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Lifespan Development > Chapter 2; biological beginnings > Flashcards

Chapter 2; biological beginnings Flashcards

1
Q

the evolutionary perspective involves […] selection and […] behavior. as well as […] psychology

A

natural
adaptive
evolutionary

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2
Q

during the embryonic period the rate of cell differentiation […], […] systems for cells form, and organs […]

A

intensifies
support
develop

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3
Q

an embryo is a […] of cells with […] layers

A

mass
three

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4
Q

the inner layer of cells in an embryo during the embryonic period form the […], which will develop into the […] and […] system

A

endoderm
digestive
respiratory
internal body parts

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5
Q

the outermost layer of cells during the embryonic period forms the […] which will become the […] system, [..] receptors (ears, nose, and eye, e.g.) and […] parts (e.g. hair and nails)

A

ectoderm
nervous
sensory
skin
primarily produces surface parts

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6
Q

the middle layer of cells in the embryonic period form the […] which will become the […] system, […], […], […] system, and […] system

A

mesoderm
Circulatory
Bones
Muscles
Excretory
Reproductive
primarily produces parts that surround the internal areas

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7
Q

in the evolutionary perspective, natural selection is the evolutionary process by which individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones to survive and reproduce

A

yes

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8
Q

adaptive behavior according to the evolutionary perspective promotes an organisms […] in the natural habitat, because an organism possesses characteristics needed for survival

A

survival

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9
Q

What is evolutionary psychology emphasizes the importance of […] and […] to ensure survival

A

adaption
reproduction

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10
Q

chromosomes found the […] of each human […]

A

nucleus
cell

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11
Q

do offspring that adapt, develop behaviors, and possess self protective traits survive

A

yes

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12
Q

What are the genetic foundations of development ?

A
  • genes and chromosomes
  • genetic principles
  • chromosomal and gene-linked abnormalities
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13
Q

chromosomes are […] like structures located in the nucleus and are made up of […] acid

A

thread
deoxyribonucleic

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14
Q

DNA are complex […]-[…] modules that contain […] code or information

A

double helix
genetic
“human genetic code is carried in fertilized egg and passed down to make humans”

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15
Q

genes (short segments from DNA) are units of […] information composed of […]. they help cells to […] themselves and manufacture the […] that maintain lief

A

heredity
DNA
reproduce
proteins
+ each gene has its designated place on a particular chromosome

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16
Q

proteins are the […] blocks of cells + […] that direct the bodies processes

A

building
regulators

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17
Q

does a person have more proteins or genes

A

appear more proteins than genes

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18
Q

the Human Genome project lead to the genome wide association method where it identified […] variations linked to a particular disease, linkage analysis which helped discover the location of a […] or […] in relation to a marker gene, and the project is also used in the search for […]-related genes

A

genetic
gene
genes
disease

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19
Q

the genome wide association method identify […] variations linked to a particular disease

A

genetic

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20
Q

Are genes dependent

A

yes

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21
Q

bandura had a social […] theory that evolution influences human […]

A

cogntiive
adaption

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22
Q

we obtain bodily […] and biological […] from evolution

A

structures
potentialities
but does not dictate behavior

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23
Q

How many genes are in human genome?

A

approx. 20, 000 genes
genes collar with each other and non-genetic factors both inside and outside the body

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24
Q

what in an individuals environment negatively affects gene expression?

A

negative influence on gene expression
- stress
- exercise
- respiration
- nutrition
- radiation
- temperature
- lack of sleep

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25
Q

radiation exhibit gene expression by changing the […] of DNA synthesis

A

rate

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26
Q

sleep deprivation can affect gene expression negatively by [increasing or decreasing inflammation, expression of […] related genes and […] of protein function

A

increases
stress
impairment

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27
Q

Do all cells in the body have chromosomes
what are the exceptions

A

yes
except sperm and egg
(46 chromosomes in 23 pairs)

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28
Q

a mutated gene occurs by […] by the cellular machinery

A

mistake
damage by environment agent (e.g. radiation)

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29
Q

Mitosis is the cellular […] in which the cell’s nucleus […] itself into two new cells. each cell contains the […] DNA as parent cell

A

reproduction
duplicates
same

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30
Q

in meiosis men testes and woman ovaries […] chromosomes but then divides […] each, to form […] cells, each of which only have half of the material of the parent cell. at end each egg and sperm have 23 unpaired chromosomes

A

duplicates
twice
four

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31
Q

fertilization is the […] stage when […] and […] fuse to create a zygote

A

reproductive
egg
sperm

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32
Q

[…] is when a single cell is formed through fertilization

A

zygote
(has 46 chromosomes (23 each) that have paired themselves from man and woman

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33
Q

exercise negatively affects gene expression through a process called […] which is when tiny atoms attach themselves to the outside of a gene making it more or less capable or receiving and responding to biochemical signals from the body. (behavior but not the structure is changed)

A

methylation

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34
Q

can an X-linked inheritance affect both the man and woman?

