chapter 12; socioemotional development in early adulthood Flashcards
for adults, socioemotional development revolved around adaptively integrating our […] experiences into enjoyable relationships with others on a daily basis
emotional
the first 20 years of life lay the foundation for an adult’s […] development
socioemotional
young adults face choices and challenges in adopting lifestyles that will be emotionally […], predictable, and […] for them
satisfying
manageable
do experiences in early adult years determine what the individual will be like later in adulthood
yes
to explore stability and change, examine
attachment
when does attachment appear and what does it play an important part in developing
during infancy and plays and important part in socioemotional development
although relationships with romantic partners differ from those with parents, can romantic partners fulfill some of the same needs for adults as parents do for their children
yes
e.g.
Securely attached infants use their caregiver as a safe base to explore their surroundings. Similarly, adults often rely on their romantic partner for comfort and security during stressful times.
what did Cindy Hazan and Philip Shaver (1987) reveal about young adults who were securely attached in their romantic relationships more likely to describe their early relationships with their parents as
securely attached
in a longitudinal study, were securely attached infants or insecurely attached infants in a more stable romantic relationship in adulthood
securely attached infants
in a longitudinal study what did having an insecure avoidant attachment at 8 years of age link to lower and higher levels of at 21 years of age
lower - social initiative and prosocial behavior
higher - social anxiety and loneliness
in a longitudinal study, were links between early attachment styles and later attachment styles highered or lowered by stressful and disruptive experiences such as the death of a parent or instability of caregiving
lessened
what are the adults attachment categories
- secure attachment style
- avoidant attachment style
- anxious attachment style
what is secure attachment style in adults
- positive views of relationships
- find it easy to get close to others
- not overly concerned with or stressed out about their romantic relationships
- tend to enjoy sexuality in the context of a committed relationship and are less likely than others to have a one night stand
what is avoidant attachment style
- hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships,
- once they are in a relationship, they tend to distance themselves from their partner
what is anxious attachment style
- demand closeness
- less trusting
- more emotional , jealous, and possessive
securely attached adults are more likely to satisfied with their
close relationships
characterized by trust, commitment, and longevity
attachment anxious individuals have higher levels of health […]
anxiety
insecure attachment was linked to a higher level of […] anxiety in adults
social
young adults with an anxious attachment style were more likely to be characterized by higher negative affect, […], and perceived social […]
stress
rejection
those with an avoidant attachment style were more likely to be characterized by […] desire to be with others when alone
less
insecure anxious and insecure avoidant individuals were […] likely than securely attached individuals to engage in […] health behaviors, are more susceptible to […] illness, and have […] disease outcomes
more
risky
physical
poorer
has the percentage of students with a secure attachment style decreased or increased in recent years
has the percentage of students with insecure attachment styles increased or decreased
decreased
increased
although attachment categories are somewhat stable in adulthood, do adults have the capacity to change their attachment thinking and behavior
yes
love refers to a vast and complex territory of human […], spanning a range of relationships that includes […], [..] love, […] love, and […] love
behavior
friendship
romantic
affectionate
consummate
what are the hallmarks of intimacy
self disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts
does the need for intimacy increase or decrease in adolescents
increase
at the same time, as the need for intimacy increases, are adolescents engaged in the essential tasks of developing an identity and establishing their independence from their parents
yes
juggling the competing demands of intimacy, […] and independence also become a central task of adulthood
identity
what did Erik Erikson (1968) argue about identity versus identity confusion - pursuing who we are, what we are all about- and where are going in life - to be the …
most important issue to be negotiated in adolescence
what does Erik Erickson believe in early adulthood as individuals are on their way to establish stable and successful identities to enter
they enter the sixth developmental stage, which is intimacy versus isolation
Erikson describes intimacy as finding oneself while […] oneself to […] person, and it requires a […] to another person
losing
another
commitment
development in early adulthood often involves balancing what in one hand and the other
one hand - balancing intimacy and commitment
the other hand - independence and freedom
what does failure to achieve intimacy result in
social isolation
is friendship an important role in development throughout the life span
yes
do most US men and women have a best friend
yes
are many friendships long lasting
yes
65% - at least 10 years
15% - for less than 5 years
is adulthood able to bring opportunities for new friendships
yes
how can new friendships form in adulthood
- moving to new locations
establish new friendships in their neighborhood or at work
what is romantic love
some friendships evolve into romantic love
- also called; passionate love, or eros
what are the strong components of romantic love
sexuality and infatuation
side note;
love researcher Ellen Berscheid (2010) has found that it often predominates in the early part of a love relationship
do males or females show a higher avoidance and lower anxiety about romantic love
males
a complex intermingling of different emotions go into romantic love - including passion, […], anger, […] desire, joy, and jealousy
fear
sexual
[…] desire is the […] important ingredient of romantic love
sexual
most
Is a relationship between romantic lovers or between friends more likely to be a cause of depression
romantic lovers
a heightened state of romantic love in young adults was linked to stronger depression and anxiety symptoms but better what?
