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Lifespan Development > Chapter 17; Death, Dying, and Grieving > Flashcards

Chapter 17; Death, Dying, and Grieving Flashcards

1
Q

twenty five years ago, it was simpler than it is today to determine whether someone was dead

A

yes

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2
Q

twenty five years ago, the end of what biological functions were considered as clear signs of death

A
  • breathing
  • blood pressure
  • and the rigidity of the body (rigor mortis)
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3
Q

can defining death today be more complex

A

yes

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4
Q

brain death is the neurological definition of death which states that a person is brain dead when all …

A

electrical activity go eh brain has ceased for a specified period of time

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5
Q

what does EEG stand for when regarding death

A

electroencephalogram

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6
Q

a flat EEG (electroencephalogram) recording for a specified period of time is one criterion of

A

brain death

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7
Q

do the higher or lower portions of the brain often die sooner

A

high portions rather than the lower

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8
Q

the brains lower portions monitor […] and […], individuals

A

heartbeat
respiration

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9
Q

can an individual whose higher brain areas have died may continue to breath and have a heartbeat

A

yes,
b/c
the lower portion hasn’t died and the lower monitors heartbeat and respiration

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10
Q

the definition of brain death currently followed by most physicians includes the death of […] the higher cortical functions and the lower brain stem functions

A

both

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11
Q

do some medical experts argue that the criteria for death should include only higher cortical functioning

A

yes
p.s. the lower monitors heartbeat and breathing

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12
Q

if the cortical death definition were adopted, then what could physicians claim a person is dead by

A

if they don’t have cortical functioning, even if the lower brain stem is functioning

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13
Q

why do supporters of the cortical death policy argue of the functions of the higher cortical part of the brain (intelligence and personality) that we associate with being human, partake in the support for cortical death

A

that when these functions are lost, the “human being” is no longer alive

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14
Q

advance care planning refers to the process of patients thinking about and communicating their preferences regarding

A

end of life care

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15
Q

for patients in a coma, can it be clear what their wishes regarding termination of treatment might be if they still were conscious

A

no

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16
Q

researchers found that advance care planning […] life sustaining treatment, […] hospice use, and […] hospital use

A

decreased
increased
decreased

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17
Q

is completion of an advance directive associate with a higher or lower probability of receiving life sustaining treatments

A

lower

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18
Q

what did the organization “Choice in Dying” create after recognizing that some terminally ill patients might prefer to die rather than linger in a painful or vegetative state

A

the living will, a legal document that reflects the patients advance care planning

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19
Q

the living will, that was created by Choice in Dying organization is a legal document that reflects the patients advance care planning

A

yes

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20
Q

was advance care planning associated with [improved or decreased] quality of care at the end of life, including [more or less] in hospital death and [greater or less] use of hospice care

A

improved
less
greater

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21
Q

why were natural death legislations produced over

A
  • physicians concerns over malpractice suits
    and
  • the efforts of people who support the living will concept
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22
Q

what do laws in all 50 states now accept (such as a living will) in the concept of advance care planning

A

an advance directive

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23
Q

an advance directive states such preferences as whether life sustaining procedure should or should not be used to […] the life of an individual when death is imminent

A

prolong

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24
Q

in the concept of advance care planning; when must an advance directive be signed

A

while the individual is still able to think clearly

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25
Q

a study of end of life planning revealed that only […] % of patients 18 years of age and older had a living will

A

15

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26
Q

since 90 % of the patients reported that it was important to discuss health care wishes with their family, what is the % that had done so

A

60

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27
Q

do physicians have a positive or negative attitude toward advance directives

A

positive

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28
Q

in how many states is Physician Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment (POLST), available or being considered

A

34

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29
Q

the Physician Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment (POLST) is a more specific document that involves the health care professional and the patient or surrogate in stating the […] of the patient

