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nurs > chapter 16; socioemotional development in late adulthood > Flashcards

chapter 16; socioemotional development in late adulthood Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four theories that focus on the socioemotional development in late adulthood

A
  • Ericksons theory
  • activity theory
  • socioemotional selectivity theory
  • selective optimization with compensation
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2
Q

what is the name of Erik Eriksons eight and final stage of development

A

integrity versus despair

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3
Q

the eight and and final stage of Erik Eriksons theory is that it involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a

A

positive review or concluding that one’s life has not been spent well

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4
Q

integrity in Erik eriksons eighth and last stage is when the individual reveals a picture

A

of a life well spent and is satisfied

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5
Q

despair in Erik eriksons eight and final stage is when the older adult decides that

A

one or more of the earlier stages in a negative way (negative view)

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6
Q

according to erik eriksons theory; life review is prominent in this final stage of life; hence it is looking back at one’s

A

life experiences, evaluating them, and interpreting/reinterpreting them

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7
Q

researcher Robert Butler (2007) said that life review is

A

set in motion by looking forward to death
(sometimes the life review proceeds quietly; at other times is intense)

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8
Q

according to erik eriksons theory; one aspect of life review involves […] and […] not only the positive aspects of one’s life but also regrets as part of developing a mature wisdom and self understanding

A

identifying
reflecting

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9
Q

according to erik eriksons theory; how may life review be observed initially

A

in stray and insignificant thoughts about oneself and one’s life history

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10
Q

according to erik eriksons theory; after having stray and insignificant thoughts about oneself and one’s life history, how may these thoughts continue to emerge in

A

brief intermittent spurts or become essentially continuous

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11
Q

according to erik eriksons theory; through examining both positive experiences and things an individual regrets doing, what is the hope

A

to obtain a more accurate vision of the complexity of one’s life and possibly increased lief satisfaction will be attained

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12
Q

according to erik eriksons theory; even though thinking about regrets can be a helpful as part of a life review, what does research indicate about older adults and their regret

A

that older adults should not dwell on regrets, especially since opportunities to undo regrettable actions decline with age

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13
Q

according to erik eriksons theory; what is an important factor in the outlook of older adults who showed a higher level of emotion regulation and successful aging to have a

A

reduced responsiveness to regret

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14
Q

according to erik eriksons theory; reminiscence therapy is discussing

A

past activities and experiences with another individual or group

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15
Q

under reminiscence therapy what may be included when discussing past activities and experiences with another individual or group

A

photographs,
familiar items,
and video/audio recordings

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16
Q

can reminiscence therapy improve the mood and quality of life of older adults, including those with dementia
+ coping skills in the older adult

A

Yes

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17
Q

when using reminiscence therapy what did it reduce and improve in older adults with dementia

A

reduce depressive symptoms and improved their self acceptance and positive relations with others

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18
Q

the other version of reminiscence therapy; attachment focused reminiscence therapy reduced

A

depressive symptoms,
perceived stress,
and emergency room visits in older African Americans

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19
Q

activity theory is the more

A

active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives

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20
Q

when older adults are active, energetic, and productive, they age more

A

Successfully and are happier than they are if they disengage from society

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21
Q

older adults who increased their leisure time activity levels were […] times more likely to have a slower progression to having a functional disability

A

three

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22
Q

what does being more physically active and having an activity based lifestyle link to regarding life satisfaction and social interaction

A

higher life satisfaction and greater social interaction than their physically inactive counterparts + lower levels of depression

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23
Q

what does the activity theory suggest of many individuals achieving greater life satisfaction if they are to continue their

A

middle adulthood roles into late adulthood;
if not, (as in early retirement)., it is important for them to find substitute roles that keep them active and involved

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24
Q

socio emotional selectivity theory is when older adults become

A

more selective about their social networks

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25
Q

since the socioemotional selectivity theory is when older adults become more selective about their social networks, they place a high value on emotional satisfaction, hence older adults spend