sleep quality
declaring a relationship status on Facebook was associated with both romantic love and […]
jealousy
where has romantic attraction taken place in other than in person
over the internet
in their twenties do more men or women have more online pursuers, how about in the forties
twenties - women
forties - men
did opinions about online dating change when believe it to be a good way to meet people
yes
2005 - not a good way
10 years late - a good way
consummate love is the […] form of love
strongest
what is a catfish
someone who fakes an identity online
what did a poll commissioned by Match.com in 2009 report about marriages occurring
twice as many marriages occurred between individuals who met through an online dating site as between people who met at bars, clubs, and other social events
what is one problem with online matchmaking
many individuals misrepresent their characteristics, such as;
how old they are
how attractive they are
occupation
what do most men lie most about
- age
- height
- income
what do most women lie most about
- weight
- physical build
- age
romantic relationships initiated on the Internet are more likely than relationships established in person to last for more than…
two years
a national study of more than 19,000 individuals found that more than […]-third of marriages now being […]
one
online
side note;
less likely to break up and were characterized by slightly higher marital satisfaction than those that started in traditional offline contexts
in emerging adulthood, long term relationships continued to provide […] levels of support, while […] interactions, control, and jealousy […]
high
negative
decreased
in a recent study across 10 years, short term relationships were […] more as individuals moved into emerging adulthood
supported
programs in relationship education have mainly focused on helping […] adult couples to […] their relationship
committed
strengthen
side note;
recently, though, an increasing number of relationship education programs have been developed for adolescents and emerging adults
what does relationship education consist of
interventions to provide individuals and couples with information and skills that produce positive romantic relationships and marriages
what were the skills most assessed in the studies of relationship education
- interpersonal communication
- problem solving
- conflict strategies
- self regulation
did emerging adults or adolescents have stronger positive effects of a relationship education
+
did disadvantaged participants or advantaged participants
emerging adults
+
disadvantaged participants
what is affectionate love
type of love that occurs when someone desires to have the other person near and has a deep, caring affection for the person
also called companionate love
as love matures passion tends to give way to […]
affection
Philip Shaver (1986) proposed a developmental model of love in which the initial phase of romantic love is fueled by a mixture of […] attraction and […], a […] sense of loneliness , uncertainty about the security of developing another attachment, and […] from exploring the novelty of another human being.
sexual
gratification
reduced
excitement
continuation of Philip Shaver (1986) developmental model. with time, he says, […] attraction wanes, […] anxieties either lessen or produce […] and withdrawal, novelty is replaced with […], and lovers find themselves either securely attached in a deeply caring relationship or distressed- feeling bored, disappointment, […] or hostile,. one or other partners may eventually end the relationship and then move on to another relationship
sexual
attachment
conflict
familiarity
lonely
according to Robert J Sternberg’s Triarchic theory of love what are the three dimensions of love
passion, intimacy, and commitment
what does passion involve according to Robert I Sternberg triarchic theory of love
physical and sexual attraction to one another
what does intimacy involve according to Robert J Sternberg’s triarchic theory of love
emotional feelings of warmth, closeness, and sharing in a relationship
according to Robert I Sternberg; commitment is the […] appraisal of the relationship and the intent to maintain the […] even in the face of problems
cognitive
relationship
in Sternberg’s theory, what is the strongest fullest form of love
consummate love (which involves all three dimensions)
if passion is the only ingredient in a relationship (with intimacy and commitment low or absent), what does it make the person
infatuated
a relationship marked by intimacy and commitment but low or lacking in passion is called […] love, a pattern often found among couples who have been married for many years
affection
if passion and commitment are present but intimacy is not, Sternberg calls the relationship […] love, as when one person worships another from a distance
fatuous
but if couples share all three dimensions-passion, intimacy, and commitment- they experience […] love
consummate
in collectivist countries like China and Korea, intimacy is more diffused in love because of the strong group emphasis on connections outside [..] love relationship. By contrast, in individualistic countries such as the US and most European countries, intimacy is often more intensified because an individual’s […] network is more likely to be […] and less […] oriented
romantic
social
smaller
group
Do US romantic relationships or Chinese romantic relationships have a greater passion
US
is self disclosure more common in US romantic relationships or Japanese romantic relationships
US
are feelings of commitment stronger in Chinese romantic relationships or in US romantic relationships
Chinese
what is the cause of the Japanese government leading to a possible cause of a considerable drop in Japan’s population
marriage rate is rapidly decreasing
has the percentage of Japanese men and women who aren’t involved in any romantic relationship increase or decrease significantly in recent years
increased
in 2014 […] percent of Japanese women 16 to 24 years of age reported that they were not interested in or despised having sexual contact
45
is romantic interest much stronger or weaker in Japan than in Argentina
stronger + France as well
side note;
sexual and romantic flirtation is a way of life for many Argentinians.
