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Lifespan Development > Chapter 3; Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy > Flashcards

Chapter 3; Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy Flashcards

1
Q

cephalocaudal pattern is a a sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the […]- the head-with physical growth in size weight, and differentiation of features gradually working their way […] from top to bottom

A

top
down
shoulders, middle trunk and so on

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2
Q

the proximodistal pattern is a sequence in which growth starts at the […] of the body and moves toward the […]

A

center
extremities

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3
Q

in what areas does the cephalocaudal pattern grow

A

the eyes and brain-grow faster than the lower parts, such as the jaw
e.g. head area, as the top parts of the head-

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4
Q

according to the cephalocaudal pattern the […] and […] systems generally proceed in developing

A

sensory
motor

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5
Q

according to the proximodistal pattern what is an example of what the baby can move first

A

e.g. infants control the muscles of their trunk and arms before they control their hands, and they use their whole hands before they can control several fingers

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6
Q

episodic growth in infants means they growth is occurring in […], [is or is not] smooth, and is it continuous or no

A

spurts
not
yes continuous

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7
Q

what is another name for nerve cells

A

neurons

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8
Q

does brain development continue after birth?

A

yes, extensive brain development continues after birth, through infancy, and later

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9
Q

A baby head should be protected because the brain is […] so rapidly in infancy

A

developing

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10
Q

shaken baby syndrome is when the brain […], and there is [….]

A

swells
hemorrhaging
when baby is shaken

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11
Q

at birth babies brain weighs.a […]th percent of its adult weight

A

25

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12
Q

the weight of a babies brain by their second birthday is […] percent of its adult weight

A

75 not mature uniformly

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13
Q

What does EEG stand for

A

electroencephalogram

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14
Q

electroencephalogram is the measure of the brains […] activity to learn about the […] development in infancy

A

electrical
brain

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15
Q

the positive effects of high quality mother-infant interaction early in infancy causes a higher quality of the […] lobe functioning

A

frontal

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16
Q

what does fNIRS stand for

A

functional near-infrared spectroscopy

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17
Q

fNIRS uses very [high or low] levels of […]-[…] light to monitor changes in blood […]

A

low
near infrared
oxygen

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18
Q

the forebrain is the [closest or farthest] from the spinal cord and it includes the […] cortex, and several structures behind it

A

farthest
cerebral

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19
Q

the cerebral cortex covers the […] like a wrinkled cap

A

forebrain

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20
Q

the four main lobes found in the cerebral cortex are the […] lobe, […] lobe. […] lobe. and the […]

A

frontal
occipital
temporal
parietal

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21
Q

how many hemispheres are there?

A

two halves in the brain

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22
Q

are the two hemisphere identical?

A

not identical in anatomy or function

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23
Q

what is lateralization

A

the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other; both needed for the complex functions

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24
Q

when do newborns show greater electrical brain activity in the left than in the right

A

when listening to speech sounds

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25
Q

at birth the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex have started to specialize

A

true

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26
Q

the [left or right] hemisphere is used when focusing in language, speech, and grammar

A

left
in most people

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27
Q

the [left or right] hemisphere is used when focusing on appropriate language used in different contexts, and the use of metaphor and humor

A

right hemisphere

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28
Q

complex functions are directed by which hemisphere

A

both sides communicate

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29
Q

a neuron is a [..] cell that handles […] processing

A

nerve

information

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30
Q

an axon is a […] that carries signals […] from the cell body

A

fiber
away

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31
Q

dendrites are a […] carrying signals […] the neuron

A

fiber
signals

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32
Q

myelin sheath is layer of […] cells encases many […]

A

fat
axons

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33
Q

what do neurons send

A

electrical and chemical signals
communicate with eachother

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34
Q

what are the two types of fibers that extend from a neurons cell body

A

axons and dendrites

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35
Q

the purpose of the myelin sheath is to provide […], help electrical signals travel […] down the axon, providing […] to neurons, and facilitating […]

A

insulation
faster
energy
communication

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36
Q

neurotransmitters are terminal […] at end of axon that release […] (neurotransmitters)