A

more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships

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26
Q

the theory develop by Laura Carstensen (1998) argues that older adults deliberately

A

withdraw from social contact with individuals peripheral to their lives while they maintain or increase contact with close friends and family members with whom they have had enjoyable relationships

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27
Q

in the socio emotional selectivity theory by being selective and narrowing social interactions what does it do to emotional experiences and emotional risks as individuals become older

A

Maximizes positive emotional experiences and minimizes emotional risks

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28
Q

why may older adults be putting an increasing emphasis on prioritizing meaningful relationships according to the socioemotional selectivity theory

A

older adults have a decreasing number of years to live

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29
Q

the socio emotional theory challenges the stereotype that the majority of older adults are in emotional despair because of their social isolation, rather older adults consciously choose to

A

decrease the total number of their social contacts in favor of spending increased time in emotionally rewarding moments with friends and family

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30
Q

what do older adults do so that available social partners satisfy their emotional needs

A

systematically prune their social networks

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31
Q

do younger or older adults have smaller social networks

A

older have far smaller social networks

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32
Q

individuals from 18 to 94 years of age as they got older had fewer peripheral social contacts but retained close relationships with people who

A

provided them with emotional support

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33
Q

when the Stanford center on longevity conducted a recent large scale examination of healthy living in different age groups called the Sightline’s Project, did social engagement with individuals and communities appear to be stronger or weaker today than it was 15 years ago for 55 to 64 year olds

A

weaker

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34
Q

according to the Stanford Sightlines Project, do many individuals who are about to reach retirement age, have stronger or weaker relationships with spouses, partners, family, friends, and neighbors than their counterparts of 15 years ago.

A

weaker

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35
Q

the Sightlines Project (2016) recommends implementing the following strategies to increase the social engagement of older adults;

A
  • employer wellness programs that strengthen support network
  • environmental design that improves neighborhood and community life
  • technologies that improve personal relationships
  • opportunities for volunteerism
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36
Q

since the socioemotional selectivity theory also focuses on the types of goals that individuals are motivated to achieve, what are the two important classes of goals

A
  1. knowledge related
  2. emotional
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37
Q

is the trajectory of the classes of goals (knowledge related & emotional) under the socioemotional selectivity theory the same

A

no
each type of goal is different, as it involves the perception of time

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38
Q

in the socioemotional selectivity theory when does the trajectory of motivation for knowledge related goals start

A

relatively high in the early years of life, peaks in adolescence and early adulthood and then declines in middle and late adulthood

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39
Q

in socioemotional selectivity theory when does emotion related trajectory begin

A

high during infancy and early childhood declines from middle childhood through early adulthood and increases in middle and late adulthood

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40
Q

Laura Carstensen (2016) noted that when older adults focus on emotionally meaningful goals, they are more

A

satisfied with their lives, feel better, and experience fewer negative emotions

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41
Q

in general, compared with younger adults, the feelings of older adults […]

A

mellow

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42
Q

how is the emotional life of older adults
+
why might it be, since older adults have less extreme joy

A

more even keel, with fewer highs and lows
+
have more contentment, especially when they are connected in positive ways with friends and family

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43
Q

do older adults react more or less strongly to negative circumstances, are they better or worse at ignoring irrelevant negative information, and do they remember more positive or negative information

A
  • less
  • better
  • positive than negative
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44
Q

do older adults react with more or less anger about a personal memory than younger adults do

A

less anger

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45
Q

in another study, did positive emotions increase or decrease, and did negative emotions increase or decrease, from 50 years of age through the mid eighties

A

positive increased
negative (except for sadness) decreased

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46
Q

in the study where positive emotions increased and negative (except for sadness) decreased from 50 to mid eighties, did older adults report experiencing more positive or negative emotions than younger adults did

A

positive

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47
Q

does research indicate the happier people live longer

A

yes

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48
Q

in a recent meta analysis, it has been concluded that emotional experiences are more […] in late adulthood than in early adulthood

