chapter 16; socioemotional development in late adulthood Flashcards
what are the four theories that focus on the socioemotional development in late adulthood
- Ericksons theory
- activity theory
- socioemotional selectivity theory
- selective optimization with compensation
what is the name of Erik Eriksons eight and final stage of development
integrity versus despair
the eight and and final stage of Erik Eriksons theory is that it involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a
positive review or concluding that one’s life has not been spent well
integrity in Erik eriksons eighth and last stage is when the individual reveals a picture
of a life well spent and is satisfied
despair in Erik eriksons eight and final stage is when the older adult decides that
one or more of the earlier stages in a negative way (negative view)
according to erik eriksons theory; life review is prominent in this final stage of life; hence it is looking back at one’s
life experiences, evaluating them, and interpreting/reinterpreting them
researcher Robert Butler (2007) said that life review is
set in motion by looking forward to death
(sometimes the life review proceeds quietly; at other times is intense)
according to erik eriksons theory; one aspect of life review involves […] and […] not only the positive aspects of one’s life but also regrets as part of developing a mature wisdom and self understanding
identifying
reflecting
according to erik eriksons theory; how may life review be observed initially
in stray and insignificant thoughts about oneself and one’s life history
according to erik eriksons theory; after having stray and insignificant thoughts about oneself and one’s life history, how may these thoughts continue to emerge in
brief intermittent spurts or become essentially continuous
according to erik eriksons theory; through examining both positive experiences and things an individual regrets doing, what is the hope
to obtain a more accurate vision of the complexity of one’s life and possibly increased lief satisfaction will be attained
according to erik eriksons theory; even though thinking about regrets can be a helpful as part of a life review, what does research indicate about older adults and their regret
that older adults should not dwell on regrets, especially since opportunities to undo regrettable actions decline with age
according to erik eriksons theory; what is an important factor in the outlook of older adults who showed a higher level of emotion regulation and successful aging to have a
reduced responsiveness to regret
according to erik eriksons theory; reminiscence therapy is discussing
past activities and experiences with another individual or group
under reminiscence therapy what may be included when discussing past activities and experiences with another individual or group
photographs,
familiar items,
and video/audio recordings
can reminiscence therapy improve the mood and quality of life of older adults, including those with dementia
+ coping skills in the older adult
Yes
when using reminiscence therapy what did it reduce and improve in older adults with dementia
reduce depressive symptoms and improved their self acceptance and positive relations with others
the other version of reminiscence therapy; attachment focused reminiscence therapy reduced
depressive symptoms,
perceived stress,
and emergency room visits in older African Americans
activity theory is the more
active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives
when older adults are active, energetic, and productive, they age more
Successfully and are happier than they are if they disengage from society
older adults who increased their leisure time activity levels were […] times more likely to have a slower progression to having a functional disability
three
what does being more physically active and having an activity based lifestyle link to regarding life satisfaction and social interaction
higher life satisfaction and greater social interaction than their physically inactive counterparts + lower levels of depression
what does the activity theory suggest of many individuals achieving greater life satisfaction if they are to continue their
middle adulthood roles into late adulthood;
if not, (as in early retirement)., it is important for them to find substitute roles that keep them active and involved
socio emotional selectivity theory is when older adults become
more selective about their social networks
since the socioemotional selectivity theory is when older adults become more selective about their social networks, they place a high value on emotional satisfaction, hence older adults spend
more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships
the theory develop by Laura Carstensen (1998) argues that older adults deliberately
withdraw from social contact with individuals peripheral to their lives while they maintain or increase contact with close friends and family members with whom they have had enjoyable relationships
in the socio emotional selectivity theory by being selective and narrowing social interactions what does it do to emotional experiences and emotional risks as individuals become older
Maximizes positive emotional experiences and minimizes emotional risks
why may older adults be putting an increasing emphasis on prioritizing meaningful relationships according to the socioemotional selectivity theory
older adults have a decreasing number of years to live
the socio emotional theory challenges the stereotype that the majority of older adults are in emotional despair because of their social isolation, rather older adults consciously choose to
decrease the total number of their social contacts in favor of spending increased time in emotionally rewarding moments with friends and family
what do older adults do so that available social partners satisfy their emotional needs
systematically prune their social networks
do younger or older adults have smaller social networks
older have far smaller social networks
individuals from 18 to 94 years of age as they got older had fewer peripheral social contacts but retained close relationships with people who
provided them with emotional support
when the Stanford center on longevity conducted a recent large scale examination of healthy living in different age groups called the Sightline’s Project, did social engagement with individuals and communities appear to be stronger or weaker today than it was 15 years ago for 55 to 64 year olds
weaker
according to the Stanford Sightlines Project, do many individuals who are about to reach retirement age, have stronger or weaker relationships with spouses, partners, family, friends, and neighbors than their counterparts of 15 years ago.
