Chapter 13; physical and cognitive development in middle adulthood Flashcards
pink floyd in their song “Time” described what of when people are young and when they get older
when people are young life seems longer and time passes more slowly
but
when we get older, time seems to pass much more quickly
do individuals in middle adulthood increasingly think about time left to live or time since birth
time left to live
in today, how are 50 year olds better than their 40 year old counterparts from a generation or two earlier
better in shape, more alert, and more productive
why are the boundaries of middle age being pushed upward (middle age is starting later and lasting longer)
as more lead healthier lifestyles and medical discoveries help to slow down the aging process
why is middle age starting later and lasting longer
for increasing numbers of active, healthy, and productive people
what does “60 is the new 40” imply
that many 60 year olds today are living a life that is as active, productive, and healthy as earlier generations did in their forties
what is age identity
the concept of how one feels of belonging to a certain age group, and how old they feel
as adults become older, is their age identity younger or older than their chronological age
younger
in the study, what have respondents said characterizes being middle aged
- enjoying afternoon naps
- groaning when you bend down
- preferring a quiet night in rather than a night out
some individuals consider the upper boundary of midlife as the age when they make the transition from work to retirement
what did Carl Jung refer midlife as
“the afternoon of life”
what does midlife serve as an important preparation for
late adulthood
according to Carl Jung refer late adulthood as
“the evening of life”
in the 1900 what was the average life expectancy
47
- only 3 percent of the population lived past 65
what is the average life expectancy today
79
- 12 percent is of the US population is older than 65
what happens as the percentage of the population grows greater in living to older ages regarding the midpoint of life
the midpoint of life and what constitutes middle age or middle adulthood are getting harder to pin down
is the percentage of the population made up of middle and older adults decreasing or increasing
increasing
from what to what ages is middle adulthood
40 to 45 years of age to 60 to 65 years of age
since an increasing percentage of the population is made up of middle-aged and older adults, what does it create
“rectangularization” of the age distribution (a vertical rectangle)
do physical skills and reponsiblity increase or decrease during middle adulthood
physical skills decrease
responsibility increases
why?
become more conscious of the young old polarity and the shrinking amount of time left in life
middle adulthood is a point when individuals seek to transmit something […] to the next generation; and a time when people reach and maintain […] in their careers
meaningful
satisfaction
in other words; what does middle adulthood involve balancing
work and relationship responsibilities in the midst of the physical and psychological changes associated with aging
what do gains and losses and biological and sociocultural factors do to each other
balance each other
however;
losses may begin to outweigh gains for many individuals in late midlife
from what age is late midlife considered
55 to 65
compared with earlier midlife, late midlife is more likely to be characterized by
- death of a parent
- last child leaving the parental home
- becoming a grandparent
- preparation for and actual retirement
what do many people in the late midlife experience for the first time
confrontation with health problems
what does Margie Lachlan and her colleagues (2015) describe middle age as a period of
pivotal period because it is a time of balancing growth and decline, linking earlier and later periods of development, and connecting younger and older generations
what did lifespan expert Gilbert Brim (1992) comment middle adulthood being full of
changes, twists, and turns; the path is not fixed. People move in and out of states of success and failure
since everyone experiences some physical changes due to aging in the middle adult hood years, is the speed of the aging process varied considerably from on individual to another
varies considerably
what play important roles in whether chronic disease will appear and when
genetic makeup and lifestyle factors
what are visible signs of physical changes in middle adulthood (usually apparent by the 40s or 50s)
- Skin wrinkles and sags (loss of fat and collagen in underlying tissues)
- Age spots appear (pigmentation, esp if exposed to sunlight. e.g. hands and face)
- Hair thins and grays
- Nails thicken and become more brittle
- Teeth yellow
is an older or youthful appearance valued in our culture
yes, hence many strive to make themselves look younger
e.g.