A

buttons
chemicals

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37
Q

synapses are tiny […] between neurons

A

gaps

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38
Q

when axons and dendrites connect there are chemical interactions in the synapses that allow […] to pass from one neuron to another

A

information

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39
Q

is the first process of myelination is of encasing […] with fat cells, which will […] up neural transmissions. The expansion of dendritic connections facilitates the spreading of neural […] in infant development

A

Axons
Speed
pathways

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40
Q

the myelination process begins […] continues in […] and […]

A

prenatal
childhood
adolescence

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41
Q

the second process of myelination is for neuron connectivity to [increase or decrease] which will creating new neuron pathways and allow for new dendrites to […], ] the connections among dendrites [increase or decrease] and synaptic connections between axons and dendrites […]

A

Increase
Grow
increase
proliferate

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42
Q

what happens to synaptic connections that are never used

A

replaced by other pathways or disappear

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43
Q

what happens to synaptic connections that are used

A

become stronger and survive/”pruned”

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44
Q

what happens in the prefrontal cortex

A
  • higher level thinking
  • self regulation occur
  • peak of overproduction occurs at just over 3 years of age until middle to late adolescence where adult density of synapses is achieved
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45
Q

what is thought to influence the timing and course of synaptic overproduction and subsequent retraction

A

heredity and environment

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46
Q

myelination occurs and get completed for visual pathways rapidly after […] it is completed in the first […] months

A

birth
6

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47
Q

myelination gets completed for auditory pathways until […] or […] years of age

A

4
5

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48
Q

what inflowing streams of sense help shape neural connections in the environment of early experience and the brain

A
  • sights
  • sounds
  • smells
  • touches
  • language
  • eye contact
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49
Q

growing up in a deprived environment is connected with depressed brain activity

A

yes

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50
Q

what happen when the brain looses brain tissue

A

it recovers and adapts

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51
Q

brain development depends on context

A

Yes

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52
Q

does the brain have plasticity

A

yes

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53
Q

the neuroconstructivist view are […] processes (e.g. genes) and […] conditions (e.g. enriched or impoverished) capable of influencing the brains development in two ways

A

biological

environmental

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54
Q

what is the first way in the neuroconstructivist view that is believed to influence the brains development

A

the brain has plasticity and is context dependent

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55
Q

the second way that the neuroconstructivist views has influence on the brains development is that the development of the brain and the child’s […] development are closely linked

A

Cognitive

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56
Q

the neurocontructivist view emphasizes interactions between […] and gene […] in the brains development as important (such as epigenetic view proposes)

A

experiences
Expressions

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57
Q

what does REM stand for

A

Rapid Eye Movement

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58
Q

what is REM thought to do in infancy

A

promote infants brain development

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59
Q

what does SIDS stand for

A

sudden infant death syndrome

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60
Q

what is SIDS

A
  • infant stops breathing
    (usually during night)
    -dies
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61
Q

how many annual deaths has SIDS caused

A

2,000

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62
Q

[…] to […] months is the period of infancy where SIDS risk is the highest

A

2 to 4 months

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63
Q

what reduces the risk of SIDS

A

sleeping on their backs

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64
Q

why does sleeping on their back decrease chances of SIDS

A
  • access to fresh air
  • reduces chances of getting overheated
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65
Q

what can abnormal brain stem function involving the neurotransmitter serotonin cause in infants

A

SiDS

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66
Q

what does the gene mutation of heart arrhythmias cause in infants

A

SIDS (10 to 15 percent)

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67
Q

infants that are […] […] are less likely to have get SIDS

A

breast fed

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68
Q

to which infants are SIDS more common

A
  • second hand smoke
  • low birth weight infants
  • African American infants
  • Eskimo infants
  • exposed to cigarette smoke
  • sleep with/same bed as parents
  • bedroom with no fan
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69
Q

what are two factors that best predict SIDS

A
  • maternal smoking
  • bed sharing
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70
Q

what does infant sleep positively benefit in cognitive development

A
  • better memory
  • language
  • executive function
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71
Q

what does the link between infant sleep and children’s cognitive function bring

A
  • brain maturation
  • memory consolidation
    (improves daytime alertness + learning)
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72
Q

infants who had more sleeping problems had emotional […] at […] to […] years of age, there attention had […] functioning in elementary school