weaker
the Sightlines Project (2016) recommends implementing the following strategies to increase the social engagement of older adults;
- employer wellness programs that strengthen support network
- environmental design that improves neighborhood and community life
- technologies that improve personal relationships
- opportunities for volunteerism
since the socioemotional selectivity theory also focuses on the types of goals that individuals are motivated to achieve, what are the two important classes of goals
- knowledge related
- emotional
is the trajectory of the classes of goals (knowledge related & emotional) under the socioemotional selectivity theory the same
no
each type of goal is different, as it involves the perception of time
in the socioemotional selectivity theory when does the trajectory of motivation for knowledge related goals start
relatively high in the early years of life, peaks in adolescence and early adulthood and then declines in middle and late adulthood
in socioemotional selectivity theory when does emotion related trajectory begin
high during infancy and early childhood declines from middle childhood through early adulthood and increases in middle and late adulthood
Laura Carstensen (2016) noted that when older adults focus on emotionally meaningful goals, they are more
satisfied with their lives, feel better, and experience fewer negative emotions
in general, compared with younger adults, the feelings of older adults […]
mellow
how is the emotional life of older adults
+
why might it be, since older adults have less extreme joy
more even keel, with fewer highs and lows
+
have more contentment, especially when they are connected in positive ways with friends and family
do older adults react more or less strongly to negative circumstances, are they better or worse at ignoring irrelevant negative information, and do they remember more positive or negative information
- less
- better
- positive than negative
do older adults react with more or less anger about a personal memory than younger adults do
less anger
in another study, did positive emotions increase or decrease, and did negative emotions increase or decrease, from 50 years of age through the mid eighties
positive increased
negative (except for sadness) decreased
in the study where positive emotions increased and negative (except for sadness) decreased from 50 to mid eighties, did older adults report experiencing more positive or negative emotions than younger adults did
positive
does research indicate the happier people live longer
yes
in a recent meta analysis, it has been concluded that emotional experiences are more […] in late adulthood than in early adulthood
positive
since the emotional life of older adults is more positive and less negative than stereotypes suggest, do older adults focus more or less on negative events in their past than younger adults do
less
selective optimization with compensation theory states that successful aging in linked with three main factors;
- selection
- optimization
- and compensation (SOC)
the selective optimization with compensation theory describes how people can produce new resources
and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master
under the selective optimization with compensation theory selection is based on the concept that older adults have a reduced capacity and loss of functioning, which require
a reduction in performance in most life domains
under the selective optimization with compensation theory, optimization suggests that it is possible to
maintain performance in some areas through continued practice and the use of new technologies
under the selective optimization with compensation theory, compensation becomes relevant when
life tasks require a level of capacity beyond the current level of the older adults performance potential
individuals from 22 to 94 years of age, on days when middle aged and older adults, as well as individuals who were less healthy used more selective optimization with compensation strategies, reported a
higher level of happiness
do older adults especially need to compensate in circumstance involving high mental or physical demands
yes
in the view of Paul Baltes and his colleagues (2006), the selection of domains and life priorities is an
important aspect of development
life goals and personal life investments likely vary across the life course for most people
true
for many individuals, it is not just the sheer attainment of goals, but rather the
attainment of meaningful goals, that make life satisfying
what are the top four domains of 25 to 34 years (degree of personal life investment at different points in life)
- work
- friends
- family
- independence
what are the top four domains from ages 35 to 54 years
- family
- work
- friends
- cognitive fitness
what were the top four domains from ages 55 go 65 years of age
- family
- health
- friends
- cognitive fitness
what are the top four domains of personal life at different points in life from ages 70 to 84
- family
- health
- cognitive fitness
4,. friends
what are the top four domains of personal life investment from ages 85 to 105
- health
- family
- thinking about life
- cognitive fitness
what are the big five factors of personality in the socioemotional development in midlife
OCEAN
openness to experience
conscientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism
do several of the Big five factors (OCEAN) of personality continue to change in late adulthood
yes
since several of the big five facts of personality conintue to change in late adulthood, are older adults more conscientious and agreeable than middle aged and younger adults
yes
what aspects of conscientious increased in the transition into late adulthood
- impulse control
- reliability
- and conventionality
does conscientiousness predict higher or lower mortality risk from childhood through late adulthood
lower
high neuroticism is linked to […] emotions, predicted, higher frailty