cosmetic surgery, dyeing hair, wearing wigs, enrolling in weight reduction programs, exercise regiments, vitamins
in middle adulthood is height and weight gained or lost
height is lost
weight is gained
what is a critical health problem of weight
being overweight
what is the risk?
to develop a number of other health problem e.g. hypertension & diabetes
on average how many inches do men lose in height
30 - 50 lose about half an inch
50 - 70 lose about 3/4 a inch
(are variations in individuals)
why?
bone loss in vertebrae
on average how many inches do women lose in height
as much as two inches over a 50 year span from 25 to 75 years of age
(are variations in individuals)
why?
bone loss in vertebrae
om average, body fat accounts for […] percent of body weight in adolescence; it makes up […] percent or more in middle age
10
20
what is an increase in weight gain from early adulthood to middle adulthood linked to an increased risk of
major chronic diseases and unhealthy aging
sarcopenia is age related […] of muscle mass and strength
Loww
side note;
max physical strength often is attained in the twenties
where does a loss of strength especially occur
in the back and legs
what is the percentage in which muscle loss with age occurs at a rate of per year past the age of 50
1 to 2 percent per year
what is a risk factor for sarcopenia
obesity
what is the term used to describe individuals who have sarcopenia and are obese
sarcopenic obesity
higher risk for men than for women
since the cushions for bones movement become less efficient in physical development for middle aged adults what does this lead to regarding the joints and movement
leading to joint stiffness and more difficulty in movement
progressive bone loss begins […] but […] during the fifties
Slowly
Accelerates
women lose bone mass about […] as quickly as men do
twice
what happens to bones breaking and healing by the end of midlife
break more easily and heal more slowly
what has a greater intake of link to an increased bone density in middle aged and older adults
greater intake of fruits and vegetables
what happen to the accommodation of the eye (ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina)
sharp decline between 40 to 59 years
in particular, middle aged individuals have difficult in viewing close objects hence many invidiuals have to wear what
glasses with bifocal lenses - lenses with two sections that enable the wearer to see items at different distances
there is some evidence that the retina becomes […] sensitive to low levels of illumination
less
what are routine procedures for correcting vision in middle aged adults
laser surgery and implantation of intraocular lenses
hearing can start to decline by the age
40
first sensitivity to high pitches
ability to hear low pitched sounds does not seem to decline much
who loses their sensitivity to high pitched sounds sooner, men or women
men
how?
might be due to mens greater exposure to noise in occupations e.g. mining, automobile work
what does a reduced blood supply do to the visual field, increase or decrease it
decrease
what issues does the cardiovascular system have in midlife
high blood pressure
high cholesterol
cardiovascular disease
what is high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and cardiovascular disease (increases considerably)
weight gain between 45 to 60
linked to unhealthy diet in adolescence
linked to lower SES
with the level of cholesterol in the blood increasing through adult years what happens in midlife
it begins to accumulate on the artery walls, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease
high blood pressure (hypertension) often occurs in the forties and fifties, what can uncontrolled hypertension do to the brain structure and its function
damage the brain structure and its function as the late thirties and early forties
can hypertension in middle age be linked to a risk of cognitive impairment
yes
in a Chinese study men and women who gained an average of 22 pounds or more from 20 to 45-60 years of age had an increased risk of
hypertension and cholesterol, as well as elevated triglyceride levels in middle age
can risk factors for cardiovascular disease in middle adulthood show up later or earlier in development
earlier
a […] diet in adolescence was linked to a lower risk of cardiovascular disease in middle aged women
healthy
contrast;
unhealthy diet is strong predictor of cardiovascular disease
what lifestyle can often help to stave off many cardiovascular problems in middle age
exercise, weight control, and a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grain
in what categories is a high level of physical activity associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease in
normal, overweight, obese
what are cholesterol lowering and hypertension lowering drugs a major factor in improving in many middle aged adults and increasing
improving health and increasing their life expectancy
what is the list of strategies for improving cardiovascular health by the American Heart Associations “Life Simple 7”
- manage blood pressure
- control cholesterol
- reduce blood sugar
- get active
- eat better
- lose weight
- quit smoking
linked to better cardiovascular healthy recovery following a heart attack later in life
metabolic syndrome is hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance
Yes
why is there a decrease in lung capacity at approximately age 55 while there has been little change through most of middle adulthood
lung tissue (proteins) becomes less elastic
with lung protein (tissue) becoming less elastic what happens with a combined gradual stiffening of connective tissues in the chest wall
it decreases the lung’s capacity to shuttle oxygen from the air people breathe to the blood in their veins
since the lung capacity of individuals who are smokers drops precipitously in middle age, what happens if the individual quits smoking
their lung capacity improves, although not to eh level of individuals who have never smoked
what does increased cardiorespiratory fitness from early adulthood to middle adulthood link to a decline in
less decline in lung health over time
(better lung health over time)
does the total number of hours slept usually change or remains the same as in early adulthood
same
but?