A

dysregulation
2
3
poor

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73
Q

during the first six months where does the infant obtain nutrients and energy

A
  • human milk
  • alternative formula
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74
Q

the benefits of breast feeding in the first two years of life included […] weight gain, a [higher or reduced] risk of child and adult obesity, fewer […] infections, fewer […] tract infections, a small increase in child […], protects against […] (may or may not prevent asthma), and [more or fewer] eat, throat, and sinus infections

A

appropriate
reduced
gastrointestinal
respiratory
small
wheezing
fewer

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75
Q

what benefit does breast feeding bring to mothers

A
  • reduction of hospitalization for cardiovascular functioning
  • lower incidence of breast cancer
  • reduction in ovarian cancer
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76
Q

when should a woman not breastfeed?

A
  • having AIDS
  • infectious disease that can be transmitted
  • active tuberculosis
  • taking drugs
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77
Q

what are the types of research done on breast feeding vs bottle fed babies

A

correlational studies

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78
Q

what types of environments do infants need

A
  • nutritional
  • supportive
  • nurturing
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79
Q

when an infant is develops, their nutritional supply helps strengthen and aid coordination required for […] development

A

strength and coordination required for motor development

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80
Q

The dynamic systems theory is the perspective on […] development that seeks to explain how motor behaviors are assembled for […]and […] in infants

A

motor

perceiving

acting

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81
Q

what does perceiving and acting refer to in the dynamic systems theory

A

perceiving - perceive something in their environment that motivates them to act
perception - fine-tune their movements
(represent pathways to infants goals)

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82
Q

“tune” for an infant are repeated cycles of […] then perception of the […] of those actions
(using motor skills)

A

action

consequences

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83
Q

according to the dynamic systems, an infant promotes motor development by the infant actively putting together a skill in order to achieve a […] within the constraints set by the infants body and environment

A

goal

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84
Q

reflexes are built in […] to stimuli, […] carried survival mechanisms that are […] and […].

A

reactions
genetically
automatic
involuntary
e.g. when immersed in water, the baby automatically holds its breath and contracts its throat to keep water out

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85
Q

the stimulant for the rooting reflex is having the […] stroked or the side of the […] touched

A

cheek
mouth

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86
Q

the infants response to having its cheek stroked or side of mouth touched according to its rooting reflex is turning its […], opening its […], and beginning to […]

A

head
mouth
sucking

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87
Q

the rooting reflex disappears in […] to […] months

A

3
4

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88
Q

what is the sucking reflex stimulant

A

object put in their mouth

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89
Q

what is the infants response to an object touching their mouth

A

sucks automatically

side note: allows newborns to get nourishment before they have associated a nippe with food

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90
Q

the sucking reflex disappears in […] to […] months

A

3
4

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91
Q

the Moro (startle) reflex stimulant is sudden […], such as hearing loud […] or being[…]

A

stimulation

noise

dropped

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92
Q

when a sudden stimulation such as hearing a loud noise or being dropped happens to an infant they

A
  • startled
  • arches back
  • throws head back
  • flings out arms and legs
  • rapidly closes them to center of body
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93
Q

The Moro (startle) reflex disappears at […] to […] months

A

3
4

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94
Q

The blinking reflex in an infant stimulant is stimulated by a flash of […] or puff of […]

A

light
air

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95
Q

what is the infants response to the blinking reflex

A

closes both eyes

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96
Q

when does the blinking reflex disappear

A

permanent

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97
Q

the Babinski reflex stimulant in an infant is when the sole of the foot is […]

A

stroked

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98
Q

the infants response to having the sole of foot stroked is to […] out the toes and to […] the foot in

