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Lifespan Development > chapter 4; Socioemotional development in infancy > Flashcards

chapter 4; Socioemotional development in infancy Flashcards

1
Q

in infancy, emotion is color and

A

music. the tie that binds people together

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2
Q

emotion is feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in

A

state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well being

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3
Q

what important roles do emotion have in infancy

A
  • communication with others
  • behavioral organization
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4
Q

in terms of behavioral organization emotions influence infants as they interact with the world with social […] and […] behavior

A

responses
Adaptive

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5
Q

how can emotions be designated as

A
  • positive (pleasant)
  • negative (unpleasant)
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6
Q

what regions of the brain that develop early, play a role in infants emotions

A

the brain stem
hippocampus
Amygadala

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7
Q

how do infants develop the ability to regulate their emotions; by gradual maturation of the

A

frontal regions of the cerebral cortex

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8
Q

as children become older they develop […] strategies to control their emotions and modulate their emotional arousal

A

cognitive

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9
Q

in life, […] experiences and […] influence emotional development

A
  • cultural experiences
  • relationships
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10
Q

why are emotions that infants express in the first six months of life

A
  • surprise
  • interest
  • joy
  • anger
  • sadness
  • fear
  • disgust
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11
Q

what are other more negative emotions that appear during infancy

A
  • jealousy
  • empathy
  • embarrassment
  • pride
  • shame
  • guilt
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12
Q

what are “self conscious thoughts” /emotions that infants experience in the first year

A
  • guilt
  • pride
  • despair
  • shame
  • empathy
  • jealousy
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13
Q

synchronous in infants means modifying their emotional expression in response to those of their parents
(vice versa)

A

Yes

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14
Q

cries and smiles are the babies first forms of […] communication

A

emotional
(cries and smiles are the two emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with parents)

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15
Q

crying can provide the health of its […] […] system of the newborn

A

central nervous

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16
Q

what can excessive infant crying at 3 months show

A
  • double risk of behavioral
  • hyperactivity
  • mood problems at 5 to 6 years of age
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17
Q

a basic cry in infants is a rhythmic pattern that usually consists of

A

a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter whistle that is somewhat higher in pitch than the main cry, then another brief rest before the next cry. some experts believe that hunger is one of the conditions that incite the basic cry

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18
Q

an anger cry is a variation of the basic cry, with more excess

A

air forced through the vocal cords

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19
Q

a pain cry is the sudden long, initial

A

loud cry followed by holding of the breath, no preliminary moaning is present. the pain cry may be stimulated by physical pain or by any high high intensity stimulus

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20
Q

parents should soothe a crying infant especially during the first year because it helps the infant develop

A

a sense of trust and secure attachment

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21
Q

what can happen if the parents have a negative emotional reaction to a crying infant to its type of attachment

A

increase the risk of attachment insecurity in the infant

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22
Q

a reflexive smil is a smile that does not occur in a response to

A

external stimuli and appears during the first month after birth, usually during sleep

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23
Q

a social smile is a smile that occurs in response to an

A

external stimulus, typical a face in the case of the young infant. social smiling occurs as early as 2 months of age

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24
Q

smiling and laughter at 7 moths of age associated to self […] at 7 years of age

A

regulation

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25
Q

fear in a baby first appears about […] months and peaks at about […] months. However if the baby is abused and neglected; as early as […] months

A

6
18
3

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26
Q

what does an infant show when having stranger anxiety

A

fear and wariness of strangers

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27
Q

when do infants not show stranger anxiety

A

when they feel secure

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28
Q

separation protest in an infant is when they when they […] cry when the caregiver […]

A

Distress
Leaves

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29
Q

what does separation protest peak in infants

A

about 15 months in US infants

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30
Q

social referencing in infants involves “reading” emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation

A

Yes
e.g. checking mothers face for approval

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31
Q

what does temperament mean

A

having individual differences in
- behavioral styles,
- emotions,
- characteristic ways of responding

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32
Q

what does reactivity in infants mean; variations in the speed and intensity with which an individual

A

responds to situations with positive or negative emotions

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33
Q

self regulation is variation in the extent or effectiveness of an individuals control over