A

yes
woman; XX
man; XY

woman with fragile X syndrome are left with one X but the X by itelf overrides it. A man with no X (Klinefelter syndome) are more womanly and underdeveloped

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35
Q

a woman with fragile X syndrome are left with only one X but the X by itself […] it.
A man with no X has the […] syndrome, and are more […] and […]-developed

A

override
Klinefelter
womanly
under

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36
Q

tobacco and diet can affect gene behavior through process of […] (change behavior but not structure)

A

methylation

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37
Q

since methylation may be bad for the body it may be involved in depression, […] cancer, and attention deficit […] disorder

A

breast
hyperactivity

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38
Q

what can genes be thought of

A

collaborative + enduring

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39
Q

can hormones affect genes
how

A

yes
(environmental factors)
hormones can turn “on” and “off” genes after making their way into the cell

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40
Q

meiosis is cell division forming eggs and sperm or […[

A

gametes

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41
Q

a source of variability in genes and chromosomes is a unique zygote when combining parents’ […] sets of genes which […] genetic variability in offspring

A

two
increases

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42
Q

a mutated gene is a permanently […] segment of […]

A

altered
DNA

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43
Q

susceptibility genes make the individual more […] to specific […] or […] aging

A

vulnerable
disease
accelerated

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44
Q

longevity genes make the individual [..] vulnerable to certain disease and more likely to live to an […] age

A

less
older

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45
Q

a genotype is a persons […] material

A

genetic

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46
Q

phenotype is how an individuals genotype is expressed in […] and […] physical and psychological characteristics how you look and act based on environment and genes

A

observable
measurable

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47
Q

expression is influenced by environmental factors

A

yes environment can effect the way you look (expression)
e.g. genetic potential for height may be stunted by lack of access to proper nutrition

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48
Q

genetic principle determines how a […] is expressed to create a particular […]

A

genotype
phenotype

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49
Q

the dominant-recessive gene principle states that one gene of a pair always […] its effects, […] the potential influence of the other gene

A

exerts
overriding

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50
Q

sex linked genes are when a mutated gene is carried on the […] chromosome, the result is called X-linked inheritance, and when most X-linked inherited diseases manifest in […] who only have one X chromosome

A

X
males

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51
Q

genetic imprinting occurs when the […] of a gene has different effects depending on whether the gene is passed on by […] or […], and chemical process […] one member of the gene pair from expressing itself

A

expression
mother
father
preventing

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52
Q

polygenic inheritance is when many […] genes are [..] plus environmental influence determine a characteristic, or developing disease and gene-gene interaction which are studies focusing on the […] of two or more genes in influencing characteristics, behavior, diseases, and development

A

different
interacting
adding
interdependence

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53
Q

Down syndrome has an […] chromosome (21 more than common)

A

extra

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54
Q

an extra chromosome causes mild to severe […] disabilities and […] abnormalities

A

intellectual
physical

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55
Q

to treat Down syndrome there is […], […] intervention, infant […], […] learning programs

A

surgery
early
stimulation
special
1 in 1.900 briths at age 20
1 in 300 births at age 35
1 in 30 births at age 45

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56
Q

Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) is an […] X chromosome (instead of XY its XXY). is this a sex linked chromosomal linked to females or males

A

extra
males

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57
Q

an extra X chromosome causes […] and […] issues to a man. it also causes underdeveloped […], enlarged […], and being […]

A

physical
intellectual
testes,
breasts,
tall

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58
Q

Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) can be treated through […] therapy

A

Hormone
1 in 1.000 male births

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59
Q

fragile X syndrome is an […] in the X chromosome where it is […] and often breaks. is it more common in females or males

A

Abnormality
constricts
males

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60
Q

an abnormality in the X chromosome for fragile X syndrome causes […] disability, a […] disability (aka autism), […] attention span

A

intellectual
learning
short

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61
Q

to treat fragile X syndrome there is […] education, and […] and […] therapy. it is more common among [females or males]

A

special,
speech
language
males

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62
Q

turner syndrome (X0) is a […] X chromosome in females

A

missing

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63
Q

a missing X chromosome in females causes […] disabilities and sexual […]

