chapter 4; Socioemotional development in infancy Flashcards
in infancy, emotion is color and
music. the tie that binds people together
emotion is feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in
state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well being
what important roles do emotion have in infancy
- communication with others
- behavioral organization
in terms of behavioral organization emotions influence infants as they interact with the world with social […] and […] behavior
responses
Adaptive
how can emotions be designated as
- positive (pleasant)
- negative (unpleasant)
what regions of the brain that develop early, play a role in infants emotions
the brain stem
hippocampus
Amygadala
how do infants develop the ability to regulate their emotions; by gradual maturation of the
frontal regions of the cerebral cortex
as children become older they develop […] strategies to control their emotions and modulate their emotional arousal
cognitive
in life, […] experiences and […] influence emotional development
- cultural experiences
- relationships
why are emotions that infants express in the first six months of life
- surprise
- interest
- joy
- anger
- sadness
- fear
- disgust
what are other more negative emotions that appear during infancy
- jealousy
- empathy
- embarrassment
- pride
- shame
- guilt
what are “self conscious thoughts” /emotions that infants experience in the first year
- guilt
- pride
- despair
- shame
- empathy
- jealousy
synchronous in infants means modifying their emotional expression in response to those of their parents
(vice versa)
Yes
cries and smiles are the babies first forms of […] communication
emotional
(cries and smiles are the two emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with parents)
crying can provide the health of its […] […] system of the newborn
central nervous
what can excessive infant crying at 3 months show
- double risk of behavioral
- hyperactivity
- mood problems at 5 to 6 years of age
a basic cry in infants is a rhythmic pattern that usually consists of
a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter whistle that is somewhat higher in pitch than the main cry, then another brief rest before the next cry. some experts believe that hunger is one of the conditions that incite the basic cry
an anger cry is a variation of the basic cry, with more excess
air forced through the vocal cords
a pain cry is the sudden long, initial
loud cry followed by holding of the breath, no preliminary moaning is present. the pain cry may be stimulated by physical pain or by any high high intensity stimulus
parents should soothe a crying infant especially during the first year because it helps the infant develop
a sense of trust and secure attachment
what can happen if the parents have a negative emotional reaction to a crying infant to its type of attachment
increase the risk of attachment insecurity in the infant
a reflexive smil is a smile that does not occur in a response to
external stimuli and appears during the first month after birth, usually during sleep
a social smile is a smile that occurs in response to an
external stimulus, typical a face in the case of the young infant. social smiling occurs as early as 2 months of age
smiling and laughter at 7 moths of age associated to self […] at 7 years of age
regulation
fear in a baby first appears about […] months and peaks at about […] months. However if the baby is abused and neglected; as early as […] months
6
18
3
what does an infant show when having stranger anxiety
fear and wariness of strangers
when do infants not show stranger anxiety
when they feel secure
separation protest in an infant is when they when they […] cry when the caregiver […]
Distress
Leaves
what does separation protest peak in infants
about 15 months in US infants
social referencing in infants involves “reading” emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation
Yes
e.g. checking mothers face for approval
what does temperament mean
having individual differences in
- behavioral styles,
- emotions,
- characteristic ways of responding
what does reactivity in infants mean; variations in the speed and intensity with which an individual
responds to situations with positive or negative emotions
self regulation is variation in the extent or effectiveness of an individuals control over
emotion
who identified three basic types -or clusters- of temperament
psychiatrist Alexander Chess
Stella Thomas
how can an easy child be identified in the three basic types of temperament
child is generally in a positive mood
quickly establishes regular routines in infancy,
and adapts easily to new experiences
how to identify a difficult child in the three basic types of temperament
child reacts negatively and cries frequently
engages in irregular daily routines
is slow to accept change
how to identify a slow-to-warm-up child in the three basic types of temperament
child has low activity level
is somewhat negative
and displays a low intensity of mood
what does Kagan identify as having behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar
social phobia symptoms
- high risk of developing social anxiety disorder
- being shy, subdued, timid child
what part of the brain needs to mature for any Childs attention to improve and the child to achieve effortful control
the prefrontal lobes
according to Karan how does a child acquire a certain temperament; he argues that children inherit
a physiology that predisposes them to have a particular type of temperament
what aspects of a child’s environment encourages/discourages the persistence of temperament characteristics
gender
culture
and temperament
what does goodness of fit mean
- match between a Childs temperament
- environmental demands the child must cope with
what is a positive goodness of fit that researchers have found that decreases in infants negative emotions
- parental sensitivity, involvement, and responsivity
strategies by Ann Sanson and Mary Rothbart for temperament sensitive parenting is to pay […] to and respect […], structure the Childs […], and avoid applying […] labels to the child