beginning in forties, wakeful periods are more frequent and there is less of the deepest type of sleep (stage 4)
does the amount of time spent lying awake in bed at night begin to increase or decrease in middle age to the point of producing a feeling of being less rested in the morning
increase
what does poor sleep quality in middle adulthood link to a cognitive decline or increase
decline
in young and middle aged adults do female and males have more severe sleep problems
females
72% have no sleep disturbances
what are factors done by a Korean study found that link to having sleeping problems in middle age
- unemployment
- being unmarried
- currently being a smoker
- lack of exercise
- irregular meals
- frequently experiencing stressful events
what happens to the immune system function when linked to less sleep
less effective
sleep disordered breathe and restless legs syndrome increase or decrease in the 40’s
increase
in middle adulthood does the frequency of accidents decline or increase
declines
are individuals in midlife less or more susceptible to colds and allergies than in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood
less
do many individuals live through midlife with or without having a disease or persistent health problem
some without while for others it comes more common in midlife than in earlier life stages
what is chronic disorders
slow onset and a long duration
(rare in early adulthood but increases in middle age)
stress is increasingly being identified as a factor in
disease
why?
cumulative effect of chronic stress often takes toll on health by the time they reach middle age
what does an elevated cortisol levels link to
physical health problems
+
downturn in immune system functioning
what are stress reducing activities that have positive influences on immune system functioning
yoga
relaxation
hypnosis
what is cortisol
a hormone “stress hormone”
why?
- linked to physical health problems such as lower immune system functioning and higher blood pressure, cholesterol, and cardiovascular disease, as well as to higher levels of mental health problems such as anxiety and depressive disorders
from ages 21 to 55 years of age, are men and women who are married , never married, or previously married, have lower cortisol levels
married
how individuals react to stressors/daily link to
health outcomes
adults who do not maintain positive affect when confronted with minor stressors in everyday of life had elevated levels of what
IL-6, an inflammation marker
what does a greater decrease in positive affect in response to daily stressors associate with
earlier death
chronic diseases are the […] causes of death during midlife; heart disease, cancer
main
as infectious disease rates declined and more individuals lived through midlife, chronic disorders increased or decreased
increased
since in midlife, many deaths are caused by a single, readily identifiable condition whereas in old age, death is more likely to be a result from what combined effects
several chronic conditions
do men or women have the higher mortality rate for all the leading causes of death
men
the term climacteric describes the midlife transition during which […] declines
Fertility
what is menopause
cessation of a women’s menstrual periods, usually in late forties or early fifties
average age; 51. variation from 39 to 59
what is later menopause linked to an increased risk of
breast cancer
in menopause what hormonee declines dramatically and what symptoms does it cause
production of estrogen by the ovaries.