A

intellectual
underdevelopment

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64
Q

to treat turner syndrome […] therapy in childhood and puberty

A

hormone
1 in 2.500 female births

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65
Q

XYY syndrome is when a male has an […] Y chromosome

A

extra

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66
Q

an extra Y chromosome can cause […] average height

A

above

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67
Q

how to treat XYY syndrome

A

no special treatment required
1 in 1,000 male births

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68
Q

cystic fibrosis is […] dysfunction where there is excessive thick […], […] problems, […] digestion; which results in a […] life span

A

glandular
mucus
breathing
blocked
shorter
* 1 in 2,000 births*

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69
Q

treat cystic fibrosis there is […] and […] therapy, […] enzymes, […]; most live to […] age

A

physical
oxygen
synthetic
antibiotics
middle

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70
Q

when the glandular dysfunctions and interferes with mucus production; […] and […] are hampered which […] life span

A

breathing
digestion
shortens

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71
Q

diabetes is when the body does not produce enough […]

A

insulin
1 in 2,500 births

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72
Q

when the body does not produce enough insulin it causes abnormal metabolism of […]

A

sugar

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73
Q

early onset of diabetes can be […] unless treated with […]

A

fatal
insulin

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74
Q

hemophilia is the delayed […] clotting

A

blood
1 in 10,000 males

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75
Q

delayed blood cutting causes internal or external bleeding

A

both

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76
Q

to treat hemophilia blood […]/[…] can reduce or prevent damage due to internal bleeding

A

transfusions
injections
1 in 10k males

1 in 10k males

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77
Q

how does root word hemo mean

A

blood

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78
Q

what does Philip mean

A

love

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79
Q

Huntington’s disease is when the […] […] system […]

A

central
nervous
deteriorates
1 in 20,000 births

gene-linked

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80
Q

when the central nervous system deteriorates it produces problems in […] […] and […] […]

A

muscle
coordination
mental deterioration

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81
Q

Huntingtons disease doesn’t usually appear until age […] or older; death likely […] to […] years after symptoms appear

A

35
10
20

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82
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is […] disorder (cannot properly metabolize an […] acid called phenylalanine)

A

metabolic
amino
1 in 10.000 to 1 in 20.000 births + genetic disorder

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83
Q

the metabolic disorder causes […] disability and […]

A

intellectual
hyperactivity

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84
Q

to treat phenylketonuria (PKU) there is a special […] that can result in […] intelligence and […] life span

A

diet
average
normal

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85
Q

sickle cell anemia is a blood disorder that limits the body’s […] supply

A

oxygen
1 in 400 African American children (lower among other groups)

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86
Q

when there is a blood disorder that limits the body’s oxygen supple it causes joint […], as well as […] and […] failure

A

swelling
heart
kidney

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87
Q

to treat sickle-cell anemia, […], medication for […], […]. blood […], and hydroxyurea therapy can be used
(can start as young as […] mo. of age)

A

penicillin
pain
antibiotic
transfusion
9

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88
Q

spina bifida is a […] tube disorder

A

neural
2 in 1,000 births

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89
Q

when having a neural tube disorder it can cause […] and […] abnormalities

A

brain
spine

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90
Q

the term gene-gene interaction mean

A

studies that focus on the interdependence process by which two or more genes influence
- characteristics, behavior, disease, and development

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91
Q

to treat spina bifida there is […] surgery at birth, […] devices, and […]/[…] therapy

A

corrective
orthopedic
physical/medical

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92
Q

Tay Sachs disease is […] of mental and physical development

A

deceleration

1 in 30 American Jew is a carrier

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93
Q

an accumulation of […] in the nervous system cause deceleration of mental and physical development Tay Sach disease

A

lipids

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94
Q

to treat tay-sachs disease […] and special […] are used, but death is likely by […] years of age

A

medication
diet
5

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95
Q

What are choices to take when having reproductive challenges?

A
  • prenatal diagnostic tests
  • infertility and reproductive techonlogy
  • adoption
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96
Q

a critic of Gene x environment (G X E) interaction is that it is plagued by difficulties in […] results, inflated claims, and other weaknesses

A

replicating

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97
Q

what is twin study

A

behavioral similarity of identical and fraternal twins is compared

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98
Q

what is adoption study

A

seeks to discover whether behavioral and psychological characteristics of adopted children are more like their
- adoptive parents who provide a home environment
- biological parents who contributed their heredity

99
Q

what is the passive genotype in correlation of heredity-environment is when children inherit genetic tendencies from their […], and parents also provide an environment that matches their own genetic tendencies

A

parents
*e.g. Musically inclined parents usually have musically inclined children, and they are likely to provide an environment rich in music for their children. *

100
Q

what is evocative genotype in heredity-environment correlations is the Childs genetic tendencies elicit […] from the environment that […] a particular trait. Thus, genes evoke environmental […]

A

stimulation
supports
support
e.g. a happy, outgoing child elicits smiles and friendly responses from others

101
Q

Active (niche-picking) in heredity-environment correlations is when children […] seek out niches in their environment that reflect their own […] and […] and are thus in accord with their genotype

A

actively
talent
interests

Libraries, sports fields, and a
store with musical instruments
are For Examples of environmental niches children
might seek out if they have
intellectual interests in books,
talent in sports, or musical
talents, respectively.