A

emotion

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34
Q

who identified three basic types -or clusters- of temperament

A

psychiatrist Alexander Chess
Stella Thomas

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35
Q

how can an easy child be identified in the three basic types of temperament

A

child is generally in a positive mood
quickly establishes regular routines in infancy,
and adapts easily to new experiences

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36
Q

how to identify a difficult child in the three basic types of temperament

A

child reacts negatively and cries frequently
engages in irregular daily routines
is slow to accept change

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37
Q

how to identify a slow-to-warm-up child in the three basic types of temperament

A

child has low activity level
is somewhat negative
and displays a low intensity of mood

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38
Q

what does Kagan identify as having behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar

A

social phobia symptoms
- high risk of developing social anxiety disorder
- being shy, subdued, timid child

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39
Q

what part of the brain needs to mature for any Childs attention to improve and the child to achieve effortful control

A

the prefrontal lobes

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40
Q

according to Karan how does a child acquire a certain temperament; he argues that children inherit

A

a physiology that predisposes them to have a particular type of temperament

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41
Q

what aspects of a child’s environment encourages/discourages the persistence of temperament characteristics

A

gender
culture
and temperament

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42
Q

what does goodness of fit mean

A
  • match between a Childs temperament
  • environmental demands the child must cope with
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43
Q

what is a positive goodness of fit that researchers have found that decreases in infants negative emotions

A
  • parental sensitivity, involvement, and responsivity
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44
Q

strategies by Ann Sanson and Mary Rothbart for temperament sensitive parenting is to pay […] to and respect […], structure the Childs […], and avoid applying […] labels to the child

A

attention
individuality
Environment
Negative

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45
Q

what is Erik Eriksons first stage of life in his theory of stage development

A

trust vs mistrust

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46
Q

why is it difficult to study infants

A

cannot share their experience

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47
Q

up to when did infants not recognize themselves in the mirror

A

before 1 year old

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48
Q

when do infants start developing a sense of self (self recognition)

A

by 18 months old of age
by when do most infants recognize themselves;
2 years

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49
Q

what did Erik Erikson stress is important in the second year of life

A

independence

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50
Q

what is Erik Eriksons second stage of development

A

autonomy vs shame and doubt

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51
Q

autonomy in Erik Eriksons second stage of development builds as infants […] and […] abilities develop

A

Mental
motor

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52
Q

what does shame and doubt mean in Erik Eriksons second stage of development

A

not allowing infants to have their independence in tasks

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53
Q

in Ross Thompsons view, infants are socioemotional beings who show a

A

strong interest in their social world and are motivated to orient themselves toward it and to understand it

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54
Q

what are factors of social orientation in infants

A
  • locomotion
  • intention
  • goal direct behavior
  • meaning fun interactions with others
  • social referencing
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55
Q

during the end of the first year in infancy the ability to perceive people as engaging in intentional and goal directed behavior is an important social cognitive accomplishment

A

Yew

56
Q

infants are more socially […] and […] at younger ages

A

sophisticated
insightful

57
Q

attachment is a close […] bond between two people

A

emotional

58
Q

who are three theorists with influential views of attachment

A

freud
erikson
bowlby

59
Q

Freud theorized that infants become attached to the person or object that provides them with […] satisfaction

A

oral
critique; feeding is not as important as Freud thought

60
Q

what did Erik Erikson theorize about infants in the first year to have

A

physical comfort + trust vs mistrust

61
Q

in John Bowlbys ethological theory he stresses the importance of […] in first year of life and the […] of the caregiver

A

attachment
responsiveness
(side note; argued that infants develop an internal working working model of attachment)

62
Q

from […] to […] months infants in the first/fourth phase of Bowlbys attachment instinctively direct their attachment to […] figures

A

birth
2
Human

63
Q

from […] to […] months in second/fourth phase of Bowlby’s attachment becomes focused on […] figure, usually primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people

A

2
7
One

64
Q

from […] to […] months in the third/fourth phase of Bowlbys attachment development, develop specific attachments. increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregiver, such as mother or father

A

7
14
Yes

65
Q

from +[…] months in the fourth/fifth phase of Bowlbys attachment, children become aware of other peoples […], […], and […] and begin to take these into account in directing their own actions

A

24
Feelings
Goals
Plans

66
Q

the internal working model in infants is a simple mental model of the caregiver

A

yes

67
Q

in infants a strange situation is an observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order