A

wishes

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30
Q

POLST, (Physician Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment), translates treatment preferences into medical orders such as those involving cardiopulmonary […], […] of treatment, and artificial nutrition via a […]

A

resuscitation
extent
tube

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31
Q

Euthanasia (“easy death”) is the act of […] ending the lives of individuals who are […] from an incurable disease or severe disability

A

painlessly
incurable

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32
Q

what can euthanasia sometimes be called

A

mercy killing

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33
Q

distinctions are made between what two types of euthanasia

A

passive and active

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34
Q

passive euthanasia occurs when a person is allowed to die by […] available, such as withdrawing a life sustaining device

A

witholding
e.g.
turning off a respirator or a heart lung machine

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35
Q

Active euthanasia occurs when death is deliberately […] as when a physician or a third party ends the patients life by administering a […] dose of a drug

A

induced
lethal

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36
Q

can technological advances in life support devices raise the issue of quality of life

A

yes

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37
Q

in assisted suicide, a physician supplies the […] and/or the […] of committing suicide but requires the patient to self administer the lethal medication and to determine when and where to do this

A

information
means
(such as giving the patient a prescription for a lethal dose of sleeping pills)

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38
Q

assisted suicide differs from active euthanasia, in which a physician causes the death of an individual through a […] action in response to a request by the person

A

direct

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39
Q

in which countries is assisted suicide legal

A
  • Belgium
  • Canada
  • Finland
  • Luxembourg
  • the Netherlands
  • and Switzerland
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40
Q

is assisted suicide legal in the US by the US government

A

gov. has no official policy but leaves the decision up to the states

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41
Q

what are the six states in the US that allow assisted suicide

A
  • california
  • colorado
  • montana
  • Oregon
  • Vermont
  • and Washington + DC
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42
Q

in states where assisted suicide is illegal, what type of rim can it typically be considered

A

manslaughter or a felony

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43
Q

what are the percentages of physician assisted deaths ranging from in the US + Luxembourg and the Netherlands

A

US + Luxembourg;
0.1 to 0.2 percent
the Netherlands
1.8 to 2.9 percent

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44
Q

has the percentage of assisted suicide cases reported to authorities increased or decreased in recent years

A

increased

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45
Q

the individuals who are likely to die through assisted suicide are most likely to be females or males

A

males from 60 to 75 years of age

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46
Q

a recent Gallup poll found that […]% of US adults said euthanasia should be legal, […]% said they would consider ending their own lives if faced with a terminal illness, and […]% reported that physician assisted suicide is morally acceptable

A

69
51
50

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47
Q

Euthanasia is so controversial because those in favor argue that death should be […] and […], not a […] and […] ordeal. those against, stress that it is a criminal act of […] in most states in the US and in most other countries

A

calm
dignified
painful
prolonged
murder

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48
Q

what do many religious individuals, especially Christians, say that euthanasia is

A

taking a life for any reason is against God’s will and is an act of murder

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49
Q

too often death in America is lonely, […], and […]

A

prolonged
painful

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50
Q

have scientific advances sometimes made dying harder or easier though delaying the inevitable

A

harder

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51
Q

even though pain killers are available, do many people experience sever pain during their last days and months of life

A

yes

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52
Q

what is the percentage of dying patients that were in pain in the last year of life and where nearly one third had symptoms of depression and confusion prior to death

A

61

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53
Q

are care providers increasingly or decreasingly interested in helping individuals experience a “good death”
+
what does it involve

A

increasingly
+
physical comfort
support form loved ones
acceptance
and appropriate medical care

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54
Q

what does a good death involve for other individuals to accept

A

accepting one’s impending death and not feeling like a burden to others

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55
Q

what are the three frequent themes identified in articles on a good death

A
  1. preference for dying process (94%)
  2. pain free status (81%)
  3. emotional well being (64%)
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56
Q

what is a recent criticism of the “good death” concept emphasize about death

A

that it has shifted from being an event at a single point in time to being a process that takes place over years and even decades