102
Q

epigenetic view is when development is the result of an ongoing bidirectional interchange between […] and […] to produces a person wellbeing (e.g. intelligence, temperature, health,+)

A

heredity
environment

103
Q

what is one way that gene x environment (GXE) interact with the epignetic view

A
  • heredity and environment influence development and interactions of specific DNA sequences
  • Epigenetic mechanisms involve molecular modification of DNA
    strand as a result of environmental inputs in ways that alter
    gene functioning.
104
Q

when someone has the short version of the 5-HTTLPR (gene involving the neurotransmitter serotonin) they develop […] only if they […] lead stressful lives. since the gene indirectly caused depression due to interacting with stressful environment (aka higher cortisol stress reactivity)

A

depression

105
Q

what is another way that Gene x Environment (GXE) interact

A

epigenetic mechanisms involve molecular modification of DNA strand as a result of environment inputs in ways that alter gene functioning

106
Q

in the heredity - environment correlation view; […] influences […]. developmental influence has […] direction

A

heredity
environment
one

107
Q

epigenetic views are when […] and […] influence each other. development influence is bidirectional

A

heredity
environment

108
Q

what can be concluded about heredity-environment interaction

A

not additive

109
Q

what is another conclusion about heredity-environment interaction

A

complex behaviors are influences by genes and environments in a way that gives people a propensity for a particular development trajectory

110
Q

the germinal period in the course of prenatal development occurs in the first […] weeks after […]. the […] is created, there is continued cell […], and attachment of the zygote to the […] wall

A

2
conception
zygote
division
uterine

111
Q

what have other G X E research experiences focused on ?

A

attachment,
parenting,
supportive child-rearing environments

112
Q

blastocyst are […] layers of cells that develop into the […]

A

inner
cells

113
Q

implantation is the the embedding (implant/plant) of the […] in the uterine wall, it takes place in during the […] week after conception

A

blastocyst
second

114
Q

trophoblast is the […] layers of cells that provide […] and […] for the embryo

A

outer
nutrition
support

115
Q

the embryonic period in the course of prenatal development occurs […] to […] weeks after […]

A

2
8
conception

116
Q

2 to 8 weeks after conception the rate of cell differentiation […], and mass of cells are now called […]

A

intensifies
embryo

117
Q

what are the three layers of cells in the embryonic period

A

endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm, middle, and outer layers

118
Q

during the embryo formation the […]-support systems for the embryo form and […] appear

A

life-support
organs

119
Q

amnion contains a […] fluid in which the developing embryo floats that occurs in the embryonic period

A

clear
temperature + humidity controlled, + shockproof

120
Q

what cannot pass through the placental wall?

A

red blood cells
most bacteria,
maternal waste,
hormones,
drugs can pass to some degree

121
Q

from the mothers blood what is being pass to the embryo/ fetus?

A

very small molecules;
- oxygen
- water
- salt
- nutrients
from baby blood being passed back and forth
-carbon dioxide
- digestive waste

122
Q

the umbilical cord that forms during the embryonic period is consisted of two […] and one […] that connects the baby to the […]

A

arteries
vien
placenta

123
Q

the placenta is a […] shaped group of […] in which small blood vessels from the mother and the fetus intertwine but do not join

A

disk
tissue

124
Q

organogenesis is [..] formation that takes place during the first […] months of prenatal development . is the baby extremely or not vulnerable to environmental influences

A

organ
2
extremely vulnerable

125
Q

the fetal period is a […] month period between 2 months after […] and […]

A

7
conception
birth

126
Q

neurons in the brain during the course of prenatal development are nerve cells in the brain that handle information […] at the cellular level

A

processing

127
Q

how many neurons are babies born with

A

20 to 100 billion neurons

128
Q

the neural tube is an (first) important phase of the brains development

A

neural tube

129
Q

spina bifida is the […] development of the […] […]. +
+
are there varying degree of paralysis of the lower limbs when having spina bifida

A

incomplete
spinal
cord
+
yes
e.g. (crutches, wheelchair, braces)

129
Q

the important phases of the brains development is the neural tube, neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and neural connectivity

A

yes

130
Q

the neural tube is early formation of the […] system

A

nervous

side note; failure of the neural tube to close may cause anencephaly and spina bifida