A

fans

twist

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99
Q

the Babinski reflex disappears after […] months to […] year

100
Q

what is the grasping reflex stimulation

A

palms touched

101
Q

what is the infants response when its palms are touched

A

grasps tightly with hand

102
Q

the grasping reflex disappears in an infant after […] months when it weakens and it disappears after […] year

103
Q

what is the stimulant for the stepping reflex

A

infant held above surface and feet lowered to touch surface

104
Q

what is the infants response to the stepping reflex

A

moves feet as if to walk

105
Q

the stepping reflex disappears from […] to […] months

106
Q

what is the stimulant in the swimming reflex in infants

A

infant being put face down in water

107
Q

what is the infants response to being put face down in water

A

make coordinated swimming movements

108
Q

the swimming reflex disappear in infants from […] to […] months

109
Q

the tonic reflex stimulant is when the infant is placed on their […]

110
Q

the infants response to being placed on back from the tonic neck reflex is to forms […] with both hands and usually turns head to the […] (sometimes called the “fencer’s pose” because the infant looks like it is assuming a fencers position)

A

fists
Right

111
Q

what are some reflexes that persist through life

A
  • coughing
  • sneezing
  • blinking
  • shivering
  • yawning
112
Q

what are gross motor skills

A

skills that involve large-muscle activities
(moving ones arms and walking)

113
Q

infants can sit independently until they are […] or […] months of age

114
Q

when walking upright what are closely linked together

A

locomotion and postural control

115
Q

what is linked to reaching motor milestone early at birth

A

larger birth size;
- birth
- weight
- birth length
- head circumference
- breastfeeding
increase in size;
- weight increase
- length
- head

116
Q

what development occurs in the second year

A

motor skills are honed and continue to be used

117
Q

what is fine motor skills

A

involve finely tuned movements
(e.g. using spoon, finger dexterity)

118
Q

what is sensation in infants

A

occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors
- eyes
- ears
- tongue
- nostril
- skin

119
Q

what does the sensation of hearing mean

A

occurs when waves of pulsating air are collected by the outer ear and transmitted through the bones of the inner ear to the auditory nerve

120
Q

how does the sensation of vision occur

A

rays of light contact the
- eyes
- become focused on the retina
- transmitted by the optic nerve
- to the visual centers of the brain

121
Q

what does perception mean

A

interpretation of what is sensed

122
Q

Gibsons ecological view is when we directly perceive information that exists in

A

the world and around us

123
Q

what is the visual preference method that researchers use to study infant perception

A

measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli, method developed by Fantz to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another

124
Q

what does habituation mean when researchers study infant perception

A

decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus

125
Q

what does dishabituation mean when researchers study infant perception

A

recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation

126
Q

what does videotape allow research when studying infant perception

A

investigate elusive behaviors

127
Q

what do high speed computers make possible for researcher to study about infant perception

A

perform complex data analysis in minutes

128
Q

what do other equipment record when researchers study infant perception

A
  • respiration
  • heart rate
  • body movement
  • visual fixation
  • sucking behavior
    (provide clues to what the infant is perceiving)
129
Q

what can eye tracking equipment evaluate

A

an infants early visual ability

130
Q

what is a newborns vision on the Snellen eye examination chart

A

20/600
20 - newborn
600 - adult

131
Q

what is a 6 month olds vision on the Snellen eye chart

132
Q

what is possibly the most important visual stimuli in a children’s social environment

133
Q

why are faces possibly the most important visual stimuli in a childs social environment

A

to extract key information from other faces

134
Q

since when do infants show in interest in faces

A

since birth

135
Q

toddlers can discriminate among some colors as early as […] years or typically by […] weeks

A

early as 4 y/o or typically by 8 weeks

136
Q

At about […] months infants start perceiving that occluded objects are whole

137
Q

during the last two months of pregnancy what sense can the fetus use

138
Q

Since infants are [more or less] sensitive to low pitched sounds are they [more or less] likely to hear high pitched sounds