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57
Q

since critics have criticized that death is a long process that takes over years and even decades rather than being an event at a single point in time, what do critics say to do when moving away from the “good death” concept

A

to a larger vision of a world that not only meets the needs of individuals at their moment of death but also focuses on making their lives better during the last years and decades of their lives

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58
Q

hospice is a program committed to making the end of life as free from

A

pain, anxiety, and depression as possible

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59
Q

a hospitals traditional goal is to […] illness and […] life

A

cure
prolong

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60
Q

hospice care emphasizes palliative care which involves reducing pain and suffering and helping individuals…

A

die with dignity

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61
Q

have US hospitals recently and rapidly decreased or expanded their provision of palliative care

A

expanded
(more than 85% of mid to large US hospitals have palliative care team)

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62
Q

hospice care professionals work together to treat the dying person’s […], make the individual as […] as possible, show […] in the person and the person’s family, and help everyone involved cope with death

A

symptoms
comfortable
interest

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63
Q

today more hospice programs are […]-based a blend of institutional and home care designed to […] the end of life experience for the dying person

A

home
humanize

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64
Q

today in the US, the deaths of older adults account for approx. […]-thirds of the 2 million deaths that occur each year

A

two

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65
Q

is youthful death more or less common

A

less

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66
Q

attitudes toward death vary across […]

A

cultures

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67
Q

in US, life expectancy has increased from […] years for a person born in 1900 to […] gears for someone born today

A

47
79

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68
Q

the historical changes involving death is

A
  • the increasing complexity of determining when someone is truly dead
  • the age group in which death most often strikes
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69
Q

what are the ages in life expectancy in the US for women and men

A

women - 81
men - 76

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70
Q

as our population has aged and become more mobile, how have a growing number of older adults died (in contrast to the 1900s where most people died at home, cared for by their family)

A

apart from their families

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71
Q

more than […]% of all US deaths occur in institutions or hospitals

A

80

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72
Q

as there are changing historical circumstances regarding death in old age, the care of a dying older person has shifted […] from the family and minimized our exposure to death and its painful surrounding

A

away

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73
Q

cultural variations characterize the […] of death and […] about death

A

experience
attitudes

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74
Q

in what situations are individuals more conscious of death

A

times of war, famine, and plaque

75
Q

most societies have a ritual that deals with death

A

yes

76
Q

most societies throughout history have had philosophical or religious beliefs about death

A

yes

77
Q

what can death be seen as in some cultures

A
  • punishment for one’s sins,
  • an act of atonement
  • or a judgment of a just God
78
Q

what does death mean for some and for others

A

for some;
- loneliness
- embrace and welcome death
for others;
- quest for happiness,
- redemption a relief from the trials and tribulations of the earthly world
- abhor and fear it

79
Q

may death be seen as the fitting end to a fulfilled life

A

yes

80
Q

from the perspective that death may be seen as the fitting end to a fulfilled life , can how we depart from earth be influenced by how we have lived

A

yes.

81
Q

in most societies, death is not viewed as the end of existence- that although the […] body has died, the […] is believed to live on

A

biological
spirit

82
Q

in the concept of cultural variations, which culture has an attitude towards death where they believe in reincarnation, and in which is believed to be caused by magic and demons

A

reincarnation;
Hindu and Buddhist
magic and demons;
Gond culture of India

83
Q

how can denial take many forms since in the US we are death avoiders and death deniers

A
  • the tendency of the funeral industry to gloss over death and fashion lifelike qualities in the dead
  • the persistent search for a “fountain of youth”
  • the rejection and isolation of the aged, who may remind us of death
  • and the medical communities emphasis on prolonging biological life rather than on diminishing human suffering
84
Q

do most dying individuals want an opportunity to make some decisions regarding their own life and death

A

yes

85
Q

as individuals face death, a majority prefer to be at […] when they are near death

A

home

86
Q

some individuals want to complete […] business; they want time to […] problems and conflicts and to put their affairs in […]

A

unfinished
solve
order

87
Q

a Canadian study found that […]% wanted to be at home when they die, […]% preferred to be in a hospice/palliative care facility, […]% wanted to be in a hospital, and only […]% preferred to be in a nursing home

A

71
15
7
2

88
Q

Knowledge of death’s inevitability permits us to establish priorities and structure our time.