negative
since conscientious is associated with a number of positive outcomes for older adults, having a higher level of conscientiousness has been linked to living a longer life than the other four factors (OCEAN)
yes
which of the OCEAN factors are linked to positive and negative emotions
positive; OCEA
(openness to experience, extraversion, Agreeableness)
negative N
(neuroticism)
does having a higher level of conscientiousness, extraversion, and a lower level of neuroticism live longer or shorter
longer
since higher conscientiousness is linked to a longer life can it reduce risk of develop Alzheimer’s disease
yes
is having a higher level of agreeableness and lower level of neuroticism more or less likely to develop dementia
less
ageism is prejudice against others because
of their age, especially prejudice against older adults
does ageism discourage social participation by older adults
yes
how does stereotyping of older adults service them as
- incapable of thinking clearly,
- learning new things
- enjoying sex
- contributing to the community
- or holding responsible jobs
many older adults face painful
discrimination and might be too polite and timid to attack
because of their age, what can happen to older adults jobs
- not be hired for new jobs
- might be eased out of old ones
- shunned socially
- might be edged out of their family life
ageism is widespread
yes
were men or women more likely to negatively stereotype older adults
men than were women
what is the most frequent form of ageism
- disrespect for older adults
- assumptions about ailments or frailty caused by age
do younger individuals show more age discrimination toward older adults than did older individuals
yes
status of the economy is concern of the US economy
not bearing the burden of older individuals who are generally consumers
health care is older adults […] health care cost considerably; many suffer from a chronic disease
increasing
eldercare is
physical and emotional caretaking for older family members
what is one of many older adults’ concerns regarding of the status of the economy and income
about their ability to have enough money to live a comfortable life as older adults
since the recent economic downturn, what is especially trouble some among US adults that has contributed to the financial problems of some older adults
the low rate of savings
has Americans confidence in their ability to retire comfortably reached an all time low in recent years
yes
why are older adults who are poor a special concern
- cognitive processing speed was slow b/c living poverty
- increase in physical and mental health problems
- increase risk of earlier death
has data shown that the overall number of older people living in poverty declined or inceased
declined since the 1960s but 9.3 is still living in poverty in US
are US women or men 65 years and older much more likely to live in poverty than their counterpart
women (10.6 percent)
what is the percentage of single, divorced, or widowed women that were 65 years old and lived in poverty
nineteen
is the poverty rates among older adults who belong to ethnic minorities much higher or lower than the rate for non-latino whites
higher
out of 3/3 what is the fraction of total health care expenses in the US involving the care of adults 65 and over, who comprise only 12 percent of the population
1/3
medicare is the program that provides
health care insurance to adults over 65 under the social security system
what was the Act that was enacted, freeing the US from being the only develop country that did not have a national health care system
the Affordable Care Act
the internet plays an increasingly important role in providing access to information and communication for adults as well as youth
yes
do young or older seniors use the internet more
young
out of 3/3 how much does using technology reduce the likelihood of the older adult being depressed
1/3
adults 75 and older who connect with family, friends, and neighbors using smart phones and the internet have a […] level of psychological well being the their counterparts who do not
higher
adults 65 and older adults watch an average of 51 hours, 32 minutes of television per week, contributing to
sedentary behavior and less social and physical behavior
[…] numbers of older adults use e-mail and smartphones to communicate, especially with friends and relatives
increasing
do lower SES older adults use smartphones and the internet much more or less than middle and upper SES older adults do
much less
[…] percent of 65 to 69 years olds but only […] percent of people 80 and over used smartphones
59
17
in 2016, […] percent of US adults 65 and over reported using social networking sites like Facebook and twitter
34
is the average of 51 hours and 32 minutes of watching television per week by older adults far more, equal, or less than any other age groups
far more
although computers, smartphones, and the Internet are now playing more important roles in the lives of people of all ages, do people especially in late adulthood continue to watch extensive amounts of television
yes
in life diversity, can one third of adults now expect to marry, divorce, and remarry during their lifetime
yes
since the lifestyles of older adults are changing, what were the years formerly like
consisting of marriage for men and widowhood for women
in 2016, […] % of US adults over 65 years were married
58
are older women or men far more likely to be married than the other
older men
in 2016, […] percent of US adults over 65 years of age were widowed
24
there were more than […] times as many widows as widowers
four
individuals who are in a marriage or a partnership in late adulthood are usually
happier, feel less distressed, and live longer than those who are single
is marital satisfaction greater or less in older adults than in middle aged adults
greater
in a longitudinal study of adults 75 years of age and older revealed that individuals who were married were less likely to die during a […] year time span