131
Q

what are some of the prenatal tests

A
  • ultrasound sonography
  • chorionic villus sampling
  • amniocentesis
  • maternal blood screening
  • fetal MRI, fetal sex determination (noninvasive prenatal diagnosis)
132
Q

what vitamin can help prevent a neural tube defect

A
  • B vitamin folic acid
133
Q

what is anencephaly when the head end of the neural tube fails to […] leading to the highest regions of the brain failing to develop and ultimately the baby […] in the womb

A

close
die

134
Q

what is the second important phase of the brains development

A

Neurogenesis

135
Q

what is neurogenesis

A

generation of new neurons

136
Q

what is neuronal migration

A

cells moving outward from their point of origin to their appropriate locations

137
Q

what is neural connectivity

A

neurons connect, continues postnatally

138
Q

how many trimesters are there in the prenatal development

A

three trimesters
1tri = first 3 months
2tri = middle 3 months
3tri = last 3 months

139
Q

by 4 weeks of the first semester the is less than […]/[…] inches long, the development of the […] cord, […] system, gastrointestinal system, […], and […] begin to develop. the […] sac envelops the preliminary tissues of the entire body
“is called a […]”

A

1/10
spinal
nervous
heart,
lungs
amniotic
“zygote”

140
Q

by 8 weeks in the 1st trimester the baby is just over an […] long, the face is forming with rudimentary […], […]. […]. and tooth […]. the arms and legs are […], the brain is […]. the fetal […] is detectable with ultrasound. it is called an “[…]”

A

inch
eyes
ears
mouth
buds
moving
forming
heartbeat
embryo

141
Q

by 12 weeks in the first trimester the baby is about […] inches long and weighs about 1 […], it can move […],. […], […], and […]. fingerprints are […]. it can smile, frown, suck, and swallow. the […] is distinguishable, it can […].
is called a “[…]}

A

1
arms
legs
fingers
toes
present
sex
urinate
“fetus”

142
Q

By 16 weeks of the second trimers the baby is about […] inches long and weight about […] to […] pounces. the heartbeat is […], the skin is […] and […]. Downy hair (lanugo) covers the […]. fingernails and toenails are forming. its movements are […] and it can roll over in the […] fluid

A

6
4
7
strong
thin
transparent
Boyd
coordinated
amniotic

143
Q

by 20 weeks in the second trimester the baby is about […] inches long and weighs close to 1 […]. the heartbeat is […] with an ordinary stethoscope. it can suck its […], […] and has hair, […], and […] present

A

12
pound
audible
thumb
hiccups
eyebrows
eyelashes

144
Q

by 24 weeks of the second trimester the baby is about […] inches long and weighs […] to […] […]/[…] pounds. its skin is […] and covered with […] coating (vernix cases). its eyes are […]. waste matter is collected in […] and it has a […] grip

A

14
1
1 1/2
wrinkled
protective
open
bowel
strong

145
Q

by 28 weeks the baby is about […] inches long and weighs about […] pounds. there is increasing body […], and is very active. […] breathing movements are present

A

16
3
fat
rudimentary

146
Q

by week 32 of the third trimester the baby is […] […]/[…] inches long and weighs […] to […] pounds. the baby has periods of […] and […], responds to […]. may assume the […] position, the bones of the head are […] and […], and […] is being stored in the liver

A

16 1/2
4
5
sleep
wakefulness
sounds
birth
soft
flexible
iron

147
Q

by 36 to 38 weeks of the third trimester the baby if […] to […] inches long and weighs […] to […] […]/[…] pounds, the skin is less […], vernix caseosa is thick, lanugo is mostly […]. the baby is less […] and is gaining […] from the mother

A

19
20
6
7 1/2
wrinkled
gone
active
immunities

148
Q

what are prenatal diagnostic tests

A
  • ultra sound sonography
  • chorionic villus sampling
  • amniocentesis
  • maternal blood screening
  • fetal sex determination
149
Q

what is infertility

A

inability to conceive a child after 12 months of regular intercourse without contraception

150
Q

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is when […] and […] are combined in a laboratory dish by experts

A

eggs
sperm

151
Q

a zygote or fertilized egg can be transferred into the woman’s […]

A

uterus

152
Q

can multiple zygotes be transferred in to a woman’s uterus (IVF)?

A

multiple zygotes are often transferred but can increase health risks

153
Q

is IVF always successful

A

IVF success rate depends on the mother’s age and other factors (older it decreases)

154
Q

what is adoption

A

social and legal process that establishes parent-child relationship between persons unrelated at birth
(increased diversity of adopted children and adoptive parents) (types of adoption include domestic public welfare system, private domestic, and international private)

155
Q

who is more likely to have a positive outcome when adopted?