A

Yes

68
Q

securely attached babies use the caregiver as a [secure or insecure ] base from which to explore their environment

A

Secure

69
Q

insecure avoidant babies show insecurity by […] the caregiver

A

avoiding

70
Q

insecure resistant babies often […] to the caregiver and then […] her by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away

A

cling
resist

71
Q

insecure disorganized babies are […] and […]

A

disorganized
disoriented

72
Q

what are traits that securely attached babies develop

A
  • positive emotional health
  • high self esteem
  • self confidence
    may
73
Q

what type of behavior do insecurely attached infants develop

A

out of control behavior

74
Q

according to Van Resin, Carlson, and Sroufe, the developmental cascade model involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes

A

Yes

75
Q

what gene took a role in infants developing a disorganized attachment

A

short version of the gene-serotonin transport gene 5-HTTLPR, only when mothers were slow or inconsistent in responding to them

76
Q

can mothers being slow and inconsistent in responding to their infants develop a disorganized attachment in infants

A

yes

77
Q

can a cultures value system influence the nature of attachment of a child

A

yes

78
Q

can infants show attachment to more than one caregiver

A

yes
e.g.
sibling that helps

79
Q

can having a higher self regulation be predicted by maternal sensitivity and a better home environment

A

yes

80
Q

how do caregivers of insecurely attached babies tend to interact with the infant

A

tend to be unavailable or rejecting

81
Q

how do caregivers of resistant babies tend to interact with them

A

inconsistently, and not being very affectionate

82
Q

how do caregivers of disorganized babies tend to interact with them

A

neglect or physical abuse

83
Q

what are the subsystems in a family

A
  • father and child
  • mother and father
  • mother, father, child
84
Q

what are the subsystems that Belsky stresses have an indirect effect on each other

A
  • marital relations
  • parenting
  • infant behavior
    e.g. how the relationship between the spouses mediates the way a parent acts toward the child
85
Q

what is a direct effect in the subsystem of the parents according to Belsky

A

influence of the parents behavior on the child

86
Q

reciprocal socialization of the infant is socialization that is …

A

bidirectional, meaning that children socialize parents, just as parents socialize children

87
Q

transactional in infants is […] interchanging processes

A

reciprocal

88
Q

scaffolding is […] socialization. the process in which parents […] interactions so that infants experience […] taking with their parents.

A

reciprocal
time
turn

89
Q

the epigenetic view is bidirectional interchange between […] and the […]

A

heredity
environment

90
Q

what should the process be of parenting that involve managing and guiding behavior that may be undesirable

A
  1. being proactive & childproofing the environment so infants won’t encounter potential dangerous objects or situation
    2 engaging in corrective methods when infants engage in undesirable behaviors such as excessive fussing and crying, throwing objects, etc.
91
Q

what is the outcome of harsh hostile parenting associated with

A

being defiant and oppositional

92
Q

in bidirectional influence what do the parents and children behavior have in common

A

genetic linkages and experimental connections

93
Q

what is the main method that parents use by the time the infants were 12 months old when they misbehave

A
  1. diverting the infants attention
  2. reasoning
  3. ignoring
  4. negotiating
94
Q

what are some of the methods that parents have used for managing and correcting infants undesirable behavior

A
  • spank with hand
  • slap infants hand
  • yell in anger
  • threaten
  • withdraw privileges
  • time out
  • reason
  • divert attention
  • negotiate
  • ignore
95
Q

can fathers act sensitively and responsively with their infants just as mothers do

A

yes

96
Q

what are the childcare activities maternal interaction usually centers on

A

feeding
changing diapers
bathing

97
Q

what are paternal interactions more likely to center on

A
  • play
  • and rough and tumble play
98
Q

do mothers engage in play with their children as do some fathers

A

three times as often as father do

99
Q

what can having a father who is extensively involved in their lives + engaging in various activities + showing strong interest in their education, prove to develop the child to be more […] in school

A

successful

100
Q

child care is type of care provided by others

A

yes

101
Q

what are worries that parents have when having their children in child care

A
  • reducing their children’s emotional attachment to them
  • constraining effects (reducing their child’s emotional attachment to them)
  • constraining their children’s cognitive development
  • failing to teach them how to control anger
  • allowing them to be unduly influenced by their peers
102
Q

what is linked as a result of increasing the number of child care arrangements in the infants experience