seven
in late adulthood are married individuals more or less likely to find themselves having to care for a sick partner with a limiting health condition
more
what can the stress for caring for a spouse who has a chronic disease place
demands on intimacy
in married older adults can retirement alter a couples lifestyle
yes
married LGBT individuals 50 years and over report […] quality of life and more economic and social resources than unmarried partnered counterparts
better
in a recent study, 24 percent of LGBT individuals 50 years and older, […] percent were legally married, […] percent unmarried and partnered, and […] percent single
24
26
50
what did single LGBT individuals who were single reported having in health, and resources than legally LGBT married and unmarried couples
poorer health and fewer resources
is the number of older adults divorcing increasing or decreasing
increasing
are the majority of divorced older adults women or men, +
+
which are more likely to remarry
women due to their longevity,
+
men remarry
since divorce is far less common among older adults than younger adults, it likely reflects cohort effects rather than
age effects since divorce was somewhat rare when current cohorts of older adults were young
in 2015, […]% of women and […]% of men 65 years and older in the US were divorced or separated
13
11
what consequences does divorce have
social
financial
physical
why is remarriage increasing due to
- rising divorce rates
- increased longevity
- better health
are many of the same factors traditionally associated with divorce in younger adults also likely to occur in older adults
yes
the longer older adults are married, the more likely they were to have
- better marital quality,
- own a home
- be healthy
making them less likely to become divorced
are partnered older adults more or less likely to receive relatively high Social Security benefits and less likely to live in poverty
more
can divorce weaken kinship ties when it occurs later in life,
yes, especially in the case of older men
are divorced older women more or less likely to have adequate financial resources than married older women
divorced older women
divorce is linked to higher rates of health problems in older adults
yes
do some older adults perceive negative or positive social pressure about their decision to remarry
negative
do majority of adult children support or reject the decision of their older adult parents to remarry
support
can adult children be personally affected by remarriage between older adults
yes
how can adult children be personally affected by remarriage between older adults
remarried parents and stepparents provide
- less support to adult stepchildren than do parents in first marriages
is the number of older adults cohabiting increasing or decreasing
increasing
in 2016, cohabitation levels more than […] for older men from 1990 to 2015 and increased for older women in the same time frame from less than 1 percent to 2.6 percent
doubled
in 2016, approximately […]% of older adults were cohabiting
3
cohabiting older adults do it more for
companionship than for love
did older or younger adults who cohabited have a more positive, stable relationship
older
were cohabiting older or younger adults less likely to have plans to marry their partner
older
what did middle aged and older adult cohabiting men and women report higher levels of than their married counterparts
depression
between cohabiting older adults, the psychological well being for men seems to […] more than for women
increase
when faced in situations such as one partner facing the potential need for expensive care, a couple may decide to maintain their assets separately and thus not marry
yes
do older adults have more or fewer attachment relationships than younger adults do
fewer
from 13 to 72 years of age, did attachment anxiety increase or decline in middle aged and older adults
decline
being in a relationship was linked to […] attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance arose adulthood
lower
were women or men higher in attachment avoidance throughout the life span
men
approx. […] percent of older adults have living children (many of whom are middle aged), and […] percent of older adults have children who are 65 years or older
80
10
are adult children an important part of the aging parent’s social network
yes
do older adults with children have more contacts with relatives than do those without children
yes
since there is an increasing diversity that characterizes oder adult parents and their adult children, what are some of those diverse characteristics
- divorce
- cohabitation
- and non marital childbearing
why is gender an important role in relationships involving older adult parents and their children
adult daughters;
more likely to be involved in the lives of aging parents than adult sons
three times more likely than adult sons to give parents assistance with daily living activities
in late adulthood, attachment security is associated with […] psychological and physical well being than attachment anxiety
greater
insecure attachment is linked to more perceived […] caregiver burden in caring for patients with Alzheimer’s disease
negative
what is a valuable taks that adult children can perform for an aging parent (or other relative) who becomes disabled
coordinate and monitor services
what are among the tasks that adult children can to when coordinating and monitoring the services for an aging parent
- locating a nursing home and monitoring its quality
- procuring medical services
- arranging public service assistance
- handling finances
in other cases, how may adult children provide assistance to their older parents (adults) when coordinating and monitoring services
- provide direct assistance with activities of daily living such as eating, bathing and dressing
can even less severely impaired older adults need help with shopping, housework, transportation, home maintenance, and bill paying