A

children who are adopted at a very early age

156
Q

do adopted children fare better than other groups such as children that are raised in long term foster care

A

adopted children fare much better than children raised in long-term foster care

157
Q

teratogen is any agent that can cause a birth […] or negatively alter […] and […] developmental outcomes

A

defect
cognitive
behavioral

158
Q

teratology is the study of the cause of birth […]

A

defects

159
Q

teratogen damage and severity depends on dose, genetic susceptibility, and time of exposure

A

yes

160
Q

negative effects of exposure during the fetal period can stunt […], affect fetal […] development, and cause […] functioning problems

A

growth
brain
organ

161
Q

what antibiotics are harmful during prenatal development

A

streptomycin and tetracycline

162
Q

can prescription drugs function as teratogens (birth defect causers)?

A

yes, prescription drugs can

163
Q

negative/birth defects that anti depressants can cause are […], […] birth and […] spectrum disorders

A

miscarriage
preterm
autism

164
Q

[…] and […] estrogen are bad hormones during the prenatal development

A

progestin and synthetic estrogen

165
Q

accutane is an […] medication and is a prenatal hazard

A

acne
yes

166
Q

what oral contraceptive is harmful during prenatal development (teratology)

A

isotretinoin

167
Q

are diet pills harmful during prenatal development

A

yes they are hazards during prenatal development and teratologies even though they are nonprescription

168
Q

is aspirin in high does harmful during prenatal development?

A

yes it is even though it is non prescription

169
Q

psychoactive drugs act on the […] system, alter states of […]., modify […], and change […]

A

nervous
consciousness,
perceptions
moods

170
Q

caffeine, methamphetamine, cocaine, marijuana, and heroin, alcohol, and nicotine are

A

psychoactive drugs that are hazards to prenatal development

171
Q

marijuana leads to […] birth weight, [greater or lower] chances of being in NICU neonatal intensive care

A

low
greater

172
Q

heroin leads to […] and […] problems of the child

A

withdrawal
behavioral

173
Q

alcohol during the prenatal period leads to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

A

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) when mothers heavily drink alcohol during preganancy

174
Q

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) can be characterized by […] and […] problems and be associated with […] death by suicide, accidents, alcohol poisoning, or drugs

A

learning
behavioral
early

175
Q

nicotine consumption during the prenatal development causes […] birth weight, […], […] newborn brain development, and the offspring to later […]

A

low
ADHD,
impaired
smoking

176
Q

having incompatible blood type means that there is […] between the mothers and fathers blood types poses risk to prenatal development

A

incompatibility

177
Q

[…], […] wastes, and other […] pollutants are environmental hazards during

A

radiation
toxic
chemical

178
Q

what are some maternal diseases that is a hazard to prenatal development

A
  • rubella and syphilis
  • genitial herpes and HIV/AIDS
  • diabetes
179
Q

lack of […] acid and consuming […]-laden fish is part of a maternal diet and nutrition that makes it a hazard to prenatal development

A

folic
mercury

180
Q

maternal [..] and […]. maternal […], maternal […]; also […] states and […] factors are hazards to prenatal development

A

diet and nutrition
obesity
age
&
emotional
paternal

181
Q

what are emotional states that make a hazard during prenatal development

A
  • stress
  • depression
  • fear
  • anxiety leading to unhealthy behaviors
182
Q

sperm abnormalities from […], […] exposure may lead to miscarriage or diseases, and […] during the mothers pregnancy are paternal factors that are a hazard to prenatal development

A

lead
radiation
smoking

183
Q

prenatal care is screening for manageable […] and treatable […]

A

conditions
disease

184
Q

what are some programs for prenatal care

A
  • educational
  • social
  • nutritional services
185
Q

exercise during prenatal care can […] blood pressure and reduce risk of […], conditions the body, controls weight […], regulates […], [type of exercise] reduces stress, enhances […] system functioning. it is associated with a more […] mental state, [higher or lower] vaginal birth rate, [increase or reduced] Cesarean deliveries and advances development of neonatal brain

A

regulate
hypertension
gain
bowel
yoga
immune
positive
higher
reduced

186
Q

centering pregnancy is relationship-centered program providing complete prenatal care in a […] setting or […] prenatal care

A

group

187
Q

parents attend at second trimester long 10 member peer meeting instead of brief […] checkups for support

A

physician

188
Q

in the first stage of the birth process is uterine […] that are […] to […] minutes apart and last up to […] minute.