139
Q

newborns who received regular gentle tactile stimulation as fetuses were more likely to have [easier or more difficult] temperament than their counterparts

140
Q

can newborns feel pain

A

yes, especially when circumsciced without anesthesia

141
Q

what benefit does kangaroo care have on newborns

A

ver effective in reducing neonatal pain

142
Q

can new borns differentiate among odors

143
Q

do newborns have sensitivity to tastes

A

yes even before birth

144
Q

intermodal perception is integrating information from […] or more […] modalities

A

Two
sensory
(e.g. vision and hearing) most perception is intermodal

145
Q

what are nativists

A

in the field of perceptual development who emphasize nature
the ability to perceive the world in a competent, organized way is inborn and innate

146
Q

empiricists are in the field of perceptual development who emphasize […] and […]

A

Learning

Experience

147
Q

the central theme of the ecological approach Is the interplay between […] and […]

A

Perception
Action

148
Q

the ecological approach (interplay between perception and action) refer to action can guide perception and perception can guide action

149
Q

the bases of Piagets theory is that […] and […] sculpt cognitive development

A

biology

Experience

150
Q

what does adaption mean

A

adjusting to new environmental demands

151
Q

what are schemes according to Piagets processes of development

A

action schemes or mental schemes
representations that organize knowledge

152
Q

according to Piagets theory what type of scheme do infants and toddler/older children create

A

infants - behavioral schemes (psychical activities)
toddlers/older children - mental schemes (cognitive activities)

153
Q

assimilation according to Piagets cognitive development theory occurs when children use their […] schemes to deal with new information or experiences

154
Q

what is accommodation according to Piqgets cognitive development theory

A

occurs when children adjust their scheme to account for new information and experiences

155
Q

what does organization mean according to Piagets cognitive development theory

A

concept of grouping isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher order, more smoothly functioning cognitive system

156
Q

what does sensorimotor stage mean in Piagets theory

A

the first stage (lasts from birth to 2 years of age)
- during this stage, infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motoric actions

157
Q

disequilibrium in Piagets theory is when the child is constantly inevitably experiencing cognitive […] ( to their existing schemes)

158
Q

how many stages are in Piagets process of development

159
Q

what does object permanence mean according to Piaget terms

A

term for understanding that objects and events continue to exist, even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched

160
Q

what does A-not-B error mean

A

this term is used to describe the tendency infants to reach where an object was located earlier rather than where the object was last hidden
(might be due to a failure in memory)

161
Q

core knowledge approach means when the infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems

162
Q

the downside to Piagets theory is that he greatly […] the cognitive abilities of infants, especially young infants

A

underestimated

163
Q

deli mental cognitive neuroscience is exploring connections between […], […], and […]

A

Brain
cognition
Development

164
Q

what is Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning mean

A

consequences of a behavior influence the probability of the behaviors recurrence

165
Q

Carolyn Rover-Collier demonstrated that infants can retain information from the experience of being […]

A

Conditioned

166
Q

what does attention mean

A

the focusing of mental resources on select information, improves cognitive processing on many tasks

167
Q

what does joint attention mean

A

process that occurs when (1) individuals focus on the same object and track each others behavior (e.g. following someones gaze), (2) one individual directs another’s attention and (3) reciprocal interaction takes place

168
Q

what are closely linked with attention

A

process of habituation and dishabituation

169
Q

joint attention problems as early as 8 months of age indicate having a link to being diagnosed with […] by […] years of age

170
Q

what benefit does joint attention bring to infant development

A
  • ability to learn from other people
  • better sustain attention
  • memory
  • self regulation
  • executive function
171
Q

according to Meltzoff are an infants imitative abilities hardwired responses

A

no, rather involve flexibility and adaptability

172
Q

deferred imitation occurs after a time […] of hours or days

A

Delay
does not occur until about 18 months

173
Q

memory according to Meltzoffs study of infant development involves the retention of […] over time

A

Information

174
Q

implicit memory means memory without […] recollection- memories of skills and routines procedures that are performed […]