yes
what are relationships between aging parents and their children usually characterized by
ambivalence
e.g. middle aged adults feel more positive about providing support for their children than their aging parents
in early adulthood, friendship networks expand as new social connections are made away from home. however, in late adulthood are new friendships less likely to be forged
yes, although some adults do seek out new friendships, especially following the death of a spouse
aging expert Laura Carstensen (2006) concluded that people choose close friends over
new friends as they grow older
what did Laura Carstensen say about older adults having several close people in their network feeling
content
did younger or older adults report fewer problems with friends, fewer negative friendship qualities, less frequent contact with friends, and more positive friendship qualities with a specific friend
older
in a study of married older adults, were women or men more depressed if they did not have a best friend,
women
women who do have a friend report higher or lower levels of depression
lower
women who did not have a best friend were less […] with life than women who did have a best friend
satisfied
adults 75 years of age and older revealed that individuals who maintained close ties with friends were
less likely to die across a seven year age span
are family or friendships more important in predicting mental health
friendships
what does social support and social integration play an important role in
the physical and mental health of older adults
in the social convoy model of social relations individuals go through life
embedded in a personal network of individuals to whom they give, and from whom they receive, social support
what can social support help individuals of all ages cope more effectively with
life’s challenges
for older adults, what is social support related to
- physical health,
- mental health
- and life satisfaction
in social support and social integration does having a higher level of social support associate with older adults increase in life satisfaction
yes
what does social support decrease the probability of an older adult being
institutionalized or becoming depressed
older adults who experience a higher level of social support showed later
cognitive decline than their counterparts with a lower level of social support
what is 80 percent of the supportive care for older adults with some form of limitation provided by
- family members
- or other informal caregivers
- which places an enormous burden on the caregiver
since social integration is also an important role in the lives of many older adults, what does a decrease in the overall social activity of many older adults reflect
their greater interest in spending more time in a small circle of friends and family members where they are less likely to have negative emotional experiences
in the concept of social support and social integration ; an increased use of the internet by older adults was associated with having more opportunities to
- meet new people
- feeling less isolated
- feeling more connected with friends and family
older adults tend to report being […] lonely than younger adults and […] lonely than would be expected based on their circumstances
less
less
likely reflects their more selective social networks and greater acceptance of loneliness in their lives
in a recent stud, […] percent of older adults stated they were often or frequently lonely
18
what were the most important symptoms that predicted feeling lonely in older adults
anxiety and depressive symptoms
living alone
and low social participation
the convoy model of social relations is when individuals for through life embedded in a personal network of individuals to whom they
give and from whom they receive social support
in altruism and volunteerism what are the older adults strategies more likely to be aimed at in contrast to younger adults strategies
older; contributing to the public good
younger; optimizing personal financial gain
a national survey found that […] percent of US adults 65 years and older engaged in volunteering in 2015. between what ages were the highest percentage of volunteering occurring
24
35 - 44 y/o
what is a common perception of older adults when it comes to altruism and volunteerism
that older adults need to be given help rather than give help themselves
how did older adults perceive their well being when they provided social support to others than when they review it,
better, except when social support was provided by a spouse or sibling
did older adults who had persistently low or declining feelings of usefulness to others have a increased or decreased risk of earlier death
increased
what are some of the positive outcomes for aging adults when volunteering
- better health
- better cognitive functioning
- are less lonely
older adults who engaged in organizational volunteering have a higher or lower mortality risk
higher than those who did not
why might volunteering be linked to those positive outcomes for aging older adults
- increased opportunities to engage in constructive physical, cognitive, and social activities that convey meaning and purpose to one’s life
with ethnicity in ethnic minority older adults are especially overrepresented in poverty statistics
African Americans and latinos
elderly ethnic minority individuals face both
ageism and racism
what are African American and latinos more likely to have a history of
less education
longer periods of unemployment
worse housing conditions
shorter life expectancy
non latino white men and women with […] years or more of schooling and a life expectancy that was […] years higher than that of African Americans with fewer than […] years of education
16
14
12
despite the stress and discrimination older ethnic minority individuals face, what have many of these older adults developed