A

yes

89
Q

what are three areas of concern when facing one’s own death

A
  • Privacy and autonomy in regard to their families
  • Inadequate information about physical changes and medication as death approached
  • Motivation to shorten their life
90
Q

Elisabeth Kubler-Ross (1969) divided the behavior and thinking of dying persons into five stages that are

A
  • denial and isolation
  • anger
  • bargaining
  • depression
  • and acceptance
91
Q

the first stage of Elisabeth Kubler Ross is ‘denial and isolation’ where the dying person […] that death is really going to take place

A

denies
e.g. “no this can’t happen to me. its not possible”

92
Q

denial and isolation (the first stage in Elisabeth Kubler Ross’ stage of dying is the most common reaction to

A

terminal illness and is temporary defense (later replaced with increased awareness)

93
Q

the second stage in Elisabeth Kubler Ross’ dying stages is anger, in which the dying person recognizes that denial can no longer be marinated. denial often gives way to …

A

anger, resentment, rage and envy

94
Q

in the second stage (anger) in Elisabeth Kubler Ross’ stages of dying, once they at the point of anger, the person becomes [increasingly or decreasingly] difficult to care for as anger may become displaced and projected onto physicians nurses, family members, and even God.

A

increasingly
(realization of loss is great)

95
Q

the third stage in Elisabeth Kubler Ross’s stages of dying is ‘bargaining’ in which the person develops the […] that death can somehow be postponed or delayed.

A

hope
(some enter bargaining or negotiation with God to delay their death)

96
Q

the fourth stage, ‘depression’ in Elisabeth Kubler Ross’ stages of dying, the dying person comes to […] the certainty of death

A

Accept
(withdrawn, crying, and grieving)

97
Q

in the fourth stage of dying according to Elisabeth kubler ross, a period of depression or preparatory grief may appear, how can the dying person become

A
  • silent
  • refuse visitors
  • spend much of the time crying or grieving
    (normal b/c is effort to disconnect the self from love objects)
98
Q

when a dying person is in the fourth stage of Elisabeth kubler ross’ stages of dying, are attempts to cheer up the dying person at that stage encouraged or discouraged according to Elisabeth

A

discouraged
b/c the dying person has a need to contemplate the impending death

99
Q

the fifth stage in Elisabeth kubler ross’ stages of dying, ‘acceptance’ is in which the person develops a sense of […], an acceptance of his or her fate, and in many cases, a desire to be left […]

A

peace
alone

100
Q

since feelings and physical pain may be virtually absent in the fifth stage (acceptance), how does Elisabeth kubler ross describe this stage as the end of

A

the dying struggle, the final resting stage before death

101
Q

what are some of Robert kastenbaum’s problems with Elisabeth Kubler Ross’s approach

A
  • the five stages have not been demonstrated by Elisabeth or independent research
  • the stages neglect variations in patients situations, including relationship support, specific effects of illness, family obligations, and the institutional clime in which they were interviewed
102
Q

what did Robert kastenbaum say in contrast to his critics of Elisabeth Kubler Ross’ approach

A
  • her efforts were important in calling attention to those who are attempting to cope with life threatening illnesses
  • encouraging attention to the quality of life for dying persons and their families
103
Q

Perceived control may be an adaptive strategy for remaining alert and cheerful.

