and late childhood
growth
proportions
what is the pace of growth during the period of middle and late childhood
slow, consistent growth
what is the pace of growth during adolescence
sudden rapid growth spurt
during the elementary school years how many inches does a child averagely grow a year
2 to 3 inches
what is the average height for a boy at the age of 11
4 feet 9 inches tall
what is the average height for a girl at the age of 11
4 feet 10 1/4 inches tall
how many pounds a year do children gain during their middle and late childhood
5 to 7 pounds
why do children gain 5 to 7 pounds a year
mainly due to increase in
skeletal
muscular systems
size of some body organs
what is among the most pronounced physical changes in middle and late childhood
proportional changes
what of children in middle and late childhood proportions decrease in relation to body height
head and waist circumference
what is a less noticeable physical change during middle and late childhood
bones continue to ossify
means;
laying down new bone material by cells named osteoblasts
however;
still yield to pressure and pull more than do mature bones
during middle and late childhood what of the child increases as another thing decreases
muscle mass + strength gradually increase
baby fat decreases
because of their great number of […] cells, boys are usually […] than girls
muscle cells
stronger
what happens to the total brain volume by the end of late childhood
stabilizes
Where do significant changes occur in the brain
in various structures and regions of the brain
as children develop, […] in some brain areas increase while it decreases in other areas
- activation
what is the types of shift in activation that occurs as children continue to develop some brain areas
from diffuse, larger areas to more focal, smaller areas
in the shift of activation that happens from some brain areas developing, it is characterized by?
synaptic pruning
meaning;
areas of the brain not being used lose synaptic connections and those areas being used show increased connections
from ages 7 to 30 what have researchers found less and more of in the prefrontal cortex
- less diffusion
- more focal activation
due to;
increased efficiency in cognitive performance especially in cognitive control
what area of the brain is said to orchestrate the functions of many other brain regions during development
prefrontal cortex
motor vehicle accidents are the most common cause of […] injury
Severe
what between brain regions increases as children develop
connectivity
what happens to children’s motor skills during middle and late childhood
become much smoother and more coordinated than they were in early childhood
which gender outperforms the other in gross motor skills that involve large muscle activity
boys usually outperform girls
an increase of what in the central nervous system reflects improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood
myelination
by the age of seven, children’s hands have become…
steadier
at 8 to 10 years of age, they can use their […] independently with more ease and precision
hands
at 10 to 12 years of age, children begin to show […] skills similar to the abilities of adults
manipulative
which gender outperforms the other when using fine motor skills
girls usually outperform boys
does increasing the children’s exercise levels have negative or positive outcomes
positive
what are american children and adolescents not getting enough of
excersice
how many minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity daily was associated with a lower incidence of obesity
55 minutes or more
what type of exercise benefits children’s attention, memory, effortful, and goal-directed thinking and behavior, creativity, and academic success + lower incidence of obesity
aerobic
who plays an important role in determining children’s exercise levels
parents and schools
growing up with parents who exercise regularly provides what type of models of exercise for children
positive
some of the ways children spend their time can have [….,…]
negative consequences
the total amount of time that children and adolescents spend in front of a television or computer screen daily places them at risk for
reduced activity and being overweight
what has excessive screen time been linked to
- lower levels of physical activity,
- increased rates of obesity
- worse sleep patterns
- lower brain and cognitive functioning
What has been found in children’s of ages 8 to 12 who have large amounts of screen time be associated with
- lower connectivity between brain regions
- lower levels of language skills
- lower levels of cognitive control
time spent reading link to higher levels of functioning in which are
- connectivity between brain regions
- levels of language skills
- levels of cognitive control
during what times is disease and death less prevalent than during other periods in childhood and in adolescence
middle and late childhood
still many children face health problems that threaten their development
over the last three decades, has the percentage of U.S. children who are at risk for being overweight increased or decreased
increased dramatically
in 2013-2014 from what percentage did 2 to 5 year old’s who are obese go from
12.1 to 9.4 percent
in 2013-2014from what percentage did 6 to 11 year olds of US children as obese go from
17.4 percent to unchanged from 2009-2010
in what country is more children becoming overweight in
Chinese with general and abdominal obesity
what contexts are related to being overweight
heredity and environmental
what are environmental factors that influence whether children become overweight
- availability of food (esp. high in fat content)
- energy saving devices
- declining context in which a child eats
- heavy screen time
what are heredity factors that influence whether children become overweight
scenario; overweight parents tend to have overweight children
(passed on)
what family pattern was linked to the highest rates of overweight/obesity in children
combination of irregular mealtimes + lot screen time for both parents
children who attended schools in states that had a strong policy emphasis on healthy foods and beverages were less likely to be
obese or overweight
what did parental weight change predict
children’s weight change
what are risks of being overweight
- diabetes
- hypertension (high blood pressure)
- elevated blood cholesterol levels
what personal feelings has obesity been linked with in children
low self esteem
a combination of what is recommended to help children lose weight
- diet
- exercise
- behavior modification