A

positive

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49
Q

since the emotional life of older adults is more positive and less negative than stereotypes suggest, do older adults focus more or less on negative events in their past than younger adults do

A

less

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50
Q

selective optimization with compensation theory states that successful aging in linked with three main factors;

A
  • selection
  • optimization
  • and compensation (SOC)
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51
Q

the selective optimization with compensation theory describes how people can produce new resources

A

and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master

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52
Q

under the selective optimization with compensation theory selection is based on the concept that older adults have a reduced capacity and loss of functioning, which require

A

a reduction in performance in most life domains

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53
Q

under the selective optimization with compensation theory, optimization suggests that it is possible to

A

maintain performance in some areas through continued practice and the use of new technologies

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54
Q

under the selective optimization with compensation theory, compensation becomes relevant when

A

life tasks require a level of capacity beyond the current level of the older adults performance potential

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55
Q

individuals from 22 to 94 years of age, on days when middle aged and older adults, as well as individuals who were less healthy used more selective optimization with compensation strategies, reported a

A

higher level of happiness

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56
Q

do older adults especially need to compensate in circumstance involving high mental or physical demands

A

yes

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57
Q

in the view of Paul Baltes and his colleagues (2006), the selection of domains and life priorities is an

A

important aspect of development

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58
Q

life goals and personal life investments likely vary across the life course for most people

A

true

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59
Q

for many individuals, it is not just the sheer attainment of goals, but rather the

A

attainment of meaningful goals, that make life satisfying

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60
Q

what are the top four domains of 25 to 34 years (degree of personal life investment at different points in life)

A
  1. work
  2. friends
  3. family
  4. independence
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61
Q

what are the top four domains from ages 35 to 54 years

A
  1. family
  2. work
  3. friends
  4. cognitive fitness
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62
Q

what were the top four domains from ages 55 go 65 years of age

A
  1. family
  2. health
  3. friends
  4. cognitive fitness
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63
Q

what are the top four domains of personal life at different points in life from ages 70 to 84

A
  1. family
  2. health
  3. cognitive fitness
    4,. friends
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64
Q

what are the top four domains of personal life investment from ages 85 to 105

A
  1. health
  2. family
  3. thinking about life
  4. cognitive fitness
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65
Q

what are the big five factors of personality in the socioemotional development in midlife

A

OCEAN
openness to experience
conscientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism

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66
Q

do several of the Big five factors (OCEAN) of personality continue to change in late adulthood

A

yes

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67
Q

since several of the big five facts of personality conintue to change in late adulthood, are older adults more conscientious and agreeable than middle aged and younger adults

A

yes

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68
Q

what aspects of conscientious increased in the transition into late adulthood

A
  • impulse control
  • reliability
  • and conventionality
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69
Q

does conscientiousness predict higher or lower mortality risk from childhood through late adulthood

A

lower

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70
Q

high neuroticism is linked to […] emotions, predicted, higher frailty

A

negative

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71
Q

since conscientious is associated with a number of positive outcomes for older adults, having a higher level of conscientiousness has been linked to living a longer life than the other four factors (OCEAN)

A

yes

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72
Q

which of the OCEAN factors are linked to positive and negative emotions

A

positive; OCEA
(openness to experience, extraversion, Agreeableness)
negative N
(neuroticism)

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73
Q

does having a higher level of conscientiousness, extraversion, and a lower level of neuroticism live longer or shorter

A

longer

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74
Q

since higher conscientiousness is linked to a longer life can it reduce risk of develop Alzheimer’s disease

A

yes

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75
Q

is having a higher level of agreeableness and lower level of neuroticism more or less likely to develop dementia