A

yes

104
Q

how can perceived control and denial influence older dying adults

A
  • to feel better and live longer
105
Q

denial can be adaptive or […]

A

maladaptive

106
Q

Denial insulates and allows one to avoid coping with intense feelings of […] and […]; however if denial keeps us from having a life saving operation, it clearly is maladaptive

A

anger
hurt

107
Q

denial is neither good nor bad; its adaptive qualities need to be evaluated on an individual basis

A

yes

108
Q

in the ratings of life stress that require the most adjustment, […] of a souse is given the […] number

A

death
highest

109
Q

what are some of the important advantages that hospitals offer through their members and technology

A
  • professional staff members
  • technology helps prolong life
110
Q

more than […]% of Americans die in hospitals

A

80

111
Q

nearly […]% of Americans die in nursing homes

A

20

112
Q

why do most psychologist believe that dying individuals should know they are dying and for their significant others to know that their loved one is dying.

A

so they can interact and communicate with each others on the basis of this mutual knowledge

113
Q

why is open communication with dying people important so they can do

A
  • close their lives in accord with their own ideas about proper dying
  • may be able to complete plans and projects and make arrangements for survivors and decisions about a funeral and burial
  • have the opportunity to reminisce and converse with others
  • have better understanding of what is happening to them
114
Q

why do some experts believe that conversation should not focus on mental pathology or preparation for death but instead on strengths of the individual and preparation for the remainder of life

A

because external accomplishments are not possible , communication should be be directed more at internal growth

115
Q

what are effective strategies for communicating with a dying person 1-5 out of 10

A
  1. establish your presence, be at the same eye level; don’t be afraid to touch the dying person-dying individuals are often starved for human touch
  2. eliminate distractions-e.g., ask if it is okay to turn off the Tv. realize that excessive small talk can be a distraction
  3. dying individuals who are very frail often have little energy. if the dying person you are visiting is very frail, you may want to keep your visit short
  4. don’t insist the the dying person feel acceptance about death if the dying person wants to deny the reality of the situation; on the other hand, don’t insist on denial if the dying individual indicates acceptance
  5. allow the dying person to express guilt or anger; encourage the expression of feelings
116
Q

what are effective strategies for communicating with a dying person 6-10 out of 10

A
  1. ask the person what the expected outcome of the illness is . discuss alternative and unfinished business
  2. sometimes dying individuals have limited access to other people. ask the dying person if there is anyone he or she would like to see that you can contact
  3. encourage the dying individual to reminisce, especially If you have memories in common
  4. talk with individual when she or he wishes to talk. if this is impossible, make an appointment for a later time, and keep it
  5. express your regard for the dying individual. don’t be afraid to express love, and don’t be afraid to say goodbye
117
Q

since grief is a complex emotional state that is an evolving process does it have one or multiple dimensions of grieving

A

multiple

118
Q

grief is the emotional […], disbelief, […] anxiety, despair, […], and loneliness accompanying the loss of someone loved

A

numbness
seperation
sadness

119
Q

since an important dimension of grief is pining for the lost person, what does pining and yearning reflect an intermittent, recurrent wish or need to

A

recover the lost person

120
Q

another important dimension of grief is separation anxiety

A

yes

121
Q

what does the important dimension of separation anxiety include

A

not only pining and preoccupation with thought of the deceased person but also focuses on places and things associated with the deceased, as well as crying or sighing

122
Q

grief may also involve a sense of hopelessness and defeat, depressive symptoms. apathy, loss of meaning for activities that used to involve the person who is gone, and growing desolation

A

es

123
Q

older adults who were bereaved had more […] cortisol patterns, indicative of the intensity of their stress

A

dysregulated

124
Q

e.g. college students who lost someone close to them in campus shootings and had experienced severe post traumatic stress symptoms four months after the shooting were more likely to have severe grief […] year after the shootings

A

one

125
Q

can cognitive factors be involved in the severity of grief

A

yes

126
Q

feelings of grief occur […] shortly after a loss

A

repeatedly

127
Q

as time passes, does pining and protest over the loss tend to grow or diminish, do episodes of depression and apathy remain or increase