what do intervention programs emphasize parents to do for weight reduction in overweight and obese children
- engage in healthier lifestyles
- offer their children healthier food choices
- persuade them to exercise more
child life specialists are among the health professional who strive to reduce […] in children who have health issues
stress
McLepd says that […] and […] provides the foundation for her profession as a child life specialist
- human growth
- development
what is the percentage of all children in the united states that receive special education or related services in 2012-2013
12.9 percent
from 3 to 21 years of age
what is the order of percentage of all children in public schools with disabilities
- learning disabilities 4.6%
- speech or hearing impairments 2.7%
- autism 1.0%
- intellectual disabilities 0.9%
- emotional disturbance 0.7%
what is the percentage of all children in public schools with learning disabilities
4.6
what is the percentage of all children in public schools with speech or hearing impairments
2.7
what is the percentage of all children in public schools with autism
1.0
what is the percentage of all children in public schools with intellectual disabilities
0.9
what is the percentage of all children in public schools with emotional disturbance
0.7
what is a learning disability
difficulty in learning that involves understanding or using spoken or written language, and the difficulty can appear in listening, thinking, reading, writing, and spelling
higher level of physical activity is linked to lower level of metabolic disease risk based on the following measures
- cholesterol
- waist circumference
- insulin levels
a learning disability also may involve difficulty in doing […]
mathematics
what disabilities are needed to be classified as a learning disability
not primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities; intellectual disability, emotional disorders,; or environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage
about how many times are boys than girls to be classified as having a learning disability
three times as many
learning disabilities ;
[…] biological vulnerability among boys and […] bias
- greater
- referral
approximately […] percent of children with a […] disability have a […] problem
- 80
- learning
- reading
what is dyslexia
individuals who have a severe impairment in their ability to read and spell
what is dysgraphia
learning disability that involves difficulty in handwriting
-may write slowly
- writing products may be virtually illegible
- numerous spelling errors b/c inability to match up sounds and letters
what is dyscalculia
developmental arithmetic disorder
- learning disability that involves difficulty in math computation
when children with learning disabilities is intervened the focus is put on improving […] ability
Reading
what is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
consistently show one or more of these characteristics over a period of time:
1. inattention
2. hyperactivity
3. impulsivity
children who are inattentive have difficulty focusing on any […] thing
One
children who are hyperactive show…
high levels of physical activity, seeming to be almost constantly in motion
children who are impulsive..
they do not do a good job of thinking before they act
what are the three diagnosis of ADHD
- ADHD with predominantly inattention
- ADHD with predominantly hyperactivity/impulsivity
- ADHD with both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity
what is the percentage of 4 to 17 year old children increasing with ADHD
9.5 to 11 percent
what is the percentage of US boys have been diagnosed with ADHD
13.2 %
what is the percentage of US girls that have been diagnosed with ADHD
5.6
how many times more is the ADHD disorder diagnosed in boys than in girls
four to nine time more often
what type of development is difficult for children who have ADHD
adjustment and optimal development
children who are diagnosed with ADHD have an increased…
- lower academic achievement
- problematic peer relations
- school dropout
- adolescent pregnancy
- substance use problems
- antisocial behavior
what areas was childhood ADHD associated in underachievement for in the long term
underachievement in math and reading
girls with ADHD have more problems with
- friendship
- peer interaction
- social skills
- peer victimization
what was ADHD in childhood linked to
- failure to complete high school
- other mental and substance use disorders
- criminal activity
- unemployment
at what ages were individuals with ADHD more likely to become parents at
12 to 16 years of age
since definitive causes of ADHD have not been found what are a number of causes have been proposed
- inherit tendency to develop ADHD from parents
- damage to brain during prenatal or postnatal development
- cigarette and alcohol exposure
- high level of maternal stress + depression during prenatal development
- Low birth weight
Does cortical thickness in middle and late childhood increase or decrease
increases
peak thickness of the cerebral cortex occurred how much later in ADHD children than in children without ADHD
10.5 years than 7.5
where is the delay of the cerebral cortex more prominent
prefrontal regions of the brain
- important in attention and planning
brains frontal lobes;
likely due to delayed or decreased myelination
what are the prefrontal regions and frontal lobes areas linked to
executive function
what type of executive function tasks do ADHD children have difficulty doing
- behavioral inhibition when necessary
- use of working memory
- effective planning
what deficits have researches found in children with ADHD
theory of mind in children
what medication is effective in improving the attention of many children with ADHD
(doesn’t improve their attention to the same level as in normal children)
Ritalin
Adderall (fewer side effects)
are stimulant medications long term
no, effective during short term but long term effectivity not clear
what combination improves the behavior of children with ADHD
Ritalin (medication) + behavior management
does the combination of Ritalin (medication) + behavior management always work
not in all cases
what are the three types of training exercises that might reduce ADHD symptoms
- neurofeedback
- mindfulness
- physical exercise
what is neurofeedback, the training exercise that might reduce ADHD symptoms
- trains individuals to become more aware of their psychological responses so they can attain better control over their brains prefrontal cortex, where executive control primarily occurs
improve attention
what does mindfulness training, the training exercise that might reduce ADHD symptoms do ?