A

less

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76
Q

ageism is prejudice against others because

A

of their age, especially prejudice against older adults

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77
Q

does ageism discourage social participation by older adults

A

yes

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78
Q

how does stereotyping of older adults service them as

A
  • incapable of thinking clearly,
  • learning new things
  • enjoying sex
  • contributing to the community
  • or holding responsible jobs
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79
Q

many older adults face painful

A

discrimination and might be too polite and timid to attack

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80
Q

because of their age, what can happen to older adults jobs

A
  • not be hired for new jobs
  • might be eased out of old ones
  • shunned socially
  • might be edged out of their family life
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81
Q

ageism is widespread

A

yes

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82
Q

were men or women more likely to negatively stereotype older adults

A

men than were women

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83
Q

what is the most frequent form of ageism

A
  • disrespect for older adults
  • assumptions about ailments or frailty caused by age
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84
Q

do younger individuals show more age discrimination toward older adults than did older individuals

A

yes

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85
Q

status of the economy is concern of the US economy

A

not bearing the burden of older individuals who are generally consumers

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86
Q

health care is older adults […] health care cost considerably; many suffer from a chronic disease

A

increasing

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87
Q

eldercare is

A

physical and emotional caretaking for older family members

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88
Q

what is one of many older adults’ concerns regarding of the status of the economy and income

A

about their ability to have enough money to live a comfortable life as older adults

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89
Q

since the recent economic downturn, what is especially trouble some among US adults that has contributed to the financial problems of some older adults

A

the low rate of savings

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90
Q

has Americans confidence in their ability to retire comfortably reached an all time low in recent years

A

yes

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91
Q

why are older adults who are poor a special concern

A
  • cognitive processing speed was slow b/c living poverty
  • increase in physical and mental health problems
  • increase risk of earlier death
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92
Q

has data shown that the overall number of older people living in poverty declined or inceased

A

declined since the 1960s but 9.3 is still living in poverty in US

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93
Q

are US women or men 65 years and older much more likely to live in poverty than their counterpart

A

women (10.6 percent)

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94
Q

what is the percentage of single, divorced, or widowed women that were 65 years old and lived in poverty

A

nineteen

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95
Q

is the poverty rates among older adults who belong to ethnic minorities much higher or lower than the rate for non-latino whites

A

higher

96
Q

out of 3/3 what is the fraction of total health care expenses in the US involving the care of adults 65 and over, who comprise only 12 percent of the population

A

1/3

97
Q

medicare is the program that provides

A

health care insurance to adults over 65 under the social security system

98
Q

what was the Act that was enacted, freeing the US from being the only develop country that did not have a national health care system

A

the Affordable Care Act

99
Q

the internet plays an increasingly important role in providing access to information and communication for adults as well as youth

A

yes

100
Q

do young or older seniors use the internet more

A

young

101
Q

out of 3/3 how much does using technology reduce the likelihood of the older adult being depressed

A

1/3

102
Q

adults 75 and older who connect with family, friends, and neighbors using smart phones and the internet have a […] level of psychological well being the their counterparts who do not

A

higher

103
Q

adults 65 and older adults watch an average of 51 hours, 32 minutes of television per week, contributing to

A

sedentary behavior and less social and physical behavior

104
Q

[…] numbers of older adults use e-mail and smartphones to communicate, especially with friends and relatives

A

increasing

105
Q

do lower SES older adults use smartphones and the internet much more or less than middle and upper SES older adults do

A

much less

106
Q

[…] percent of 65 to 69 years olds but only […] percent of people 80 and over used smartphones

A

59
17

107
Q

in 2016, […] percent of US adults 65 and over reported using social networking sites like Facebook and twitter

A

34

108
Q

is the average of 51 hours and 32 minutes of watching television per week by older adults far more, equal, or less than any other age groups

A

far more

109
Q

although computers, smartphones, and the Internet are now playing more important roles in the lives of people of all ages, do people especially in late adulthood continue to watch extensive amounts of television

A

yes

110
Q

in life diversity, can one third of adults now expect to marry, divorce, and remarry during their lifetime

A

yes

111
Q

since the lifestyles of older adults are changing, what were the years formerly like