A

conscious
Automatically

175
Q

explicit memory means […] memory of […] and […]

A

conscious
Facts
Experiences

176
Q

what is amnesia infantile or childhood amnesia

A

inability of human adults to remember episodic experiences that occurred during the first few years of life (generally 0-3 years) and the tendency to have sparse recollection of episodic experiences that occurred before age 8 to 9

177
Q

childhood amnesia occurs because the […] lobes of the brain are immature and the […] is believed to play an important role in storing […] of events

A

prefrontal
prefrontal
memories

178
Q

concepts are cognitive groups of similar…

A

objects,
events,
people,
or ideas

179
Q

do infants have concepts

A

yes but don’t know how early concepts form
perceptual categorization as young as 3 months of age

180
Q

what does perceptual categorization mean

A

categorization based on similar
- size
- color
- movement
- parts of object
- legs for animals

181
Q

until about […] to […] months infants make conceptual conceptions

182
Q

what is language

A

form of communication-whether spoken, written, or signed-that is based on a system of symbols

183
Q

infinite generatively is the ability to produce and comprehend an […] number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules set of words and rules

184
Q

what does crying in babies signal

185
Q

cooing in babies is about […] to […] months . It is […] sounds and is made in the back of the […] during interaction

A

2
4
gurgling
pleasure

186
Q

babbling in babies is when they produce strings of consonant vowel combinations such as

187
Q

when infants lack babbling noises linked to a risk of having future […] and […] problems

A

speech
language

188
Q

what do gestures do infants make between 8 to 12 months

A

show and point

189
Q

when infants do not point (and make gestures) it is a significant indicator of problems in the infants […] system

A

communication

190
Q

at what age is a babies brain most open to learning the sounds of a native language

A
  • begins at 6 months with vowels
  • 9 months for consonants
191
Q

Richard Aslin emphasized that statistical learning- which involves no instruction, reinforcement, or feedback- is a powerful learning mechanism in infant development

192
Q

do infants understand words

A

infants understand words before they can produce or speak them
* e.g. as early as 5 months many recognize their name, first word isn’t until usually 10 to 15 months*

193
Q

what does receptive vocabulary mean

A

words the child understands

194
Q

what does spoken vocabulary mean

A

words the child uses

195
Q

what does vocabulary spurt mean

A

rapid increase in vocabulary that begins at approximately 18 months old (varies in age)

196
Q

what does infant vocabulary development at 16 to 24 months link to

A
  • vocabulary
  • phonological awareness
  • reading accuracy
    • reading comprehension five years later
197
Q

what are two word utterances between 18 to 24 months of age

A

two words used to convey meaning
- relies heavily on gesture
- tone
- context

198
Q

telegraphic speech is the use of short […] words, […] grammatical markers

A

Precise
Without

199
Q

what is the typical language milestone at birth

200
Q

what is the typical language milestone at 2 to 4 months

201
Q

what is the typical language milestone at 5 months

A

understands first words

202
Q

hat is the typical language milestone at 6 months

A

babbling begins

203
Q

what is the typical language milestone at 6 to 12 months

A

change from universal linguist to language specific listener

204
Q

what is the typical language milestone at 8 to 12 months

A

uses gestures
- showing
- pointing
- comprehension of words appears

205
Q

what is the typical language milestone at 13 months

A

first word spoken

206
Q

what is the typical language milestone at 18 months

A

vocabulary spurt starts

207
Q

what is the typical language milestone at 18 to 24 months

A

uses two-word utterances
rapid expansion of understanding of words

208
Q

what are the biological influences that promote the ability to speak and understand language

A
  • certain vocal apparatus
    • nervous system with specific capabilities
209
Q

the two regions in the brain involved with language was first discovered in studies of brain-damaged individuals. The first area is the […] area in the left […] lobe of the brain that is involved in producing […]. The second region is the […] area; the region of the brains left hemisphere that is involved in […] comprehension

A

broca’s
frontal
Words
wernicke’s
language

210
Q

aphasia is the […] or […] of language processing

A

loss

impairment

211
Q

damage to the Broca’s area produce difficulty producing […] but can comprehend what others say