decrease ADHD symptoms in children, improve attention
what does physical exercise, the training exercise that might reduce ADHD symptoms do
effective in reducing cognitive symptoms of ADHD in individuals 3 to 25 years of age
what is a type of physical exercise, the training exercise that might reduce ADHD, are
- short term aerobic
- reduces inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity
mindfulness is being […], mentally […], and cognitively […]
alert,
present,
flexible
are non drug therapies (neurofeedback, mindfulness training, exercise) as effective as stimulant drugs or benefit as add ons to stimulant drugs
not yet been determined
ciritical thinking is thinking […] and […], and evaluating […]
reflectively
reproductively
evidence
what is autism spectrum disorders (ASD) also called
also called pervasive developmental disorders
Autism spectrum disorders…
range from the more severe disorder called autistic disorder to milder disorder called Asperger syndrome
what are autism spectrum disorders characterized by
- social interaction problems
- verbal and nonverbal problems
- repetitive behaviors
side note; - may also show atypical responses to sensory experiences
at what ages can autism spectrum disorders be detected in children
young as 1 to 3 years of age
how many more times were autism spectrum disorders identified in boys than in girls
five
what have recent estimates of autism spectrum disorders indicated
dramatically increasing in occurrence or are increasingly being detected
autism is usually identified during [..] or […] childhood rather than during […]
- middle
- late
- infancy
a minority of parents reported the their Childs autism spectrum disorder was identified how many years of age
prior 3 years
how many years of age were one third to one half of the ADHD cases identified
after 6 years of age
what is autistic disorder
severe developmental autism spectrum disorder
has its onset during the first three years of life
includes deficiencies in social relationships; abnormalities in communication; and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior
what is Asperger syndrome
- relatively mild
- child has relatively good verbal language skills, milder nonverbal language problems,
-restricted range of interest and relationships
children with Asperger syndrome often engage in
- obsessive repetitive routines
- preoccupation with a particular subject
[true/false] children with autism don’t have deficits in cognitive processing of information
false, they do have deficits
what was the executive function most strongly associated with autism spectrum disorders by knowing it’s a lower level of
lower level of working memory
is intellectual disability present in all children with autism
no, others show average or above-average intelligence
do children with ADHD disorders show atypical responses to sensory experiences
yes
what is the correct consensus about autism
is brain dysfunction characterized by abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitters
+ lack of connectivity between brain regions + genetic factors (no evidence about family socialization causing autism )
what do children with autism benefit from learning at school
- well structured classroom
- individualized teaching
- small group instruction
until what year did most public schools either refuse enrollment to children with disabilities or inadequately served them
1970s
in 1975 what law was put into place the Education for All Handicapped Children Act
Public Law 94-142;
required that all students with disabilities be given a free, appropriate public education
what was the law Education for All Handicapped Children Act renamed to in 1990
recasted as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
when was IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) amended
1997
reauthorized in 2004
renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act
what is the purpose of IDEA
to spell out broad mandates for providing educational services to children with disabilities of all kinds
what are IDEA services
- evaluation and eligibility determination
- appropriate education
- individualized education plan (IEP)
- education in the least restrictive environment (LRE)
what is individualized education plan (IEP)
written statement that spells out a program that is specifically tailored for a student with a disability
what is least restrictive environment (LRE)
a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated
inclusion describes educating a child with special educational needs full-time in the […] classroom
Regular
in 2014, what percentage of US students with a disability spent in the general classroom
+ 80 percent
1990 - only 33 %
what does James Kauffman and his colleagues advocate for when regarding special need children getting services
a more individualized approach that does not necessarily involve full inclusion but allows options such as special education outside the regular classroom with train professionals and adapted curriculum
what does James Kauffman believe about students with disabilities
they are different from typical students
at what period of expansive imagination are children more ready to learn than in other periods
end of early childhood
according to Piaget (1952) the preschool child’s thought is […]
pre operational
according to Piaget the children can form…
stable concepts, begin to reason, thinking is flawed by egocentrism and magical belief systems
what may Piaget have underestimated of preschool children
the cognitive skills
what have researchers argued about Piagets cognitive developmental theory regarding his underestimation of preschool children
under the right conditions , young children may display abilities that are characteristic of Piaget’s next stage of cognitive development, the stage of concrete operational thought
what age does Piagets stage called the concrete operational stage last
approximately 7 to 11 years of age
what can children do in the concrete operational stage
perform concrete operations
reason logically as long as reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples
what are operations
mental actions that are reversible
what are concrete operations applied to in real life
operations that are applied to real, concrete objects
what do conservation tasks described in the chapter on physical and cognitive development in early childhood indicate
whether children are capable of concrete operations
How many characteristics do concrete operations allow the child to consider
several rather than focus on a single property of an object
the concrete operational child coordinates information about …
both dimensions
what other abilities are characteristic of children who have reached the concrete operational stage
- ability to classify or divide things into different sets or subsets and to consider their interrelationships
seriation under the context of children who have reached the concrete operational stage are also capable of having the ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension (such as length)
Yes
transitivity is the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions
Yes
according to Piaget, various aspects of a stage should emerge at the […]
same time
when evaluating Piagets concrete operation state, do concrete operational abilities appear in synchrony
some concrete operational abilities do not appear in synchrony
working memory is a passive storehouse to keep information until moved to [long or short] term memory
Long
what exerted a stronger influence on children’s development than Piaget reasoned
education and culture
what can some pre operational children be trained to do at a concrete operational stage
to reason
what is related to the age at which children acquire conservation skills
how much practice their culture provides in these skills
what do Neo-Piagetians argue about piagets theory’s
that Piaget got some things right but that his theory needs considerable revision
what do Neo-Piagetians give more emphasis to, that children use
how children use;
- attention
- memory
- strategies to process information
what do Neo-Piagetians believe is a more accurate portrayal of children’s thinking
- requires attention to children’s strategies
- speed at which children process information
- particular task involved
- the division of problems into smaller, more precise steps
during middle and late childhood what do most children dramatically improve their ability to sustain and control
attention
what other changes in information processing during middle and late childhood involve
- memory
- thinking
- metacognition
what happens to short term memory during early childhood and after the age of 7
- increase considerably
- does not show as much increase after age of 7
British cognitive psychologist Alan Baddeley defines working memory as kind of mental “[…]” where individuals manipulate and assemble information when they make […], solve […], and comprehend written and spoken […]
Workbench
Decision
Problems
Language
working memory is described as being more active and powerful in modifying information than short term memory
true
what is the pace of developing working memory
slowly
working memory involves bringing information to mind and mentally […] with or […] it
Working
Updating
by 8 years of age how much can children hold in memory
half the items that adults can remember
How many aspects is working memory linked to of children development
many aspects
children who have better working memory are more advanced in […] comprehension, […] skills, […] solving, and […] than their counterparts with less effective working memory
- language
- math
- problem
- reasoning
what was children’s verbal working memory linked to
acquisition of the following skills in both first- and second-language learners: morphology, syntax, and grammer
what is long term memory
relatively permanent and unlimited type of memory, increases with age during middle and late childhood
what does improvement in memory reflect in a child about their knowledge and strategies
increased knowledge and their increased use of strategies
why is it important not to view memory in terms of how children add something to it
rather underscore how children actively construct their memory
when individuals have expertise about a particular subject their memory also tends to be ….