A

consisting of marriage for men and widowhood for women

112
Q

in 2016, […] % of US adults over 65 years were married

A

58

113
Q

are older women or men far more likely to be married than the other

A

older men

114
Q

in 2016, […] percent of US adults over 65 years of age were widowed

A

24

115
Q

there were more than […] times as many widows as widowers

A

four

116
Q

individuals who are in a marriage or a partnership in late adulthood are usually

A

happier, feel less distressed, and live longer than those who are single

117
Q

is marital satisfaction greater or less in older adults than in middle aged adults

A

greater

118
Q

in a longitudinal study of adults 75 years of age and older revealed that individuals who were married were less likely to die during a […] year time span

A

seven

119
Q

in late adulthood are married individuals more or less likely to find themselves having to care for a sick partner with a limiting health condition

A

more

120
Q

what can the stress for caring for a spouse who has a chronic disease place

A

demands on intimacy

121
Q

in married older adults can retirement alter a couples lifestyle

A

yes

122
Q

married LGBT individuals 50 years and over report […] quality of life and more economic and social resources than unmarried partnered counterparts

A

better

123
Q

in a recent study, 24 percent of LGBT individuals 50 years and older, […] percent were legally married, […] percent unmarried and partnered, and […] percent single

A

24
26
50

124
Q

what did single LGBT individuals who were single reported having in health, and resources than legally LGBT married and unmarried couples

A

poorer health and fewer resources

125
Q

is the number of older adults divorcing increasing or decreasing

A

increasing

126
Q

are the majority of divorced older adults women or men, +
+
which are more likely to remarry

A

women due to their longevity,
+
men remarry

127
Q

since divorce is far less common among older adults than younger adults, it likely reflects cohort effects rather than

A

age effects since divorce was somewhat rare when current cohorts of older adults were young

128
Q

in 2015, […]% of women and […]% of men 65 years and older in the US were divorced or separated

A

13
11

129
Q

what consequences does divorce have

A

social
financial
physical

130
Q

why is remarriage increasing due to

A
  • rising divorce rates
  • increased longevity
  • better health
131
Q

are many of the same factors traditionally associated with divorce in younger adults also likely to occur in older adults

A

yes

132
Q

the longer older adults are married, the more likely they were to have

A
  • better marital quality,
  • own a home
  • be healthy
    making them less likely to become divorced
133
Q

are partnered older adults more or less likely to receive relatively high Social Security benefits and less likely to live in poverty

A

more

134
Q

can divorce weaken kinship ties when it occurs later in life,

A

yes, especially in the case of older men

135
Q

are divorced older women more or less likely to have adequate financial resources than married older women

A

divorced older women

136
Q

divorce is linked to higher rates of health problems in older adults

A

yes

137
Q

do some older adults perceive negative or positive social pressure about their decision to remarry

A

negative

138
Q

do majority of adult children support or reject the decision of their older adult parents to remarry

A

support

139
Q

can adult children be personally affected by remarriage between older adults

A

yes

140
Q

how can adult children be personally affected by remarriage between older adults

A

remarried parents and stepparents provide
- less support to adult stepchildren than do parents in first marriages

141
Q

is the number of older adults cohabiting increasing or decreasing

A

increasing

142
Q

in 2016, cohabitation levels more than […] for older men from 1990 to 2015 and increased for older women in the same time frame from less than 1 percent to 2.6 percent

A

doubled

143
Q

in 2016, approximately […]% of older adults were cohabiting

A

3

144
Q

cohabiting older adults do it more for

A

companionship than for love

145
Q

did older or younger adults who cohabited have a more positive, stable relationship

A

older

146
Q

were cohabiting older or younger adults less likely to have plans to marry their partner

A

older

147
Q

what did middle aged and older adult cohabiting men and women report higher levels of than their married counterparts

A

depression

148
Q

between cohabiting older adults, the psychological well being for men seems to […] more than for women

A

increase

149
Q

when faced in situations such as one partner facing the potential need for expensive care, a couple may decide to maintain their assets separately and thus not marry