A
  • increased behavioral problems
  • decreased prosocial behavior
103
Q

stranger anxiety in an infant is when an infant shows […] and […] of strangers

A

fear
wariness

104
Q

do many US adults receive pay leave from their jobs to care for their children

A

no,

105
Q

in what countries are gender equity family leave policies available for childbirth

A

Denmark
Norway
Sweden

106
Q

up to how many weeks does the US allow for unpaid leave for parents who are caring for a newborn

A

12 weeks

107
Q

what factors influence the effects of child care

A
  • age of child
  • type of child care
  • quality of program offering child care
108
Q

can higher quality of child are that include positive child caregiver relationships at 2 to 3 years of age link to better self regulation of attention and emotion at 4 to 5 to 7 years of age

A

yes

109
Q

high quality child care provides a […] environment, access to age appropriate […], participation in age appropriate […], and […] caregiver child ration

A

safe
toys
activities
low

110
Q

which types of families are more likely to experience poor quality child care

A

families with few resources (psychological, social, and economic)

111
Q

what does NICHD stand for

A

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

112
Q

what is the quality of care that is referred to as the NICHD study of early child care and youth development

A

characteristics studied;
- group size
- child adult ratio
- physical environment
- caregiver characteristics
- childcare behavior

113
Q

In the NICHD of early child care and youth development the quantity of child care can […] some outcomes

A

predict

114
Q

in the NICHD of early child care and youth development in influence of families and parenting was not tweaked by extensive child care

A

yes

115
Q

in which type of environment setting in home and childcare have the worst outcomes for children

A

when both home and childcare settings are of poor quality

116
Q

what are some strategies that parents can follow in regard to child care

A
  1. recognize that the quality of your parenting is a key factor in your child’s development
  2. make decision that will improve the likelihood that you will be good parents
  3. monitor your child’s development
  4. take some time to find the best child care
117
Q

increasing the ability to […] their emotions is important as infants develop

A

regulate

118
Q

what are the characteristics that Chess and Thomas classified an easy child, difficult child, or slow to warm up as

A

easy child; generally in a positive
difficult; reacts negatively and cries frequently
slow to warm up; low activity level

119
Q

Rothbart and Bates emphasized that effortful control (self regulation) is an […] temperament dimension

A

important

120
Q

do infants with negative temperaments have more or fewer regulation strategies

A

fewer

121
Q

can infants develop the ability to control their emotional reactions

A

yes

122
Q

since infants develop the ability to control their emotional reactions, what do they develop

A

the ability to inhibit, or minimize, the intensity and duration of emotional reactions

123
Q

what is Rothbart and Bates classification of extraversion/surgency and negative affectivity indicated by

A

extraversion/surgency; activity, laughter
effortful control; indication for self regulation

124
Q

contemporary view according to the biological influences is that temperament is a biologically-

A

based but evolving aspect of behavior

125
Q

still face paradigm is when the caregiver alternates between engaging in

A

face to face interaction with the infant and remaining still and unresponsive

126
Q

still face paradigm can lead to the infant being […] and having […] emotions, which predicts later secure and insecure attachment

A

withdrawn
negative

127
Q

Harlow believed that infants get attached to contact comfort preferred over food

A

yes

128
Q

what did Erikson believe infants’ trust arises from

A

physical comfort and sensitive care

129
Q

Locomotion is the ability to […]

A

move

130
Q

the developmental cascade model involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes

A

yes

131
Q

criticisms of the attachment theory is that it does not recognize that a cultures value system influences the nature of attachment, and it pays inadequate attention to biological based factors

A

yes

132
Q

the important of secure attachment in infants is that it reflects a […] parent infant relationship, and provides a foundation for […] socioemotional development

A

positive
healthy

133
Q

maternal sensitivity is linked to […] attachment

A

secure

134
Q

what are the adjustment of parents during the infants first years when parents are transitioning to parenthood

A
  • infant care complete with parents’ other interests
  • overall increase in marital satisfaction
135
Q

parental leave is when fathers are […] engaged with their child which […] developmental outcomes occur

A

positively
improved

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