may cause; hot flashes, nausea, fatigue, rapid heartbeat
what are some of the cross cultural studies reveal about the menopause experiment
mayan women - uncommon hot flashes
asian women have fewer hot flashes than women in western societies
Musuo Chinese women - fewer negative menopausal symptoms, higher self esteem, better family support than Han Chinese women
why is it difficult to determine the extent to which cross cultural variations are due to
genetic, dietary, reproductive, or cultural factors
overall is not the negative experience for most women that it was once thought to be (most do not have severe physical or psychological problems related to menopause)
what is perimenopause a transitional period of
from normal menstrual periods to no menstrual periods at all
what is HRT and what treatment does it do
hormone replacement therapy
treatment for unpleasant side effects of menopause
what does hormone replacement therapy (HRT) augment the declining levels of
reproductive hormone production by the ovaries. consists various forms of estrogen, usually in combination with progestin
what cancer is HRT linked to increase a risk of
breast cancer and the longer is taken , the greater risk of breast cancer
what are the conclusions reached about HRT by leading experts of the North American Menopause Society (2017)
- most favorable in reducing negative menopausal symptoms and reducing bone loss or fracture for women 60 years and younger who are within 10 years of menopausal onset
- less favorable for women who are more than 10 or more years from menopausal onset or are 60 years and older, because of greater risk for cardiovascular disease and alzeihmer disease
what did the national institutes of health recommend that women who have not had a hysectomy and who are currently taking hormones consult with their doctor do determine
whether they should continue the treatment
does taking HRT for short term relief on menopausal symptoms do the benefits outweigh the risks or the risks outweigh the benefits
benefits outweigh the risks
are there alternatives?
regular exercise, dietary supplements, herbal remedies, relaxation therapy, acupuncture, and non steroidal medications
since most men do not lose their capacity to father children what happens to their sexual hormone level and activity in their 50s and 60s
modest decline
why do men not loose their fertility in early age
testosterone production begins to decline about 1 percent per year during middle adulthood, and sperm count usually shows a slow decline,
male hypogonadism is used to describe a condition in which the body does not produce enough […]
Testosterone
what is TRT
testosterone replacement therapy
can improve sexual functioning, muscle strength, and bone health
what was TRT associated with an increase of in men with a low level of testosterone
increased longevity
testosterone replacement therapy is associated with
a reduced incidence of heart attack or stroke, as well as a reduction in all cause mortality
what can the gradual decline in mens testosterone levels in middle age do to their sexual drive
reduce it
effects?
erections are less full and less frequent
men require more stimulation to achieve them
why?
75% psychosociological problems
smiling, diabetes, hypertension, elevated cholesterol levels, and obesity are at fault in many erectile […] in middle aged men
problems
what is ED
Erectile dysfunction; inability to achieve and maintain an erection
50% of men 40 to 70 years of age
what does a low level of testosterone and cardiovascular problems contribute to dysfunction midlife men
erectile dysfunction
what is the main treatment for erectile dysfunction that has not focused on TRT
on the drug Viagra and on similar drugs such as Levitra and Cialis
how does Viagra work?
- allowing increased blood flow into the penis (produces an erection) success rate 60 to 85 percent
what happens to sexual activity in midlife compared to early adulthood
less frequently
possible contributors?