A

contractions
15
20
1
longest stage was recorded 6 to 12 hours

189
Q

the second stage of the birthing process is that the baby’s head starts to move through the […] and birth […] (45 minutes to 1 hour)

A

cervix
canal
ends when baby is completely out

190
Q

the third stage of the birth process is afterbirth when the […], […] cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled, lasting […]

A

placenta,
umbilical,
minutes

191
Q

how many births take place in the hospital (US)

A

98.5%

192
Q

how many percentage give birth outside of hospital

A

1.5 percent
- 63% are at home
- 31% are at birthing centers

193
Q

doula is a a […] who provides continuous, physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth

A

caregiver

194
Q

what are methods of childbirth?

A

natural childbirth
prepared childbirth
cesarean delivery

195
Q

what medications are used in childbirth?

A

analgesia, anesthesia, and oxytocin
(pain relievers)

196
Q

natural childbirth in birth processes [increases or reduces] mothers pain by decreasing her fear through education about childbirth, and […] techniques during delivery

A

reduces
relaxation

197
Q

prepared childbirth during birth processes includes the […] method where a […] technique is used to control […] in the final stages of labor. it also provides detailed anatomy and a physiology course.

A

lamaze
breathing
pushing

198
Q

what is cesarean delivery in birth process

A

surgically removing the baby from the mother’s uterus through an abdominal incision
- breech position baby, fetal distress, maternal vaginal bleeding, natural birth hindered by epidural
- debate over benefits vs risk, respiratory complication, rate in United States is higher

199
Q

what is the Apgar scale is used to assess the […] of newborns at […] and […] minutes after birth

A

health
1
5

200
Q

when evaluating the newborn the infants […] rate, […] effort, muscle […], body […], and […] irritability are assessed

A

heart
respiratory
tone
color
reflex

201
Q

what is Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

A

a way to assess the newborn. used in the first month of life to assess the newborn’s neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people and objects

202
Q

Neonatal Intensive Care unit Neurobehavioral scale (NNNS) asses the newborns […], […] and […] responses, and […] capacities

A

behavior,
neurological
stress
regulatory

203
Q

low birth weight infants weighs less than […] […]/[…] pounds at birth

A

5 1/2

204
Q

[…] […]/[…] lbs is very low birth weight in an infant

A

3 1/2

205
Q

[…] lbs is extremely low birth weight in an infant

A

2

206
Q

preterm infants are born before the completion of […] weeks of gestation

A

37

207
Q

small for date or gestational infants are when infants’ birth weights are […] normal considering the […] of pregnancy

A

below
length
maybe full term or preterm

208
Q

the preterm birth and low birth weight consequences are [more or less] health and cognitive developmental problems than normal weight infants

A

more health and cognitive developmental problems than normal birth weight infants

209
Q

to nurture low birth weight and preterm infants there is […] care, and […] therapy

A

kangaroo
massage

210
Q

kangaroo care involves […] to […] contact. does it have long or short term benefits. are there positive or negative emotional and cognitive effects present after 20 years

A

skin
skin
long term benefits
(e.g. better respiratory and cardiovascular functioning, sleep patterns, and cognitive functioning from ages 6 months to 10 years)
yes
e.g. emerging adults had social skills, and reduced school absenteeism, hyperactivity, and aggressivenesswha

211
Q

massage therapy [increases or decreases] infant weight, [increases or reduces] stress, and [increases or reduces] hospital stay when nurturing low birth weight and preterm infants

A

increases
reduced
reduced

212
Q

rooming-in arrangement is when the baby remains in the mother’s room most most of the time during its hospital stay

A

yes

213
Q

postpartum depression involves a major depressive episode that typically occurs […] weeks after […]

A

4
delivery

214
Q

during the postpartum period physical, emotional and psychological adjustments + bonding are necessary

A

yes

215
Q

the postpartum period is the period […] childbirth that lasts until the mother’s body has completed its […] and has returned to a nearly pre pregnant state

A

after
adjustment

216
Q

what adjustments are needed during postpartum period

A

physical, emotional, and psychological

217
Q

what are physical adjustments in the post partum period

A

fatigue;
loss of sleep = stress, marital conflict, impaired decision making
hormonal changes = estrogen and progesterone levels drop steeply when placenta is delivered and remain low until the ovaries start producing hormones again

218
Q

what are emotional and psychological defects in the postpartum period

A
  • postpartum depression
  • difficulty coping with daily tasks (peak 3 to 5 days after giving birth and come and go for several months)
  • subdue even without treatment usually within 1 to 2 weeks
  • risk of; depression anxiety during pregnancy, low self esteem, postpartum blues, poor marital relationship, lack of social support, history of depression
  • long term impact on Childs emotions and behaviors
  • spouse or partner experiencing depression also affects infants
    -both parents experiencing depression negatively impacts infant bonding
219
Q