A

diminish
may remain or increase

128
Q

in grieving, the sense of separation anxiety and loss may continue to the end of one’s life, but most of us emerge from griefs tears, turning our attention once again to

A

productive tasks and regaining a more positive view of life

129
Q

is the grieving process more like a roller coaster ride than an orderly progression of stages with clear cut time frames

A

roller coaster ride
(ups and downs)

130
Q

what do the ups and downs of grief often involve

A
  • rapidly changing emotions,
  • meeting the challenges of learning new skills
  • detecting personal weaknesses and limitations,
  • creating new patterns of behavior,
  • and forming new friendships and relationships
131
Q

for most individuals, does grief become more manageable over times, with fewer abrupt highs and lows

A

yes

132
Q

do many grieving spouses report that men through time have brought some healing, have they gotten over their loss

A

many have never

133
Q

complicated grief or prolonged grief disorder is when they feel numb or detached, believing their life is […] without the deceased, and feel that the future has no […]

A

empty
meaning

134
Q

can some individuals have difficulty moving on with their lives six months after their loss

A

yes

135
Q

what is the percentage of bereaved individuals who experience prolonged or complicated grief

A

7 to 10
9.8 is prolonged grief disorder

136
Q

are younger or older that grieving individual is, the more likely prolonged grief disorder was present

A

older

137
Q

is a person who loses someone on whom he or she was emotionally dependent often at greatest risk for developing complicated grief or prolonged grief disorder

A

prolonged grief disorder

138
Q

individuals with complicated grief had a higher level of the personality trait of neuroticism

A

yes

139
Q

does complicated grief usually have positive or negative consequences for physical and mental health

A

negative

140
Q

those experiencing prolonged grief had a greater cognitive increase or decrease than their their counterparts with normal grief

A

decrease

141
Q

disenfranchised grief is an individual’s grief involving a deceased person that is a socially ambiguous loss and cannot be

A

openly mourned or supported
e.g.
ex- spouse
abortion
stigmatized death such as AIDS
(isn’t socially recognized)

142
Q

can disenfranchised death intensify an individuals grief

A

yes because it cannot be publicly acknowledged
(may be hidden or repressed)

143
Q

Death’s impact on survivors are strongly influenced by the death’s […] under which the death occurs

A

circumstances

144
Q

what are the types of deaths that are likely to have a more intense and prolonged effect on surviving individuals and make the coping process more difficult for them

A
  • sudden
  • untimely
  • violent
  • or traumatic
145
Q

the deaths that have a more intense and prolonged effect on surviving individuals may develop

A

post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms

146
Q

what are some of the PTSD symptoms that can be developed

A
  • intrusive thoughts
  • flashbacks
  • nightmares
  • sleep disturbances
  • or problems in concentrating
147
Q

can the death of a child be especially devastating and extremely difficult for parents

A

yes

148
Q

what is one beneficial aspect of grieving that it stimulates in many individuals

A

to try to make sense of their world

149
Q

is reliving events leading to the death common

A

yes

150
Q

what are the four meaning making process that were identified

A
  1. sense making
    (seeking biomedical explanations for the death, revisiting parents’ prior decision and roles, and assigning blame)
  2. benefit finding
    (exploring possible positive consequences of the death such as ways to help others, providing feedback to the hospital and making donations)
  3. continuing bonds
    (reminiscing about the child, sharing photographs, and holding community events to honor the child)
  4. identity reconstruction
    ( changes in the parents’ sense of self, including changes in relationships, work, and home)
151
Q

when death is caused by an accident or a disaster, is the effort to make sense of it pursued more vigorously

A

yes

152
Q

in a study of more than 1,000 college students was it found that making sense to be an important factor in grieving of a violent loss by accident, homicide, or suicide