good regarding material related to that subject
experts who have acquired extensive knowledge about a particular content area;
this knowledge influences what they notice and how they organize, represent, and interpret information
strategies consists of deliberate mental activites to improve the […] of information
Processing
require effort and work
what does long term memory depend on to remember information
learning activities individuals engage in when learning and remembering information
what is the effective strategy of ‘guide children to elaborate about the information they are to remember’ to use in helping children improve their memory skills
to elaborate to make the information more meaningful
what does elaboration mean
involves more extensive processing of the information, such as thinking of examples or relating the information to one’s own life
what is the effective strategy of ‘encourage children to engage in mental imagery’
help even young school children to remember visuals
works better for older children than for younger children
what is the effective strategy of ‘motivate children to remember material by understanding it rather than by memorizing it;
remember information better over the long term if they understand the information rather than just rehearse and memorize it
what is the effective strategy of ‘repeat and vary instructional information and link it to other information early and often’
improve children’s consolidation and reconsolidating of the information they are learning
- varying themes of a lesson increases number of associations, linking information expand the network of associations
what is the effective strategy of ‘embed memory-relevant language when instructing children’
teachers using mnemonic devices and metacognitive questions that encourage children to think about their thinking can improve student performance
Charles Brainerd and Valerie Reyna argue that fuzzy traces account for much of improvement in […]
memory
what is Charles Brainerd and Valerie Reyna’s fuzzy trace theory state
memory is best understood by considering two types of memory representations
1. verbatim memory trace
2. gist
verbatim memory trace consists of […] details of information
precise
gist refers to the […] idea of the information
central
are fuzzy traces or verbatim traces more enduring and less likely to be forgotten
fuzzy traces than verbatim
when gist is used, what is built up
fuzzy traces
at what point during school years do the children begin to use gist more which contributes to the improved memory and reasoning of older children
early elementary school years
what does thinking mean
involves manipulating and transforming information in memory
what are two important aspects of thinking
able to think critically and creatively
critical thinking involves […], […] and […] evidence
reflectively
productively
evaluating
what do Jacqueline and Martin Brooks lament about schools and critical thinking
that few schools really teach students to think critically and develop a deep understanding of concepts
what do Robert roeser and his colleagues emphasize about mindfulness
important mental process that children can engage In to improve a number of cognitive and socioemotional skills, such as executive function, focused attention , emotion regulation, feelings, and environment
what does mindfulness involve paying careful attention to
thoughts, feelings, and enviornment
mindfulness has been found to improve children’s
- attention
- self regulation
- achievement
- coping strategies in stressful situations
what activities been grouped under the topic of contemplative science
- yoga
- meditation
- tai chi
contemplative science is the cross disciplinary term that involves the study of how various types of […] and […] training might enhance children’s development
Mental
Physical
cognitively competent children not only think critically, but also…
creatively
what does creative thinking mean
ability to think in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems
are intelligence and creativity the same thing
no
who recognized the difference between convergent thinking and divergent thinking
J. P. Guilford (1967)
what does convergent thinking produce
one correct answer and characterizes the kind of thinking that is required on conventional tests of intelligence
divergent thinking means producing many […] answers to the same question and characterizes creativity
different
what is important to recognize when it comes to creative thinking
recognize that children will show more creativity in some domains than otehrs
what is an important goal when it comes to creative thinking
help children learn to think creatively
what is a special concern today in the US about the creative thinking of children
appears to be declining
what is among the likely causes of the decline of creative thinking of US children
- time spent watching TV
- playing video games instead of engaging in creative activities
- lack of emphasis on creative thing skills in schools
creative thinking has been having an increasing […] in some countries schools, e.g. […]
emphasis
China
metacognition is cognition about cognition, or knowing about knowing
Yes
metamemory is knowledge about […]
Memory
what have many metacognitive studies focus on
metamemory
what executive functions is metacognition conceptualized of
several dimensions of executive function such as;
- planning
- self regulation
by what age do young children have some general knowledge about memory
by 5 or 6 years of age
in what ways is young children’s meta memory limited
they don’t understand that related items are easier to remember than unrelated ones that remembering the gist of a story is easier than remembering information verbatim
by the fifth grade what do children understand about gist regarding metacognition
gist recall is easier than verbatim recall
young children only have limited knowledge about their own memory because they have an […] opinion of their memory abilities (overestimate themselves)
Inflated
side note; as they move through elementary school years, give more realistic evaluations of their memory skills
in addition to meta memory, metacognition includes knowledge about
memory strategies
in Michael Pressley’s view the key to education is