- career interests, family matters, demising early levels, and routine
are middle aged men or middle aged women more interested in sex
middle aged men
in a recent study, higher frequency of sexual activity in middle aged and older adults was linked to […] overall cognitive functioning, especially in working […] and executive function
better
memory
does living with a spouse or partner make the difference in terms of engaging in sexual activity
yes
in a large scale study of US adults 40 to 80 years of age found that early ejaculation (26 percent) and erectile difficulties (22 percent) were the most common
sexual problems of older men
what were the most common sexual problems of women
lack of sexual interest (33 percent) and lubification difficulties (21 percent)
a person health in middle age is a […] factor in sexual activity in middle age
key
a study of adults 55 years and older revealed that their level of sexual activity was associated with their physical and
mental health
crystallized intelligence is accumulated […] and […] skills
information
verbal
continue to increase in middle adulthood
fluid intelligence is the ability to […] abstractly
Reason
may begin to decline in middle adulthood
what does the Seattle longitudinal study involve an extensive evaluation of
intellectual abilities during adulthood
main focus; been on individual change and stability in intelligence
what are the mental abilities tested
- verbal comprehension
ability to understand ideas expressed in words - verbal memory
ability to encode and recall meaningful language units, such as a list of words - numeric ability
- ability to perform simple mathematical computations*
- spatial orientation
ability to visualizes and mentally rotate stimuli in two and three dimensional space - inductive reasoning
ability to recognize and understand patterns and relationships in a problem and use this understanding to sole other instances of the problem - perceptual speed
ability to quickly and accurately make simple discriminations in visual stimuli
what two abilities of the six abilities showed a decline in middle age
numeric ability and perceptual speed
what cognitive abilities for both men and women peaked on their performance attained in midlife
- verbal ability
- verbal memory
- inductive reasoning
- spatial orientation
perceptual speed showed the […] decline, actually beginning early adulthood
earliest
did crystalized intelligence (verbal ability) and fluid intelligence (spatial orientation and inductive reasoning) peak their performance in midlife
yes
from the mid seventies through the mid nineties, all cognitive abilities showed considerable
decline
cohort effects are differences across […]
generations
what are advances likely due to a combination of facots
- increased educational attainment
- different occupational structures
- changes in health care an lifestyles,
- immigration
- social interventions in poverty
for fluid intelligence rather than crystalized intelligence
what do some researchers disagree with Schaie that middle adulthood is a time when
the level of functioning in a number of cognitive domains in maintained or even increases
what is the example that Timothy Salthouse has emphasized that a lower level of cognitive functioning in middle adulthood is likely due to
age related neurobiological decline
Salthouse also argues that a main reason for different trends in longitudinal and cross sectional comparisons of cognitive functioning is that prior
experience with tests increases scores the net time a test is taken
among the information processing changes that take place in middle adulthood are those involved in speed of information processing, […]. and […]
memory and expertise
In Schaie’s Seattle Longitudinal study, perceptual speed (speed of information processing) begins declining in
early adulthood and continues to decline in middle adulthood
what is a common way to assess speed of information processing is through a reaction time task, in which
simply press button as soon as they see a light appear
are middle aged adults or young adults slower to push the button as soon as they see a light appear
middle aged adults
what is a smaller decline in processing speed in middle and late adulthood a key predictor of living
living longer
since information processing begins declining in early adulthood and continues to decline in middle adulthood what does it cause for the decline in speed of
- level of analysis
- cognitive
- neuroanatomical
- neurochemical
in Schaie’s Seattle Longitudinal study, when did verbal memory peak
in the fifties
in all studies?
