chapter 12; socioemotional development in early adulthood Flashcards
for adults, socioemotional development revolved around adaptively integrating our […] experiences into enjoyable relationships with others on a daily basis
emotional
the first 20 years of life lay the foundation for an adult’s […] development
socioemotional
young adults face choices and challenges in adopting lifestyles that will be emotionally […], predictable, and […] for them
satisfying
manageable
do experiences in early adult years determine what the individual will be like later in adulthood
yes
to explore stability and change, examine
attachment
when does attachment appear and what does it play an important part in developing
during infancy and plays and important part in socioemotional development
although relationships with romantic partners differ from those with parents, can romantic partners fulfill some of the same needs for adults as parents do for their children
yes
e.g.
Securely attached infants use their caregiver as a safe base to explore their surroundings. Similarly, adults often rely on their romantic partner for comfort and security during stressful times.
what did Cindy Hazan and Philip Shaver (1987) reveal about young adults who were securely attached in their romantic relationships more likely to describe their early relationships with their parents as
securely attached
in a longitudinal study, were securely attached infants or insecurely attached infants in a more stable romantic relationship in adulthood
securely attached infants
in a longitudinal study what did having an insecure avoidant attachment at 8 years of age link to lower and higher levels of at 21 years of age
lower - social initiative and prosocial behavior
higher - social anxiety and loneliness
in a longitudinal study, were links between early attachment styles and later attachment styles highered or lowered by stressful and disruptive experiences such as the death of a parent or instability of caregiving
lessened
what are the adults attachment categories
- secure attachment style
- avoidant attachment style
- anxious attachment style
what is secure attachment style in adults
- positive views of relationships
- find it easy to get close to others
- not overly concerned with or stressed out about their romantic relationships
- tend to enjoy sexuality in the context of a committed relationship and are less likely than others to have a one night stand
what is avoidant attachment style
- hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships,
- once they are in a relationship, they tend to distance themselves from their partner
what is anxious attachment style
- demand closeness
- less trusting
- more emotional , jealous, and possessive
securely attached adults are more likely to satisfied with their
close relationships
characterized by trust, commitment, and longevity
attachment anxious individuals have higher levels of health […]
anxiety
insecure attachment was linked to a higher level of […] anxiety in adults
social
young adults with an anxious attachment style were more likely to be characterized by higher negative affect, […], and perceived social […]
stress
rejection
those with an avoidant attachment style were more likely to be characterized by […] desire to be with others when alone
less
insecure anxious and insecure avoidant individuals were […] likely than securely attached individuals to engage in […] health behaviors, are more susceptible to […] illness, and have […] disease outcomes
more
risky
physical
poorer
has the percentage of students with a secure attachment style decreased or increased in recent years
has the percentage of students with insecure attachment styles increased or decreased
decreased
increased
although attachment categories are somewhat stable in adulthood, do adults have the capacity to change their attachment thinking and behavior
yes
love refers to a vast and complex territory of human […], spanning a range of relationships that includes […], [..] love, […] love, and […] love
behavior
friendship
romantic
affectionate
consummate
what are the hallmarks of intimacy
self disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts
does the need for intimacy increase or decrease in adolescents
increase
at the same time, as the need for intimacy increases, are adolescents engaged in the essential tasks of developing an identity and establishing their independence from their parents
yes
juggling the competing demands of intimacy, […] and independence also become a central task of adulthood
identity
what did Erik Erikson (1968) argue about identity versus identity confusion - pursuing who we are, what we are all about- and where are going in life - to be the …
most important issue to be negotiated in adolescence
what does Erik Erickson believe in early adulthood as individuals are on their way to establish stable and successful identities to enter
they enter the sixth developmental stage, which is intimacy versus isolation
Erikson describes intimacy as finding oneself while […] oneself to […] person, and it requires a […] to another person
losing
another
commitment
development in early adulthood often involves balancing what in one hand and the other
one hand - balancing intimacy and commitment
the other hand - independence and freedom
what does failure to achieve intimacy result in
social isolation
is friendship an important role in development throughout the life span
yes
do most US men and women have a best friend
yes
are many friendships long lasting
yes
65% - at least 10 years
15% - for less than 5 years
is adulthood able to bring opportunities for new friendships
yes
how can new friendships form in adulthood
- moving to new locations
establish new friendships in their neighborhood or at work
what is romantic love
some friendships evolve into romantic love
- also called; passionate love, or eros
what are the strong components of romantic love
sexuality and infatuation
side note;
love researcher Ellen Berscheid (2010) has found that it often predominates in the early part of a love relationship
do males or females show a higher avoidance and lower anxiety about romantic love
males
a complex intermingling of different emotions go into romantic love - including passion, […], anger, […] desire, joy, and jealousy
fear
sexual
[…] desire is the […] important ingredient of romantic love
sexual
most
Is a relationship between romantic lovers or between friends more likely to be a cause of depression
romantic lovers
a heightened state of romantic love in young adults was linked to stronger depression and anxiety symptoms but better what?