[…]% of woman have postpartum blues (symptoms 2 to 3 days after delivery)

A

70%

220
Q

[…]% of women have postpartum depression (symptom linger for weeks or months and interfere with daily functioning)

A

10%

221
Q

[…]% of woman have no symptoms after giving birth

A

20%

222
Q

maternal blood screening is from the […]th to the […]th week and identifies risks for birth […] such as

A

16th
18th
defects
- spina bifida
- Down syndrome
(triple screen; measures three substances in the mother’s blood)

223
Q

[…] weeks into pregnancy is the earliest for a babies sex to be determined

A

7 weeks into pregnancy

224
Q

the reason for infertility in a woman might be that the woman may not be […] (releasing eggs to be fertilized) or producing abnormal ova + fallopian blocked tubes

A

ovulating

225
Q

the cause of infertility in a man may be because they produce too […] sperm, the sperm may lack […] (don’t move adequately}, or have a blocked […]

A

few
motility
passageway

226
Q

infertility can be helped through […], or […] based drugs

A

surgery
hormone

227
Q

what are noninvasive techqnies

A

cell free DNA
- analysis in blood plasma for sex of fetus

228
Q

can the stress hormone cortisol pass the placenta

A

yes

229
Q

amniocentesis is a prenatal diagnostic test in the […]th and […]th week (later the better in pregnancy). the test is conducted through a sample of […] fluid that is withdrawn by a syringe and tested for […] or […] disorders

A

15th
18th
amniotic
chromosomal
metabolic

230
Q

ultrasound sonography is often […] weeks into/later in pregnancy. [high or low] frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnancy woman’s […]. the […] from the sound transforms to see the fetus’ inner structure

A

7
high
abdomen
echo

231
Q

ultrasound sonography detects microcephaly (abnormally […] brain that causes an […] disability), the […] of fetuses, and a clue to the babies […]

A

small
number
sex

232
Q

what is fetal MRI

A

Magnetic resonance imaging
(powerful magnet and radio images to generate detailed images of the body’s organs and structures)

233
Q

what fetal abnormalities can fetal MRI detect

A
  • central nervous system
  • chest
  • gastrointestinal tract
  • genital/urinary organs
  • organs
  • placenta
234
Q

_____ is the interaction of a specific measured variation in the DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment.

A
  • Heredity-environment correlation
  • Evocative genotype-environment correlation
  • Gene × environment (G × E) interaction*
  • Passive genotype-environment interaction
235
Q

_____ is a stage in reproduction whereby an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell.

A
  • fertilization*
  • osmosis
  • meiosis
  • mitosis
236
Q

Benny has been diagnosed with a gene-linked abnormality characterized by deceleration of mental and physical development caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system. He has been put on medication and a special diet, but his family has been told that he will probably not live beyond the age of five. Benny is suffering from

A
  • spina bifida
  • tay sachs disease*
  • phenylketonuria
  • Huntingtons disease
237
Q

_____ is a genetic abnormality in which delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding.

A
  • hemophilia*
  • phenylketonuria
  • sickle cell anemia
  • tay Sachs disease
238
Q

_____ uses a powerful magnet and radio images to generate detailed images of the body’s organs and structures.

A
  • triple screen
  • MRI*
  • ultrasound sonography
  • amniocentesis
239
Q

A(n) _____ gene overrides the potential influence of a recessive gene.

A
  • longevity
  • dominant*
  • susceptible
  • aggressive
240
Q

Carrie’s parents have brown hair. However, Carrie gets genes for blond hair from both of her parents, and as a result she has blond hair. This indicates that the gene for blond hair is a

A
  • recessive gene*
  • dominant gene
  • susceptibility gene
  • longevity gene
241
Q

Phenotypes include _____ and _____ characteristics.

A
  • physical; environmental
  • conscious; subconscious
  • biological; ecological
  • physical; psychological*
242
Q

The _____ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.

A
  • epigenetic*
  • biosocial
  • sociogenic
  • congenital
243
Q

Adam, who has a cardiovascular disease, participated in a research study to identify genetic variations linked to cardiovascular disease. His DNA, along with DNA from other patients suffering from the same cardiovascular disease, was obtained. For the purpose of comparison, the researchers also took DNA samples from participants who did not have the disease. Each participant’s DNA was assessed to determine markers of genetic variation. The researchers found that genetic variations occurred more frequently in people who had the cardiovascular disease. This led them to pinpoint the region in the human genome linked to the disease. Which of the following approaches to gene identification and discovery did the researchers use in this study?

A
  • next generation sequencing
  • linkage analysis
  • the thousand genomes project
  • the genome wide association method*

Lifespan Development (18 decks)

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