A

yes

153
Q

the death of an intimate partner brings […] grief

A

profound

154
Q

do widows or widowers outnumber the other

A

widows outnumber widowers b/c women live longer

155
Q

Age groups and percent of widows
* […]% of 65 to 74 years old
* […]% of 75 to 84 years old
* […]% of those 85 years old and over

A

14
31
59

156
Q

widows left behind may endure financial […], […], […] physical illness, and psychological disorders such as […]

A

loss
loneliness
depression

157
Q

in one study, being widowed was associated with a […]% increase in risk of mortality

A

48

158
Q

widowed women are portably the poorest group in America

A

yes

159
Q

can many widows benefit considerably from social support

A

yes

160
Q

did the mortality risk increase or decrease in men and women

A

men - increase if wives deaths were not expected
women - unexpected death of a husband mattered less in terms of their mortality risk

161
Q

do Mexican American older adults experience a significant increase or decrease in depressive symptoms during the transition to widowhood

A

yes, increase
(frequent church attendance is a protective factors against increases in depressive symptoms)

162
Q

in a cross cultural study of widows men and women; a study in the US, England, Europe, Korea, and china, in what year did depression pick of widowhood

A

first year

163
Q

in a cross cultural study of widowed men and women; did widowed women or men recover to levels compared to married individuals in all countries

A

women

164
Q

in a cross cultural study of widowed men and women; did widowed women or men continue to have high levels of depression 6 to 10 years post widowed everywhere except in europe

A

men

165
Q

in a cross cultural study of widowed men and women , becoming widowed is associated with a […]% increase in having an earlier death

A

48

166
Q

in a six year longitudinal study of individuals aged 80 and older found that the loss of a spouse, especially in men, was related to higher or lower levels of life satisfaction over time

A

lower

167
Q

the widowed people who did not expect to be reunited with their loved ones in the afterlife reported more

A
  • depression
  • anger
  • and intrusive thoughts at 6 and 18 months after their loss
168
Q

are bereaved also at an increased risk for many health problems

A

yes

169
Q

for either widows or widowers, does having social support help them adjust to the death of a spouse

A

yes

170
Q

when did the Widow to Widow program begin and what type of support does it provide

A
  • begun in the 1960s
  • provides support for newly widowed women
171
Q

what might volunteer widows in the widow to widow program do

A
  • reach out to others
  • introduce them to others w/ similar problems
  • lead group discussion
  • and organizing social activites
172
Q

who adopted the widow to widow program and disseminated it throughout the US as

A
  • AARP
  • as Widowed Persons Service
173
Q

are funerals an important aspect of mourning

A

yes

174
Q

do cultures vary in how they practice mourning

A

yes

175
Q

in the US how are funerals conducted

A
  • privately and are followed by a memorial ceremony
176
Q

in 2017 in the US […]% of deaths were followed by cremation

A

51.6

177
Q

in 2017 in canada, […]% of deaths were followed by cremation

A

70.5

178
Q

projections indicate that in 2022, cremation in the US will increase to […]%

A

57.5

179
Q

is cremation more popular in the pacific region of the US or in the South

A

pacific region

180
Q

where is cremation more popular; the US, Canada, Japan , and other asian countries

A

Canada than in uS, and most popular of all in Japan and other asian countries

181
Q

why have the funeral industry been at controversy in recent years

A
  • directors and their supporters argue the the funeral provides a form of closure to the relationship with the deceased, especially when there is an open casket
  • critics claim that funeral directors are just trying to make money and that embalming is groteque
182
Q

in funerals, one way to avoid being exploited during bereavement is to purchase funeral arrangements in advance

A

yes

183
Q

in amish cultures forms of mourning, how do they handle a funeral

A

the community handles virtually all aspects of the funeral (notifying others e.g)
- held in a barn in warmer months and in a house during colder months
- high level of support given to the bereaved family for at least a year
- visits to the family
- special scrapbooks and handmade items
- new work projects for the widow
- quilting days that combine fellowship and productivitiy

184
Q
A

Lifespan Development (18 decks)

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