A

yes

150
Q

do older adults have more or fewer attachment relationships than younger adults do

A

fewer

151
Q

from 13 to 72 years of age, did attachment anxiety increase or decline in middle aged and older adults

A

decline

152
Q

being in a relationship was linked to […] attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance arose adulthood

A

lower

153
Q

were women or men higher in attachment avoidance throughout the life span

A

men

154
Q

approx. […] percent of older adults have living children (many of whom are middle aged), and […] percent of older adults have children who are 65 years or older

A

80
10

155
Q

are adult children an important part of the aging parent’s social network

A

yes

156
Q

do older adults with children have more contacts with relatives than do those without children

A

yes

157
Q

since there is an increasing diversity that characterizes oder adult parents and their adult children, what are some of those diverse characteristics

A
  • divorce
  • cohabitation
  • and non marital childbearing
158
Q

why is gender an important role in relationships involving older adult parents and their children

A

adult daughters;
more likely to be involved in the lives of aging parents than adult sons
three times more likely than adult sons to give parents assistance with daily living activities

159
Q

in late adulthood, attachment security is associated with […] psychological and physical well being than attachment anxiety

A

greater

160
Q

insecure attachment is linked to more perceived […] caregiver burden in caring for patients with Alzheimer’s disease

A

negative

161
Q

what is a valuable taks that adult children can perform for an aging parent (or other relative) who becomes disabled

A

coordinate and monitor services

162
Q

what are among the tasks that adult children can to when coordinating and monitoring the services for an aging parent

A
  • locating a nursing home and monitoring its quality
  • procuring medical services
  • arranging public service assistance
  • handling finances
163
Q

in other cases, how may adult children provide assistance to their older parents (adults) when coordinating and monitoring services

A
  • provide direct assistance with activities of daily living such as eating, bathing and dressing
164
Q

can even less severely impaired older adults need help with shopping, housework, transportation, home maintenance, and bill paying

A

yes

165
Q

what are relationships between aging parents and their children usually characterized by

A

ambivalence
e.g. middle aged adults feel more positive about providing support for their children than their aging parents

166
Q

in early adulthood, friendship networks expand as new social connections are made away from home. however, in late adulthood are new friendships less likely to be forged

A

yes, although some adults do seek out new friendships, especially following the death of a spouse

167
Q

aging expert Laura Carstensen (2006) concluded that people choose close friends over

A

new friends as they grow older

168
Q

what did Laura Carstensen say about older adults having several close people in their network feeling

A

content

169
Q

did younger or older adults report fewer problems with friends, fewer negative friendship qualities, less frequent contact with friends, and more positive friendship qualities with a specific friend

A

older

170
Q

in a study of married older adults, were women or men more depressed if they did not have a best friend,

A

women

171
Q

women who do have a friend report higher or lower levels of depression

A

lower

172
Q

women who did not have a best friend were less […] with life than women who did have a best friend

A

satisfied

173
Q

adults 75 years of age and older revealed that individuals who maintained close ties with friends were

A

less likely to die across a seven year age span

174
Q

are family or friendships more important in predicting mental health

A

friendships

175
Q

what does social support and social integration play an important role in

A

the physical and mental health of older adults

176
Q

in the social convoy model of social relations individuals go through life

A

embedded in a personal network of individuals to whom they give, and from whom they receive, social support

177
Q

what can social support help individuals of all ages cope more effectively with

A

life’s challenges

178
Q

for older adults, what is social support related to

A
  • physical health,
  • mental health
  • and life satisfaction
179
Q

in social support and social integration does having a higher level of social support associate with older adults increase in life satisfaction

A

yes

180
Q

what does social support decrease the probability of an older adult being

A

institutionalized or becoming depressed

181
Q

older adults who experience a higher level of social support showed later

A

cognitive decline than their counterparts with a lower level of social support

182
Q

what is 80 percent of the supportive care for older adults with some form of limitation provided by