since there are striking cultural variation in many aspects of romantic relationship[s. 84 percent of people in the United States said infidelity was morally […]
wrong
France and Brazil are the […] passionate and have the […] romantic interest
most
most
In Qatar, casual dating is […] and public displays of affection can be punished with […]
forbidden
incarceration
In Qatar since causal dating and public displays of affection are forbidden, what have young adults used
social media/internet to arrange private co-ed get-togethers at hotels
what are the types of lifestyles and forms of many types of families
alone
cohabit
marry
divorce
or live with someone of the same sex
what did sociologist Andrew Cherlin (2009) conclude in his book The Marriage Go Round about the United States having more of
marriages and remarriages
divorces
short term cohabiting (living together) relationships than most countries
in recent decades has there been a dramatic decrease or rise in the percentage of single adults
rise
what does the increasing number of single adults reflect rising rates of . and trend toward
rising rates of cohabitation
trend toward postponing marriage
does the United States have a lower or higher percentage of single adults than in many other countries such as Great Britain, Germany, and Japan.
lower
where is the fastest growth in adopting a single adult lifestyle occurring rapidly in
developing countries such as China, India, and Brazil
common challenges faced by single adults may include forming […] relationships with other adults, confronting […], and finding a nice in a society that is marriage oriented
intimate
loneliness
What did Bella DePaulo (2006, 2011) argue about society having a widespread bias against
unmarried adults that is seen in everything from missed perks in jobs to deep social and financial prejudices
what are advantages of being single
- having time to make decisions about one’s life course
- time to develop personal resources to meet goals,
- freedom to make autonomous decisions
- and pursue one’s own schedule and interests, opportunities to explore new places and try out new experiences,
privacy
stereotypes associated with being single range from swinging single to the desperately […], […] single
lonely
suicidal
were millennials or older generations far more likely to want to find romance and commitment
millennials
were millennials or older generations more likely to have sex before the first date
millennials were 48 percent
what does the “fast sex, slow love” pattern reflect about millennials
how want to know as much about someone as possible before committing to a serious relationship
what did 95 percent of single men 18 to 70+ favor, in contrast to the 29 percent of single women actually doing, and the remaining 13 percent
95 percent - single men favor woman initiating the first kiss and also asking for a man’s phone number
29 - single women actually follow the first kiss patter
13 - actually ask for a man’s phone number
where do millennials tend to find more dates
online
cohabitation refers to living […] in a […] relationship without being married
together
sexual
have cohabitation rate continued to rise or decreased in the US
rise
a number of couples view their cohabitation not as a precursor to marriage but as an ..
ongoing lifestyle
why?