helping students learn a rich repertoire of strategies that produce solutions to problems
what do good thinkers routinely use
strategies and effective planning to solve problems
+ when and where to use strategies (monitoring the learning situation)
brain storming…
individuals come up with creative ideas in a group and play off each others ideas
what is working memory, critical thinking, creative thinking, and metacognition conisdered
- under the umbrella of executive function
- linked to development of the brains prefrontal cortex
what do Adele Diamond and Kathleen Lee (2011) highlight as the most important 4 to 11 year old children’s cognitive development and school success , dimensions of executive function
- self control/inhibition
- working memory
- flexibility
what does Adele Diamond and Kathleen Lee define ‘self control/inhibition’ as an important dimension of executive function
children need to develop self control that will allow them to concentrate and persist on learning tasks, to inhibit their tendencies to repeat incorrect responses, and to resist the impulse to do something that they later would regret
why is executive functioning important
dimensions of executive function are the most important for cognitive development and school success
- self control/inhibition
- working memory
- flexibility
what does Adele Diamond and Kathleen Lee define ‘working memory’ as an important dimensions of executive function
children need an effective working memory to mentally work with the masses of information they will encounter as they go through school and beyond
what does Adele Diamond and Kathleen Lee define ‘flexibility’ as an important dimensions of executive function
children need to be flexible in their thinking so as to consider different strategies and perspectives
executive function is a better predictor of school readiness than …
general IQ
what diverse activities have been found to increase children’s executive function
- computerized training that uses games to improve working memory
- aerobic exercise
- mindfulness
- scaffolding of self regulation
- some types of school curricula (e.g. Montessori curriculum)
what does intelligence mean
ability to solve problems and to adapt and learn from experiences
what is individual differences
are the stable, consistent ways in which people differ from each eachother
the domain of intelligence is where the most attention has been directed at
individual differences
in 1904 what did the French Ministry of Education ask psychologist Alfred Binet to devise a method for
identifying children who were unable to learn in school
what is the name of the test that Afred Binet devised to identify children who were unable to benefit from regular classes
1905 scale
- 30 questions
what is (MA) mental age according to Binet
individuals level of mental development relative to others
what did William Stern create a few years later from Binet (1912)
concept of intelligence quotient (IQ)
How is (IQ) intelligence quotient determined
a person’s mental age divided by chronological age (CA) and multiplied by 100
- IQ = MA/CA x 100
what are the Stanford Binet tests
the Binet test being revised many times to incorporate advances in the understanding of intelligence and intelligence tests
- revisions done in Stanford University
what was the 2004 Stanford Binet 5 used to revise
analyze an individuals response in five content areas
- fluid reasoning,
- knowledge
- quantize reasoning
- visual spatial reasoning
- working memory
general composite score is obtained
what is normal distribution
a symmetrical distribution with most scores falling in the middle of the possible range of scores and few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range
the results of the Stanford Binet approximates a […] […] from preschool children to late adulthood on a graph
normal distribution
what is the Wechsler Scale
another test widely used to assess students’ intelligence
who developed the Wechsler Scale
psychologist David Wechsler
the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of intelligence-Fourth Edition (WPPSI-IV) tests children from […] years to […] years of age
2.5
7.25
the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition (WISC-V) is for children and adolescents […] to […] years of age
6
16
what is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV)
for adults
what does the WISC-V provide scores in
- overall IQ score
yields five composite scores in; - Verbal Comprehension
- Working Memory
- Processing Speed
- Fluid Reasoning
- Visual Spatial
what does the WISC-V allow the examiner to quickly see
whether the individual is strong or weak in different areas of intelligence
how many verbal and nonverbal sub scales does the Wechsler include
16
what did the Robert J Sternberg develop
the triarchic theory of intelligence
what are Robert J Sternbergs three forms for intelligence
states that intelligence comes in three forms
1. analytical intelligence
2. creative intelligence
3. practical intelligence
what is Robert J’s Sternberg’s ‘analytical intelligence’ from his three forms of intelligence
refers to ability to
- analyze
- judge
- evaluate
- compare
- contrast
what is Robert J’s Sternberg’s ‘creative intelligence’ from his three forms of intelligence
consists of ability
- create
- design
- invent
- originate
- imagine
What is Robert J’s Sternberg’s ‘practical intelligence’ from his three forms of intelligence
ability to
- use
- apply
-**implement **
- put ideas into practice
what does Sternberg stress about a teachers too often desire to increate student’s knowledge
surpasses the development of creative thinking
students with [… , …] ability tend to be favored in conventional schooling
high analytical
creatively intelligent and practically intelligent students may not do too good in
conventional schooling
do well outside of classrooms walls
what are Howard Gardners eight types of intelligence, or “frames of minds”
- verbal
- mathematical
- spatial
- bodily kinesthetic
- musical
- interpersonal
- intrapersonal
- naturalist
everyone has to varying degrees
what is Howard’s Gardners representation of ‘verbal’ in his eight frames of mind
the ability to think in words and use language to express meaning
what are ‘verbal’ occupations in Howards Gardners eight frames of mind