sleep quality
declaring a relationship status on Facebook was associated with both romantic love and […]
jealousy
where has romantic attraction taken place in other than in person
over the internet
in their twenties do more men or women have more online pursuers, how about in the forties
twenties - women
forties - men
did opinions about online dating change when believe it to be a good way to meet people
yes
2005 - not a good way
10 years late - a good way
consummate love is the […] form of love
strongest
what is a catfish
someone who fakes an identity online
what did a poll commissioned by Match.com in 2009 report about marriages occurring
twice as many marriages occurred between individuals who met through an online dating site as between people who met at bars, clubs, and other social events
what is one problem with online matchmaking
many individuals misrepresent their characteristics, such as;
how old they are
how attractive they are
occupation
what do most men lie most about
- age
- height
- income
what do most women lie most about
- weight
- physical build
- age
romantic relationships initiated on the Internet are more likely than relationships established in person to last for more than…
two years
a national study of more than 19,000 individuals found that more than […]-third of marriages now being […]
one
online
side note;
less likely to break up and were characterized by slightly higher marital satisfaction than those that started in traditional offline contexts
in emerging adulthood, long term relationships continued to provide […] levels of support, while […] interactions, control, and jealousy […]
high
negative
decreased
in a recent study across 10 years, short term relationships were […] more as individuals moved into emerging adulthood
supported
programs in relationship education have mainly focused on helping […] adult couples to […] their relationship
committed
strengthen
side note;
recently, though, an increasing number of relationship education programs have been developed for adolescents and emerging adults
what does relationship education consist of
interventions to provide individuals and couples with information and skills that produce positive romantic relationships and marriages
what were the skills most assessed in the studies of relationship education
- interpersonal communication
- problem solving
- conflict strategies
- self regulation
did emerging adults or adolescents have stronger positive effects of a relationship education
+
did disadvantaged participants or advantaged participants
emerging adults
+
disadvantaged participants
what is affectionate love
type of love that occurs when someone desires to have the other person near and has a deep, caring affection for the person
also called companionate love
what happens as love matures
passion tends to give way to affection
Philip Shaver (1986) proposed a developmental model of love in which the initial phase of romantic love is fueled by a mixture of […] attraction and […], a […] sense of loneliness , uncertainty about the security of developing another attachment, and […] from exploring the novelty of another human being.
sexual
gratification
reduced
excitement
continuation of Philip Shaver (1986) developmental model. with time, he says, […] attraction wanes, […] anxieties either lessen or produce […] and withdrawal, novelty is replaced with […], and lovers find themselves either securely attached in a deeply caring relationship or distressed- feeling bored, disappointment, […] or hostile,. one or other partners may eventually end the relationship and then move on to another relationship
sexual
attachment
conflict
familiarity
lonely
according to Robert J Sternberg’s Triarchic theory of love what are the three dimensions of love
passion, intimacy, and commitment
what does passion involve according to Robert I Sternberg triarchic theory of love
physical and sexual attraction to one another
what does intimacy involve according to Robert J Sternberg’s triarchic theory of love
emotional feelings of warmth, closeness, and sharing in a relationship
according to Robert I Sternberg; commitment is the […] appraisal of the relationship and the intent to maintain the […] even in the face of problems
cognitive
relationship
in Sternberg’s theory, what is the strongest fullest form of love
consummate love (which involves all three dimensions)
if passion is the only ingredient in a relationship (with intimacy and commitment low or absent), what does it make the person
infatuated
a relationship marked by intimacy and commitment but low or lacking in passion is called […] love, a pattern often found among couples who have been married for many years
affection
if passion and commitment are present but intimacy is not, Sternberg calls the relationship […] love, as when one person worships another from a distance
fatuous
but if couples share all three dimensions-passion, intimacy, and commitment- they experience […] love
consummate
in collectivist countries like China and Korea, intimacy is more diffused in love because of the strong group emphasis on connections outside [..] love relationship. By contrast, in individualistic countries such as the US and most European countries, intimacy is often more intensified because an individual’s […] network is more likely to be […] and less […] oriented
romantic
social
smaller
group
Do US romantic relationships or Chinese romantic relationships have a greater passion
US
is self disclosure more common in US romantic relationships or Japanese romantic relationships
US
are feelings of commitment stronger in Chinese romantic relationships or in US romantic relationships
Chinese
what is the cause of the Japanese government leading to a possible cause of a considerable drop in Japan’s population
marriage rate is rapidly decreasing
has the percentage of Japanese men and women who aren’t involved in any romantic relationship increase or decrease significantly in recent years
increased
in 2014 […] percent of Japanese women 16 to 24 years of age reported that they were not interested in or despised having sexual contact
45
is romantic interest much stronger or weaker in Japan than in Argentina
stronger + France as well
side note;
sexual and romantic flirtation is a way of life for many Argentinians.