attention
individuality
Environment
Negative
what is Erik Eriksons first stage of life in his theory of stage development
trust vs mistrust
why is it difficult to study infants
cannot share their experience
up to when did infants not recognize themselves in the mirror
before 1 year old
when do infants start developing a sense of self (self recognition)
by 18 months old of age
by when do most infants recognize themselves;
2 years
what did Erik Erikson stress is important in the second year of life
independence
what is Erik Eriksons second stage of development
autonomy vs shame and doubt
autonomy in Erik Eriksons second stage of development builds as infants […] and […] abilities develop
Mental
motor
what does shame and doubt mean in Erik Eriksons second stage of development
not allowing infants to have their independence in tasks
in Ross Thompsons view, infants are socioemotional beings who show a
strong interest in their social world and are motivated to orient themselves toward it and to understand it
what are factors of social orientation in infants
- locomotion
- intention
- goal direct behavior
- meaning fun interactions with others
- social referencing
during the end of the first year in infancy the ability to perceive people as engaging in intentional and goal directed behavior is an important social cognitive accomplishment
Yew
infants are more socially […] and […] at younger ages
sophisticated
insightful
attachment is a close […] bond between two people
emotional
who are three theorists with influential views of attachment
freud
erikson
bowlby
Freud theorized that infants become attached to the person or object that provides them with […] satisfaction
oral
critique; feeding is not as important as Freud thought
what did Erik Erikson theorize about infants in the first year to have
physical comfort + trust vs mistrust
in John Bowlbys ethological theory he stresses the importance of […] in first year of life and the […] of the caregiver
attachment
responsiveness
(side note; argued that infants develop an internal working working model of attachment)
from […] to […] months infants in the first/fourth phase of Bowlbys attachment instinctively direct their attachment to […] figures
birth
2
Human
from […] to […] months in second/fourth phase of Bowlby’s attachment becomes focused on […] figure, usually primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people
2
7
One
from […] to […] months in the third/fourth phase of Bowlbys attachment development, develop specific attachments. increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregiver, such as mother or father
7
14
Yes
from +[…] months in the fourth/fifth phase of Bowlbys attachment, children become aware of other peoples […], […], and […] and begin to take these into account in directing their own actions
24
Feelings
Goals
Plans
the internal working model in infants is a simple mental model of the caregiver
yes
in infants a strange situation is an observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order
Yes
securely attached babies use the caregiver as a [secure or insecure ] base from which to explore their environment
Secure
insecure avoidant babies show insecurity by […] the caregiver
avoiding
insecure resistant babies often […] to the caregiver and then […] her by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away
cling
resist
insecure disorganized babies are […] and […]
disorganized
disoriented
what are traits that securely attached babies develop
- positive emotional health
- high self esteem
- self confidence
may
what type of behavior do insecurely attached infants develop
out of control behavior
according to Van Resin, Carlson, and Sroufe, the developmental cascade model involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes
Yes
what gene took a role in infants developing a disorganized attachment
short version of the gene-serotonin transport gene 5-HTTLPR, only when mothers were slow or inconsistent in responding to them
can mothers being slow and inconsistent in responding to their infants develop a disorganized attachment in infants
yes
can a cultures value system influence the nature of attachment of a child
yes
can infants show attachment to more than one caregiver
yes
e.g.
sibling that helps
can having a higher self regulation be predicted by maternal sensitivity and a better home environment
yes
how do caregivers of insecurely attached babies tend to interact with the infant
tend to be unavailable or rejecting
how do caregivers of resistant babies tend to interact with them
inconsistently, and not being very affectionate
how do caregivers of disorganized babies tend to interact with them
neglect or physical abuse
what are the subsystems in a family
- father and child
- mother and father
- mother, father, child
what are the subsystems that Belsky stresses have an indirect effect on each other
- marital relations
- parenting
- infant behavior
e.g. how the relationship between the spouses mediates the way a parent acts toward the child
what is a direct effect in the subsystem of the parents according to Belsky
influence of the parents behavior on the child
reciprocal socialization of the infant is socialization that is …
bidirectional, meaning that children socialize parents, just as parents socialize children
transactional in infants is […] interchanging processes
reciprocal
scaffolding is […] socialization. the process in which parents […] interactions so that infants experience […] taking with their parents.
reciprocal
time
turn
the epigenetic view is bidirectional interchange between […] and the […]
heredity
environment
what should the process be of parenting that involve managing and guiding behavior that may be undesirable
- being proactive & childproofing the environment so infants won’t encounter potential dangerous objects or situation
2 engaging in corrective methods when infants engage in undesirable behaviors such as excessive fussing and crying, throwing objects, etc.