authors,
journalists,
speakers
what is Howards Gardners representation of ‘mathematical’ in his eight frame of mind
the ability to carry out mathematical operations
what are ‘mathematical’ occupations in Howards Gardners eight frames of mind
scientists
engineers
accountants
what is Howard Gardners representation of ‘spatial’ in his eight frame of mind
the ability to think three-dimensionally
what are ‘spatial’ occupations in Howards Gardners eight frames of mind
architects
artists
sailors
what is Howard Gardners representation of ‘Bodily Kinesthetic’ in his eight frames of mind
the ability to manipulate objects and be physically adept
what is ‘bodily kinesthetic’ occupations in Howards Gardners eight frames of mind
surgeons
craftspeople
dancers
athletes
what is Howard Gardners representation of ‘musical’ in his eight frames of Mind
a sensitivity to
- pitch
- melody
- rhythm
- tone
what are ‘musical’ occupations in Howards Gardners eight frames of mind
composers
musicians
sensitive listeners
what is Howard Gardners representation of ‘interpersonal’ in his eight frames of mind
the ability to understand and interact effectively with others
what is ‘interpersonal’ occupations in Howards Gardners eight frames of mind
successful teachers,
mental health professionals
what is Howards Gardners representation of ‘intrapersonal’ in his eight frames of mind
the ability to understand oneself
what are ‘intrapersonal’ occupations in Howards Gardners eight frames of mind
theologians
psychologists
what is Howards Gardners representation of ‘naturalist’ in his eight frames of mind
the ability to observe patterns in nature and understand natural and human-made systems
what are ‘naturalist’ occupations in Howards Gardners eight frames of mind
Farmers, botanists, ecologists, landscapers
what are ‘naturalist’ occupations in Howards Gardners eight frames of mind
farmers
botanists
ecological
landscapers
according to Gardner what intelligence does everyone have of his eight frames of mind
all of them to varying degrees
what have Sternberg and Gardner’s approaches had to offer
- stimulate teachers to think more broadly about what makes up children’s competencies
- motivated educators to develop programs
what have Sternberg and Gardner’s approaches contributed interest in
assessing intelligence and classroom learning in innovative ways,
such as by evaluating student portfolios
have psychologists doubted the multiple-intelligence approach
yes, it persists and many endorse the general intelligence approach
what has Nathan Brody (2007) observed of people who excel at one type of intellectual task…
are likely to excel in others
individuals who do well at memorizing lists of digits are also likely to be good at solving […] problems and […] layout problems
verbal
spatial
what do advocates of the concept of general intelligence points its accuracy to
predicting school and job success
what is linked to children’s general intelligence
self control
what does Sternberg accept from the argument between supporting general intelligence and multiple intelligence view
there is general intelligence for the kinds of analytical tasks that traditional IQ tests asses but thinks that the range of tasks those tests measure is far too narrow
(T/F) what is viewed as intelligent in one culture may not be though of as intelligent in another)
true
what’s wrong with the idea of genetics influencing intelligence
some argue that heredity plays a strong role in intelligence, difficult to prove because teasing apart the influences of heredity and environment t is virtually impossible
genetic studies show environment to be a fairly weak influence on intelligence
how many genes may affect intelligence
1,000 each possibly having a small influence on an individuals intelligence
scientists agree that there is a strong genetic component to intelligence
what was the difference in average correlation of intelligence between identical and fraternal twins
0.15
; suggest relatively low correlation between genetics and intelligence
what do most researchers agree about genetics and environment interaction
it influences intelligence
does being adopted from lower SES to middle SES homes influence intelligence
yes it has an environmental role that reflects in the 12 to 18 point increase
environmental influences on intelligence also involve …
schooling
when children are deprived of formal education for an extended period it results in
lower intelligence
what has an increase in education around the world increased
world wide increase in intelligence
what is Flynn effect
the worldwide increase in intelligence test score that has occurred over a short time frame. named after the Australian researcher who discovered it, James Flynn
what do low income parents have difficulty providing regarding education
intellectually stimulating environment for their children
how can parents make a difference in a child’s intellectual development
- be more sensitive caregivers
- be better teachers
- access to support services such as quality child care programs
maternal scaffolding and positive home stimulation improves your children’s […] functioning
intellectual
the efforts to counteract a deprived early environments effect on intelligence emphasize […] rather than remediation
preventation
there is a consensus among psychologists that both … influence intelligence
heredity and environment
what does the consensus of heredity and environment influence intelligence reflect
the nature-nurture issue
what has happened to the gap between African Americans and whites on standardized intelligence tests happen
as they gain social, economic, and educational opportunities it has begun to narrow
what are average scores
the average scoring in intelligence tests
what has the underrepresentation of African Americans in STEM subject and careers link to
practitioners expectations that they have less innate talent than non-latino whites
what is the potential influence on intelligence test performance referred to as stereotype threat
the anxiety that one’s behavior might confirm a negative stereotype about one’s group, such as an ethnic group
- African American students do more poorly on standardized tests if they perceive?
- what do they do if they think the test doesn’t count?