A
  • family members
  • or other informal caregivers
  • which places an enormous burden on the caregiver
183
Q

since social integration is also an important role in the lives of many older adults, what does a decrease in the overall social activity of many older adults reflect

A

their greater interest in spending more time in a small circle of friends and family members where they are less likely to have negative emotional experiences

184
Q

in the concept of social support and social integration ; an increased use of the internet by older adults was associated with having more opportunities to

A
  • meet new people
  • feeling less isolated
  • feeling more connected with friends and family
185
Q

older adults tend to report being […] lonely than younger adults and […] lonely than would be expected based on their circumstances

A

less
less
likely reflects their more selective social networks and greater acceptance of loneliness in their lives

186
Q

in a recent stud, […] percent of older adults stated they were often or frequently lonely

A

18

187
Q

what were the most important symptoms that predicted feeling lonely in older adults

A

anxiety and depressive symptoms
living alone
and low social participation

188
Q

the convoy model of social relations is when individuals for through life embedded in a personal network of individuals to whom they

A

give and from whom they receive social support

189
Q

in altruism and volunteerism what are the older adults strategies more likely to be aimed at in contrast to younger adults strategies

A

older; contributing to the public good
younger; optimizing personal financial gain

190
Q

a national survey found that […] percent of US adults 65 years and older engaged in volunteering in 2015. between what ages were the highest percentage of volunteering occurring

A

24
35 - 44 y/o

191
Q

what is a common perception of older adults when it comes to altruism and volunteerism

A

that older adults need to be given help rather than give help themselves

192
Q

how did older adults perceive their well being when they provided social support to others than when they review it,

A

better, except when social support was provided by a spouse or sibling

193
Q

did older adults who had persistently low or declining feelings of usefulness to others have a increased or decreased risk of earlier death

A

increased

194
Q

what are some of the positive outcomes for aging adults when volunteering

A
  • better health
  • better cognitive functioning
  • are less lonely
195
Q

older adults who engaged in organizational volunteering have a higher or lower mortality risk

A

higher than those who did not

196
Q

why might volunteering be linked to those positive outcomes for aging older adults

A
  • increased opportunities to engage in constructive physical, cognitive, and social activities that convey meaning and purpose to one’s life
197
Q

with ethnicity in ethnic minority older adults are especially overrepresented in poverty statistics

A

African Americans and latinos

198
Q

elderly ethnic minority individuals face both

A

ageism and racism

199
Q

what are African American and latinos more likely to have a history of

A

less education
longer periods of unemployment
worse housing conditions
shorter life expectancy

200
Q

non latino white men and women with […] years or more of schooling and a life expectancy that was […] years higher than that of African Americans with fewer than […] years of education

A

16
14
12

201
Q

despite the stress and discrimination older ethnic minority individuals face, what have many of these older adults developed

A

coping mechanisms that allow them to survive in the dominant non latino white world

202
Q

extensions of family networks helps older minority group individuals cope with the

A

bare essentials of living and gives them a sense of being loved

203
Q

what do churches in African American and latino communities provide avenues for

A

meaningful social participation
feelings of power
and a sense of internal satisfaction

204
Q

may elderly ethnic minority individuals reach eligible age for Social Security and Medicare benefits

A

may never

205
Q

elderly ethnic minority individuals are more likely to become ill, but are less likely to

A

receive treatment

206
Q

what is the term for ethnic older minority individuals use to develop coping mechanisms for survival

A
  • happiness paradox
  • extended family networks
  • churches
207
Q

do many older women face the burden of both ageism and sexism + racism for female ethnic minorities

A

yes

208
Q

what is the poverty rate for older adult females than that of older adult males

A

almost double

209
Q

in late adulthood, may be […] felinity in women and […] masculinity in mend during late adulthood

A

decreasing
decreasing

210
Q

older men may become more […] (that is, nurturing or sensitive), but women do not necessarily become more […] (that is, assertive or dominant)