what is the outcome of harsh hostile parenting associated with
being defiant and oppositional
in bidirectional influence what do the parents and children behavior have in common
genetic linkages and experimental connections
what is the main method that parents use by the time the infants were 12 months old when they misbehave
- diverting the infants attention
- reasoning
- ignoring
- negotiating
what are some of the methods that parents have used for managing and correcting infants undesirable behavior
- spank with hand
- slap infants hand
- yell in anger
- threaten
- withdraw privileges
- time out
- reason
- divert attention
- negotiate
- ignore
can fathers act sensitively and responsively with their infants just as mothers do
yes
what are the childcare activities maternal interaction usually centers on
feeding
changing diapers
bathing
what are paternal interactions more likely to center on
- play
- and rough and tumble play
do mothers engage in play with their children as do some fathers
three times as often as father do
what can having a father who is extensively involved in their lives + engaging in various activities + showing strong interest in their education, prove to develop the child to be more […] in school
successful
child care is type of care provided by others
yes
what are worries that parents have when having their children in child care
- reducing their children’s emotional attachment to them
- constraining effects (reducing their child’s emotional attachment to them)
- constraining their children’s cognitive development
- failing to teach them how to control anger
- allowing them to be unduly influenced by their peers
what is linked as a result of increasing the number of child care arrangements in the infants experience
- increased behavioral problems
- decreased prosocial behavior
stranger anxiety in an infant is when an infant shows […] and […] of strangers
fear
wariness
do many US adults receive pay leave from their jobs to care for their children
no,
in what countries are gender equity family leave policies available for childbirth
Denmark
Norway
Sweden
up to how many weeks does the US allow for unpaid leave for parents who are caring for a newborn
12 weeks
what factors influence the effects of child care
- age of child
- type of child care
- quality of program offering child care
can higher quality of child are that include positive child caregiver relationships at 2 to 3 years of age link to better self regulation of attention and emotion at 4 to 5 to 7 years of age
yes
high quality child care provides a […] environment, access to age appropriate […], participation in age appropriate […], and […] caregiver child ration
safe
toys
activities
low
which types of families are more likely to experience poor quality child care
families with few resources (psychological, social, and economic)
what does NICHD stand for
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
what is the quality of care that is referred to as the NICHD study of early child care and youth development
characteristics studied;
- group size
- child adult ratio
- physical environment
- caregiver characteristics
- childcare behavior
In the NICHD of early child care and youth development the quantity of child care can […] some outcomes
predict
in the NICHD of early child care and youth development in influence of families and parenting was not tweaked by extensive child care
yes
in which type of environment setting in home and childcare have the worst outcomes for children
when both home and childcare settings are of poor quality
what are some strategies that parents can follow in regard to child care
- recognize that the quality of your parenting is a key factor in your child’s development
- make decision that will improve the likelihood that you will be good parents
- monitor your child’s development
- take some time to find the best child care
increasing the ability to […] their emotions is important as infants develop
regulate
what are the characteristics that Chess and Thomas classified an easy child, difficult child, or slow to warm up as
easy child; generally in a positive
difficult; reacts negatively and cries frequently
slow to warm up; low activity level
Rothbart and Bates emphasized that effortful control (self regulation) is an […] temperament dimension
important
do infants with negative temperaments have more or fewer regulation strategies
fewer
can infants develop the ability to control their emotional reactions
yes
since infants develop the ability to control their emotional reactions, what do they develop
the ability to inhibit, or minimize, the intensity and duration of emotional reactions
what is Rothbart and Bates classification of extraversion/surgency and negative affectivity indicated by
extraversion/surgency; activity, laughter
effortful control; indication for self regulation
contemporary view according to the biological influences is that temperament is a biologically-
based but evolving aspect of behavior
still face paradigm is when the caregiver alternates between engaging in
face to face interaction with the infant and remaining still and unresponsive
still face paradigm can lead to the infant being […] and having […] emotions, which predicts later secure and insecure attachment
withdrawn
negative
Harlow believed that infants get attached to contact comfort preferred over food
yes
what did Erikson believe infants’ trust arises from
physical comfort and sensitive care
Locomotion is the ability to […]
move
the developmental cascade model involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes
yes
criticisms of the attachment theory is that it does not recognize that a cultures value system influences the nature of attachment, and it pays inadequate attention to biological based factors
yes
the important of secure attachment in infants is that it reflects a […] parent infant relationship, and provides a foundation for […] socioemotional development
positive
healthy
maternal sensitivity is linked to […] attachment
secure
what are the adjustment of parents during the infants first years when parents are transitioning to parenthood
- infant care complete with parents’ other interests
- overall increase in marital satisfaction
parental leave is when fathers are […] engaged with their child which […] developmental outcomes occur
positively
improved