212
Q

damage to the Wernicke’s area causes poor […] and often produce fluent but […] pseech

A

comprehension
nonsensical

213
Q

language acquisition device (LAD) according to Linguist Noam Chomsky is biological endowment that enables the child to detect the various […] and […] of language

A

Features
Rule

214
Q

what environmental influences play a part in infant language learning

A

social cues

215
Q

child-directed speech is also called […], which is language spoken in a [higher or lower] pitch, [faster or slower] tempo, and with more […] intonation than normal, with simple words and sentences

A

parantese
Higher
slower
exaggerated

216
Q

what is the function of using child-directed speech

A
  • capturing the infants attention
  • maintaining communication
  • social interaction
217
Q

recasting means when an adult […] something the child has said that might lack the appropriate morphology or contain some other error

218
Q

what does labelling mean

A

naming objects that children seem interested in

219
Q

what are ways that parents can facilitate their children’s language development

A
  • be an active conversational partner
  • narrate your daily activities to the baby as you do them
  • talk in a slowed-down pace and don’t worry about how you sound to other adults when you talk to your baby
  • use parent-look and parent-gesture, and name what you are looking at
  • when you talk with infants and toddlers, be simple, concrete , and repetitive
  • play games
  • expand and elaborate language abilities and horizons with infants and toddlers
220
Q

does a childs experience influence language acquisition

A

yes, and has strong biological foundations

221
Q

what patterns do most growing developments are follow

A

cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns

222
Q

growth in the first year is […] but the rate […] in the second year

A

Rapid
Slows

223
Q

how many calories do infants need to consume per day for each pound they weigh

A

50 calories

224
Q

Chomsky argues that children are born with the ability to detect […] features and rules of […]

A

Basic
Language

225
Q

what does that cephalocaudal pattern mean

A

developmental sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top - the head- with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom

226
Q

what is the average American newborn length and weight

A
  • 20 inches long
  • weighs 7.6 lb
227
Q

how many inches do the babies grow per month during the first year

228
Q

new born weight is …

229
Q

the brains development is

A
  • rapid and extensive growth during infancy and later on
230
Q

how many lobes does the brain have

A

four lobes

231
Q

is the pace of myelination constant

A

no, it varies

232
Q

what is the frontal lobe involved in

A
  • voluntary movement
  • thinking
  • personality
  • intentionality or purpose
233
Q

what is the occipital lobe involved in

234
Q

what do the temporal lobes have an active role in

A
  • hearing
  • language processing
  • memory
235
Q

what does the parietal lobe have a role in

A
  • registering spatial location
  • attention
  • motor controls
236
Q

what happens when there is damage to the lobes

A
  • aphasia
  • language ability loss
237
Q

what benefit does sleep have

A
  • replenishes and rebuilds the brain and body
    • restorative function
    • clearing out waste in neural tissue
  • increases synaptic connections between neurons
238
Q

how much do typical newborns sleep

A

approximately 16 to 17 hours a day

239
Q

what type of infant sleep-related problems affect the 15 to 25% that do

A
  • night time waking
    • linked to separation distress, anxiety
240
Q

SIDS is likely in infants with;

A
  • heart arrhythmia
  • sleep apnea, low birth weight
  • who do not use a pacifier when they go to sleep
  • whose siblings have died of SIDS
  • lower socioeconomic groups
    passively exposed to cigarette smoke, maternal smoking
  • who share the same bed with parents or sleep on soft
241
Q

what happens to infants eating habits as motor skills improve

A
  • from using suck-and swallow to chew-and-swallow movements
    (can eat semisolid and then complex foods)
242
Q

what is the most common “vegetable” fed to 15 month olds

A

French fries

243
Q

severe protein malnutrition during infancy cause […] deficits that persist to […] age from […]

A

Attention
Middle
Infancy

245
Q

Piagets, first stage, the sensorimotor stage lasts from […] to […] years old

Lifespan Development (18 decks)

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