no some have shown decline in middle age esp. in cross sectional studies
what does aging and cognition expert Denise Park (2001) argue that starting in late middle age, more time is need to
learn new information
the slow down in learning new information has been linked to changes in working memory, the mental “workbench” where individuals
manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending written and spoken information
in late middle age, working memory capacity-the amount of information that can be immediately retrieved and used- becomes more unlimited or limited
limited
In middle adulthood, memory decline is more likely to occur among individuals who don’t use effective […] strategies, such as organization and imagery
memory
because it takes so long to obtain does expertise often show up in middle adulthood or early adulthood
more in middle adulthood
what does expertise mean
having extensive, highly organized knowledge and understanding of a particular domain
(result of many years of experience, learning, and effort)
adults in middle age who have become experts in their fields are likely to
- rely on their accumulated experience to solve problems
- process information automatically
- and analyze it more efficiently when solving a problem
- devise better strategies and shortcuts to solving problems
- be more creative and flexible in solving problems
the role of work is central during
middle age
what do middle aged adults reach their peak in work
position and earnings
what may midlife adults be saddles with multiple financial burdens types
rent or mortgage payments
medical bills
home repairs
college tuiton
loans to family members
bills from nursing homes for aging parents
what is the percentage in the US of people aged 40 to 59 years of age are unemployed
80%
do age related declines occur in some occupations, such as air traffic controllers and professional athletes, but for most jobs, no differences have found in the work performance of young adults and middle aged adults
yes
what does leading Finiish researcher Clas-Hakan Nygard (2013) conclude from his longitudinal research
that the ability to work effectively peaks during middle age because of increased motivation, work experience, employer loyalty, and better strategic thinking
nygard also found that the quality of work done by middle aged employees is linked to
how much their work is appreciated and how well they get along with their immediate supervisors
Nygard and his colleagues discovered that work ability in middled age was linked to mortality and
disability 28 years lateer
work in midlife is a time of evaluation, […], […]
assessment, and reflection about work
what are the several important career challenges that current middle aged workers face in the twenty first century
- globalization of work,
- rapid developments in information technologies
- downsizing organizations
- early retirement
- pensions and health care
What makes a career change important for midlife adults
- self motivated
- consequence of losing one’s job
to improve profits, what are many companies doing
restructuring, downsizing, and outsourcing jobs
what is the outcome?
offering incentives to middle aged employees who choose to retire early (50s, 40s, rather than 60s)
has globalization replaced what was once a primarily non latino white male workforce in the United States with employees of different ethnic and national backgrounds who have emigrated from different parts of the world
yes
what has a decline in defined benefit pensions and increased uncertainty about the fate of health insurance are
eroding the sense of personal control among middle aged workers
what is the consequence;
delaying their retirement from work
what are reasons for some midlife career changes
self motivated
consequence of losing one’s job
what is one aspect of midlife that involves career challenges and changes
adjusting idealistic hopes to reflect realistic possibilities light of how much time individuals have before they retire and how quickly they are reaching their occupational goals
why may individuals become motivated to change jobs
- perceive they are behind schedule
- if their goals are unrealistic
- don’t like the work they are doing
- if their job has become too stressful
a final oint to make about career development in middle adulthood is that cognitive factors earlier in development are linked to
occupational attainment in middle age
task persistence at 13 years of age was relational to
occupational success in middle age
leisure is […] times after work
pleasant
what is the term used when referring to when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their choosing after work
leisure
leisure pursuits linked to better or worse cognitive functioning and longer life
better
what does the most regret of one of six in US adults career and work
not engaging in more leisure time pursuits
what were middle aged individuals who engaged in high levels of leisure time physical activity less likely to have
Alzheimers disease 28 years later
engaging in higher complexity of work before retirement was associated with less cognitive […] during retirement
decline
when those who work in occupations with fewer cognitive challenges prior to retirement engaged in physical (sports, walking) and cognitive (reading books, doing puzzles, and playing chess) leisure activities during retirement, showed less or more cognitive decline or increase
less cognitive decline
in a danish longitudinal study of 20 to 93 year olds found that those who engaged in light level of leisure time physical activity lived […] years longer, those who engaged in a moderate level of leisure time physical activity lived […] years longer, and those who engaged in high level of leisure time physical activity lived […] years longer
2.8
4.5
5.5
individuals who engage in a greater amount of sedentary screen based leisure time activity (TV, video games, computer use) has shorter telomere length (telomeres cover the end of chromosomes, and as people age their telomeres become shorter and this shorter telomere length is linked to earlier mortality)
understand this
by midlife, since more money may be available to many individuals, can there be more free time and paid vacations
yes
what do adults in midlife need to begin to prepare for retirement mentally
psychologically
is developing constructive and fulfilling leisure time activities in middle adulthood an important part of preparing psychologically for retirement
yes
if an adult chooses activities that can be continued into retirement, can the transition from work to retirement be less stressful
yes
in research that was part of the Midlife in the United States Study (MIDUS), what did more than 70 percent of the US middle aged adults say
that they are religious and that they consider spirituality a major part of their lives
what happened to spiritually between late middle (mid fifties/early sixties) and late adulthood
significant increase
have females or males consistently shown a stronger or weaker interest in religion
females
how?