- they are being evaluated
- perform as well as white students
what are culture-fair tests
tests of intelligence that are intended to be free of cultural bias
what are the two types of culture-fair test that have been devised
- items that are familiar to children from all socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds, items that at least are familiar to the children taking the test
- has no verbal questions
why is it so hard to create culture fair tests
most tests tend to reflect what the dominant culture thinks is important
what does Robert Sternberg conclude about culture-fair tests
there are no culture-fair tests, only culture-reduced tests
An intellectual disability is a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below […] on a traditional intelligence test, and has […] adapting to the demands of everyday life.
70
Difficulty
nature refers to
heredity
nurture is referred to
environment
even though psychologists agree that intelligence is the product of both
nature and nurture;
still disagreement about how strongly each influences intelligence
how many Americans fit the definition of intellectual disability
about 5 million
the percentage of individuals with an intellectual disability that fall into the mild intellectual disability category (IQ of 55 to 70)
89 percent
most of the people with IQs of 55 to 70 are able to …
- live independently as adults
- work at a variety of jobs
the percentage of individuals classified as having a moderate intellectual disability which is an IQ of […] to […] is about […]%
40
54
6
most of the people with IQs of 55 to 70 are able to ..
- attain a second grade level of skills and may be able to support themselves as adults
- may be able to support themselves as adults through some types
the percentage of individuals classified as being in the severe category for disability is between an IQ of […] to […] is an […]%
25
39
3.5 percent
most of the people with an IQ with 25 to 39 able to
- learn to talk and accomplish very simple tasks
- require extensive supervision
what is the percentage of individuals with IQs below 25
1 percent
most of the people with below 25 IQ
-fall into the profoundly disabled classification
- need constant supervision
intellectual disability can have an […] cause, or it can be […] and […] in origin
- organic
- social
- cultural
organic intellectual disability is an intellectual disability that is caused by a […] disorder or by brain […]; the word organic refers to the tissues or organs of the body, indicating physical damage
genetic
damage
what is the IQ of most people who suffer from organic intellectual disability
between 0 and 50
- Down syndrome have an average IQ of approximately 50
down syndrome is caused by
an extra copy of chromosome 21
cultural-familial intellectual/retardation disability is a mental […] in which no evidence of organic brain damage can be found; individual’s IQs generally range from […] to [..]
deficit
50
70
people who are gifted have […]-[…] intelligence (an IQ of […] or higher) or […] talent for something, or both
above average
130
superior
children who are talented in the visual and performing arts (arts, drama, dance, music), atheletics, or other special aptitudes tend to be …
overlooked
when it comes for the gifted, most school systems select children who have …
intellectual superiority and academic aptitude
there is an increasing call to further expand the criteria for giftedness to include such factors as […] and […]
- creativity
- commitment
what are the estimates of the approximate percentage of US students that are classified as gifted
6 to 10 percent
what nationalities are underrespresented in gifted programs
- African American
- Latino
- Native American Children
why do much of the underrepresentation involve lower test scores compared to nonlatino white and asian American children
- test bias
- fewer opportunities to develop language skills such as vocabulary and comprehension
[T/F] there is no relation between giftedness and mental disorder
True
the idea that gifted children are maladjusted is a …
myth
studies support the conclusion that gifted people tend to be more […] than others, have fewer emotional problems than […], and […] up in a positive family climate
- mature
- average
- grow
parents and teachers who identified elementary school children who are not gifted as having more …
emotional and behavioral risks than children who are gifted
what type of problems did children who are gifted ar more likely to be
internalized problems such as;
- anxiety
- depression
than externalized problems such as;
- acting out
- high levels of aggression
what is Ellen Winner (1996) three criteria that characterize gifted children, in art, music, or academic domains
- precocity
- marching to a different drummer
- a passion to master
- information-processing skills
‘precocity’ by Ellen Winner three criteria that characterize gifted children is that gifted children are […], begin to master an area […] than their peers, learning in their domain is more […] for them than for ordinary children, and most instances are precocious b/c they have an inborn […] ability in a particular domain or domains
precocious
earlier
Effortless
High
‘marching to a different drummer’ by Ellen Winners three criteria that characterize gifted children refer to - gifted children learn in a qualitatively different way from ordinary children, need minimal […], or scaffolding, from adults to learn, resist any kind of explicit […], and often make discoveries on their […] and solve problems in unique ways
Different
Help
Instruction
Own
what does ‘a passion to master’ by Ellen Winners three criteria that characterize gifted children refer to - gifted children are driven to […] the domain in which they have high ability, display an intense, obsessive […] and an ability to focus, motivate themselves, and do not need to be “[…]” by their parents
Understand
Interest
Pushed
what is ‘information-processing skills’ by Ellen Winners three criteria that characterize gifted children refer to
- researchers have found that children who are gifted learn at a faster pace, process information more rapidly, are better at reasoning, use superior strategies, and monitor their understanding better than their non gifted counterparts
is giftedness a product of heredity or environment
likely both
deliberate practice is an important characteristic of individuals who become […] in a particular domain
experts
individuals who are highly gifted are typically not gifted in […] domains
many
research on giftedness is
increasingly focused on domain-specific developmental paths
when do the domain(s) in which individuals are gifted usually emerg
during the childhood years
Bill Gates (1998) the founder of Microsoft and one of the worlds richest people commented that when you are good at something, you may have to resist the urge to think that you will be good at […]
Everything
Ellen Winner said that children who are gifted too often are socially […] and under […] in the classroom
isolated
challenged
“nerd or “geeks”