A

feminine
masculine

211
Q

regarding gender in late adulthood, there are age differences and androgyny traits

A

yes

212
Q

“triple jeopardy” is the female ethnic minority older adults facing three levels of discrimination

A

ageism
sexism
racism

213
Q

in culture what are the six factors that are most likely to predict high status for older adults

A
  • having valuable knowledge
  • persons control key family/community resources
  • permitted to engage in useful and valued functions as long as possible
  • age related role changes involve greater responsibility, authority, and advisory capacity
  • the extended family is a common family arrangement in the culture, and the older person is integrated into the extended family
  • respect for older adults is greater in collectivist cultures (China and Japan) than in individualistic cultures (US). However, some researchers are finding that this collectivistic/individualistic difference in respect for older adults is not was strong as it used to be and that, in some cases, older adults in individualistic culottes receive considerable respect
214
Q

in culture, what are factors that are important in living the good life as an older adult

A

health
security
kinship/support

215
Q

what is the most common pattern which characterizes most individuals in aging

A

normal aging

216
Q

in normal aging, when does psychological functioning often peak

A

in early midlife, plateaus until the late fifties to early sixties, then modestly decline through the early eighties, although marked decline often occurs prior to death

217
Q

what is the pattern in successful aging which characterizes individuals who in late adulthood show greater than average decline

A

pathological aging

218
Q

what type of impairment might pathological aging have

A

in early old age have mild cognitive impairment, develop Alzheimer’s disease later, or have chronic disease that impairs their daily functioning

219
Q

what is the third pattern of aging in old age which characterizes individuals whose physical, cognitive and socioemotional development is maintained longer than for most individuals and declines later than for most people

A

successful aging

220
Q

how can many abilities be maintained and/or improved in older adults

A
  • proper diet
  • active lifestyle
  • mental stimulation and flexibility
  • positive coping skills
  • good social relationships and support
  • absence of disease
221
Q

even when individuals develop a disease, what improvements mean that increasing numbers of older adults can continue to lead active, constructive lives

A

medicine and lifestyle

222
Q

what are the four factors best characterize succesful agin

A
  • proactive engagement
  • wellness resources
  • positive spirit
  • valued relationships
223
Q

being younger, married, a regular drinker, in better health (perceived), and satisfied with life were associated with what type of aging

A

successful aging

224
Q

what does the presence of disease link to regarding successful aging

A

a significant decline

225
Q

being active and engaged is an especially important aspect of successful aging

A

yes

226
Q

are older adults who exercise regularly, attend meetings, participate in church activities, and go on trips are more or less satisfied with their lives than their counterparts who disengage from society

A

more

227
Q

are older adults who engage in challenging cognitive activities more or less likely to retain their cognitive skills for a longer period of time

A

more

228
Q

older adults who are emotionally selective, optimize their choices, and compensate effectively for losses increase or decrease their chances of aging successfully

A

increase

229
Q

in a study of 90 to 91 year olds found that living circumstances, especially owning

A

one’s own home and living there as long as possible; independence in various aspects of life; good heath; and a good death were described as important themes of successful aging

230
Q

successful aging also involves a perceived control over the environment

A

yes

231
Q

the term self efficacy has often been used to describe perceived control over

A

the environment and the ability to produce positive outcomes

232
Q

in Laura castensen’s perspetive on the challenge and opportunities involved in the dramatic increase in life expectancy that has been occurring and continues to occur, in her view has the remarkable increase in the number of people living to older ages occurred in such a short time that science, technology, and behavioral adaptions have not kept pace

A

yes

233
Q

what does Laura carstensen propose that the challenge is

A

to change a world constructed mainly for young people living to 100 and older

234
Q

what is arguably the most troubling aspect of our attitude toward aging

A

that we fret about ways that older people lack the qualities of younger people rather than exploit a growing new resources right before our eyes

235
Q

are older adults the fastest or slowest growing segment of internet usesra

A

fastest

236
Q
A

nurs (16 decks)

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