coping mechanisms that allow them to survive in the dominant non latino white world
extensions of family networks helps older minority group individuals cope with the
bare essentials of living and gives them a sense of being loved
what do churches in African American and latino communities provide avenues for
meaningful social participation
feelings of power
and a sense of internal satisfaction
may elderly ethnic minority individuals reach eligible age for Social Security and Medicare benefits
may never
elderly ethnic minority individuals are more likely to become ill, but are less likely to
receive treatment
what is the term for ethnic older minority individuals use to develop coping mechanisms for survival
- happiness paradox
- extended family networks
- churches
do many older women face the burden of both ageism and sexism + racism for female ethnic minorities
yes
what is the poverty rate for older adult females than that of older adult males
almost double
in late adulthood, may be […] felinity in women and […] masculinity in mend during late adulthood
decreasing
decreasing
older men may become more […] (that is, nurturing or sensitive), but women do not necessarily become more […] (that is, assertive or dominant)
feminine
masculine
regarding gender in late adulthood, there are age differences and androgyny traits
yes
“triple jeopardy” is the female ethnic minority older adults facing three levels of discrimination
ageism
sexism
racism
in culture what are the six factors that are most likely to predict high status for older adults
- having valuable knowledge
- persons control key family/community resources
- permitted to engage in useful and valued functions as long as possible
- age related role changes involve greater responsibility, authority, and advisory capacity
- the extended family is a common family arrangement in the culture, and the older person is integrated into the extended family
- respect for older adults is greater in collectivist cultures (China and Japan) than in individualistic cultures (US). However, some researchers are finding that this collectivistic/individualistic difference in respect for older adults is not was strong as it used to be and that, in some cases, older adults in individualistic culottes receive considerable respect
in culture, what are factors that are important in living the good life as an older adult
health
security
kinship/support
what is the most common pattern which characterizes most individuals in aging
normal aging
in normal aging, when does psychological functioning often peak
in early midlife, plateaus until the late fifties to early sixties, then modestly decline through the early eighties, although marked decline often occurs prior to death
what is the pattern in successful aging which characterizes individuals who in late adulthood show greater than average decline
pathological aging
what type of impairment might pathological aging have
in early old age have mild cognitive impairment, develop Alzheimer’s disease later, or have chronic disease that impairs their daily functioning
what is the third pattern of aging in old age which characterizes individuals whose physical, cognitive and socioemotional development is maintained longer than for most individuals and declines later than for most people
successful aging
how can many abilities be maintained and/or improved in older adults
- proper diet
- active lifestyle
- mental stimulation and flexibility
- positive coping skills
- good social relationships and support
- absence of disease
even when individuals develop a disease, what improvements mean that increasing numbers of older adults can continue to lead active, constructive lives
medicine and lifestyle
what are the four factors best characterize succesful agin
- proactive engagement
- wellness resources
- positive spirit
- valued relationships
being younger, married, a regular drinker, in better health (perceived), and satisfied with life were associated with what type of aging
successful aging
what does the presence of disease link to regarding successful aging
a significant decline
being active and engaged is an especially important aspect of successful aging
yes
are older adults who exercise regularly, attend meetings, participate in church activities, and go on trips are more or less satisfied with their lives than their counterparts who disengage from society
more
are older adults who engage in challenging cognitive activities more or less likely to retain their cognitive skills for a longer period of time
more
older adults who are emotionally selective, optimize their choices, and compensate effectively for losses increase or decrease their chances of aging successfully
increase
in a study of 90 to 91 year olds found that living circumstances, especially owning
one’s own home and living there as long as possible; independence in various aspects of life; good heath; and a good death were described as important themes of successful aging
successful aging also involves a perceived control over the environment
yes
the term self efficacy has often been used to describe perceived control over
the environment and the ability to produce positive outcomes
in Laura castensen’s perspetive on the challenge and opportunities involved in the dramatic increase in life expectancy that has been occurring and continues to occur, in her view has the remarkable increase in the number of people living to older ages occurred in such a short time that science, technology, and behavioral adaptions have not kept pace
yes
what does Laura carstensen propose that the challenge is
to change a world constructed mainly for young people living to 100 and older
what is arguably the most troubling aspect of our attitude toward aging
that we fret about ways that older people lack the qualities of younger people rather than exploit a growing new resources right before our eyes
are older adults the fastest or slowest growing segment of internet usesra
fastest