many eminent adults reported that school was a […] experience for them, bored and sometimes knew more than their teachers
negative
Ellen Winner argues that American students benefit more from their education when standards are […] for all children
raised
what did Ellen Winner recommend about under challenged students when it comes to schooling
- allowed to attend advanced classes in their domain of exceptional ability
do children gain new skills as they enter school that make it possible for them to learn to read and write
Yes
what is alphabetic principle; that children learn when they enter school
the letters of the alphabet represent sounds of language
when do changes occur in the way children’s mental vocabulary is organized/categorized
during middle and late childhood
how does the process of categorizing become easier for children
as increase their vocabulary
what is the average increase in children’s vocabulary (make similar advances in grammar)
of about 14,000 words at age 6 to an average of about 40,000 words by age 11
what improves during the elementary school years
- logical reaosning
- analytical skills
- helps understand such contractions as the appropriate use of comparatives and subjectives
+ increasingly able to understand and use complex grammar
metalinguistic awareness is knowledge about […] , such as knowing what a preposition is or being able to discuss the sounds of a language
Language
what is metalinguistic awareness accompanied to
vocabulary and grammar
what does metalinguistic awareness allow children to do
- think about their language
- understand what words are
- and even define them
pragmatics refer to children making progress in understanding how to use […] in culturally appropriate ways
Language
by the time children enter adolescence, most children know. the rules for the use of …
language in everyday contexts
(appropriate and inappropriate)
before learning to read, children learn to use language to..
- talk abut things that are not present
- learn what a word is
- learn how to recognize sounds and talk about them
children who begin elementary with a […] vocabulary have an advantage when it comes to learning to read
robust
vocabulary development plays an important role in […] comprehension
reading
what is the debate when it comes to teaching children to be taught to read
whole language approach
vs
phonics approach
the whole-lanaguge approach stresses that reading instruction should parallel children’s […] language learning
Natural
the phonics approach empathizes that reading instruction should teach basic rules for translating […] symbols into […]
Rules
Written
Sounds
what reading approach do researchers suggest most benefit
- both
increasing number support direct instruction in phonic is a key aspect of learning to read
Does becoming a good reader includes learning how to read fluently
fluently
many beginning or poor reader do not
recognize words automatically
why do many beginning or poor readers not recognize words automatically
processing capacity is consumed by the demands of word recognition , so have less comprehension of groupings of words as phrases or sentences
what does the metacognitive strategy say about learning how to read
- learning to monitor ones reading proress
- getting the gist of what is being read
- summarizing
is it true that if individuals do not learn a second language prior to puberty they would never reach native language learner’s proficiency in the second language
false
there are […] periods for learning a second langauge
sensitive
likely cary across different areas of language systems
late language learners , such as adolescents and adults, may learn new vocabulary more easily than
new sounds or new grammar
does the children’s ability to pronounce words with a native-like accent in a second language typical increase or decrease with age
decrease
- sharp drop after age of about 10 to 12
do adults tend to learn a second language faster or slower than children
faster
-level of second langue mastery is not as high as children’s
how do children and adults learn a second language differently somewhat
children;
- less sensitive to feedback,
- less likely to use explicit strategies
- more likely o learn a second language from large amounts of input
students in the United States are far […] their counterparts in many developed countries in learning a […, …]
- behind
- second language
forms are Russia schools who have […] grades
10
when do Russian children start school
age 7
- begin learning English in the third form
- most by age 40 are able to speak at least some English
which country is the only technologically advanced western nation that does not have a national foreign language requirement at the high school level, even for students in rigorous academic programs
the united states
what is bilingualism
the ability to speak two languages
positive effect on children’s cognitive development
how do children who are fluent in two languages perform better than their single language counterparts on tests
- control of attention
- concept formation
- analytical reasoning
- cognitive flexibility
- cognitive complexity
bilingual children are better at what types of tasks
theory of mind
what are bilingual children more conscious of
- structure of spoken and written language
- better at noticing errors of grammar and meaning,
- skills that benefit their reading ability
what did a study of 6 to 10 year olds find about their early bilingual exposure being a key factor in when outperforming monolingual children on…
phonological awareness and word learning
bilingualism is linked to positive outcomes for both children’s..
langauge and cognitive development
is teaching infants and young children two languages simultaneously have benefits
yes, and a few drawbacks
what does subractive bilingualism mean
being monolingual in native language, then learn English bilingual, only to end up as monolingual in English
what is a current controversy related to bilingualism involving millions of US children
who come from homes in which English is not the primary langauge
what does ELL stand for
English language learners
what have ELL been taught
- instruction in English only
- dual language approach that involves instruction in their home language and English
children who come from […] socioeconomic backgrounds have more […] than those from […] socioeconomic backgrounds
lower
difficulty
higher
if a dual language strategy is used
takes approx 3-5 to develop speaking proficiency
7 years for reading proficiency
what do experts such as Kenji Hakuta support
combined home language and English approach because
1. children have difficulty learning a subject when it is taught in a language they do not understand
2. when both languages are integrated in the more actively
Does the US department of education include students with a learning disability and students with ADHD in the category of learning disabilities
Yes
have most large scale studies found academic achievement of ELL in dual language or English only programs
dual language programs