compared with men, they participate more in both organized and personal forms of religion, are more likely to believe in higher power or presence, and are more likely to feel that religion is an important dimension of their lives
in the longitudinal study, does the spiritually of women increase or decrease more than that of men during the second half of life
increase
religion is an organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols that increases an individuals
connection to a sacred or transcendent other
religiousness is the degree to which an individual is
affiliated with an organized religion
do all cults and religious sects encourage behaviors that are damaging to health
only some such as ignoring sound medical advice
for indviduals in religious mainstream, do researchers find a positive or nematic link between religion and physical health
positive
religious commitment helps to […] blood pressure and hypertension
moderate
adults with a higher level of spirituality/religion had an 18 percent increase in
longevity
a higher level of spirituality/religion was more closely tied to longevity than 60 percent of 25 other health interventions such as
eating fruits and vegetables and taking stating drugs for cardiovascular disease
why might religion promote physical health
- lifestyle issues
*lower rates of drug use than their nonreligious counterparts) - social networks
degree to which individuals are connected to others affect their health - coping with stress
source of comfort and support when individuals are confronted with stressful events
are highly religious individuals more or less likely than heir moderately religious, somewhat religious, and nonreligious counterparts to be psychologically distressed
less
what did Austrian psychiatrist Viktor Frankl, in his book, Mans Search for Meaning (1984) emphasize about each person
their uniqueness and the finiteness of life
what did Viktor Frankl believe about examining
the finiteness of our existence and the certainty of death adds meaning to life.
if life were not finite, we could spend our life doing just about whatever we pleased because our time would be unlimited
according to Viktor Frankl, what are the three most distinct human qualities
- spiritually
- freedom
- responsibility
what does spiritually refer to according to Viktor Frankl’s three most distinct human qualities
*uniqueness of spirit, philosophy, and mind (questions about why they exist, what want from life, what their lives mean)
in research studies, many individuals state that religion played an important role in increasing their exploration of
meaning in life
studies also suggest that individuals who have a sense of meaning in life are
physically healthier and happier, and experience less depression, than their counterparts who report that hey have not discovered meaning in life
having a higher level of meaning in life is also linked to higher or lower level of psychological well being and physical health
higher
according to Roy Baumeister and Kathleen Vohs, what are the four main needs
- need for purpose
- need for values
- need for a sense of efficacy
- need for self worth
the physical changes of midlife are usually
gradual
most women do not have serious physical or psychological problems related to menopause
true
sexual behavior occurs less frequently in middle adulthood than
early adulthood
Schaie found that declines in cognitive development are less likely to occur when longitudinal rather than cross sectional studies are conducted
yes, he also discovered that the highest levels of a number of intellectual abilities occur in middle age
Mark is an orthopedic surgeon. He has been asked to conduct a seminar for middle-aged individuals on bone density. During the seminar, he informs the audience that they should include a lot of fruits and vegetables in their diet as they are known to increase bone density in middle-aged and older adults. Which of the following facts best supports Mark’s advice?
Maximum bone density occurs by the mid- to late 30s
According to Denise Park, much of the blame for declining memory in late middle age is a result of
information overload that builds up over the adult years
_____ was the main cause of death in the United States until the middle of the 20th century.
infectious disease
Toby is a computer programmer who has a passion for creating 3D games. He has the ability to visualize three-dimensional objects and mentally rotate them, which helps him put his ideas and drawings into virtual reality. In the context of the Seattle Longitudinal Study, Toby’s mental ability is referred to as
spatial orientation
according to John Horn […] steadily declines from middle adulthood onward
fluid intelligence
according to cognitive aging expert denise park the slowdown in learning new information has been linked to changes in
working memory