these couples do not want the official aspects of marriage
what are some problems that couples who cohabit face
- disapproval by parents and other family members
(can place emotional strain on the cohabiting couple) - difficulty owning property jointly
- legal rights on the dissolution of the relationship are less certain than in a divorce
what have majority of studies found lower rates of and higher rates of in couples who lived together before getting married
lower rates of marital satisfaction
higher rates of divorce
has the link between marital cohabitation and marital instability in first marriages weakened or strengthened
weakened
women who cohabited within the first year of a sexual relationship were […] likely to get married than women who waited more than […] year before cohabiting
less
one
what are reasons for cohabiting
- spend time together
- share expenses
- evaluate compatibility
what might explain the finding that cohabiting is linked with divorce more than not cohabiting
less traditional lifestyle of cohabitation may attract less conventional individuals who are not great believers in marriage in the first place
alternate explanation;
the experience of cohabiting changes peoples attitudes and habits in ways that increase their likelihood of divorce
cohabiting individuals are not as […] healthy as their counterparts in committed marital relationships
mentally
+ men = emotional distress in long term cohabitation
is heavy drinking more common during time spent single or long term cohabitation
single
have marriages in the US declined or increased in recent years
declined
in 2014, […]% of US adults never married
20
what is marriage in adolescence more likely to end in
divorce
- researchers have not been able to pin down a specific age range for getting married that is most likely to result in a successful marriage
what is the average duration of marriage in the US
over nine years
emerging adults are […] about marriage and see it as an impetus to create a […] life for successful marriage
optimistic
stable
what was widely accepted as the endpoint of adult development
stable marriage
wives with the most optimistic forecasts showed the what in marital satisfaction
steepest decline
in the last 70 to 80 years, personal […] both inside and outside marriage has emerged as a goal that competes with marital stability
fulfillment
what are the two characteristics of marital partners that predicted whether the marriage will last longer
- education
- ethnicity
side note;
men and women with a bachelors degree were more likely to delay marriage but were also more likely to eventually get married and stay married for more than 20 years
the average age in the US for first marriage for men and women
men - 29.5
women - 27.4
higher than any point in history
what did the book, The Marriage Paradox, conclude about the importance of marriage to emerging and young adults
may be what it encouraging them to first build better a better career and financial foundation to increase the likelihood their marriage will be successful later
what did never married and women say are the most important characteristics of a potential spouse
never married men = similar ideas about having and raising children
never married women = partner with a steady job
do individuals who are happily married live longer and healthier lives than divorced individuals who are unhappily married
Yes
a survey of US adults 50 years and older revealed that a lower portion of adult life spent in marriage was linked to an increased likelihood of
dying at an earlier age
in a large scale study in the US and six European countries, not being in the labor force was associated with […] mortality but marriage attenuated the increased mortality risk linked to labor force inactivity
higher
an unhappy marriage can shorten a person’s life by an average of how many years
four
people in happy marriages are likely to feel less stressed […] and […], which puts less wear and tear on a persons body
mentally
physically
side note; such wear and tear can lead to numerous physical ailments, such as high blood pressure and heart disease, as well as psychological problems such as anxiety, depression, and substance abuse
has the divorce rate declined or increased in recent decades
declined
peaking at 5.1 to 3.2 divorces per 1,000 people
which country has the highest divorce rate
Russia
those who have a youthful marriage, low educational level, low income, not having a religious affiliation, having parents who are divorced, and having a baby before marriage are factors that are associated with an increase
in divorce
what certain characteristics of ones partner increases the likelihood of divorce
- alcoholism
- psychological problems
- domestic violence
- infidelity
- inadequate division of household labor
if a divorce is going to occur, it usually occurs [early or late in marriage], where most often between the […] and […] years of marriage
early
fifth
tenth
do only one or both partners experience challenges after a marriage dissolves
both
what do divorced adults have a higher rate of
- depression,
- anxiety,
- physical illnesses,
- suicide
- motor vehicle accidents
- alcoholism
- mortality
what disorder did individuals who were divorced have a higher risk of having
alcohol use disorder
side note;
both divorced women and men complain of loneliness, diminished self esteem, anxiety about the unknown in their lives, difficulty in forming satisfactory new intimate relationships
are divorced men and women or their married counterparts more likely to commit suicide. and a higher risk of having a heart attack than those who were married
both divorced men and women
who was the risk for cardiovascular disease higher or lower for divorced women or men
women
women are more likely to […] that something is wrong with the marriage and are […] likely to seek a divorce than are men
sense
more
women also show better […] adjustment and are more likely to perceive divorce as a “[…] chance” to increase their happiness, improve their […] lives, and seek better work […]
emotional
second
social
opportunities
does divorce have a more negative economic impact on men or women
women than it does on men
what are factors of divorced adults
- Adultery
- Growing apart
- Domestic violence
- Youthful marriage
- Low educational level
- Low income level
- Not having a religious affiliation
- Having divorced parents
- Having a baby before marriage
adults who remarry usually do so rather […], with approximately 50 percent remarrying within […] years after they initially divorce
quickly
three
who remarries sooner men or women
men
are men with low income or high incomes more likley to remarry
high income
who does remarriage occur sooner for partners who initiate a divorce or those who do not initiate it
partners who initiate a divorce (especially in the first several years after divorce and for older women)
what do remarried individuals who are more adult focused mean + child focused
adult focused - respond more to the concerns of their partner
child focused - respond more to the concerns of their children
has the remarriage rate in the US declined or increased
declined from 50 to 28 in every 1,000 people
why?
- dramatic increase in cohabitation in recent years
are men or women more likely to get remarried
men
in 2013, the remarriage rate was almost twice as high for men as for women
thus, […] are either more eager or more able to find new […] than are women
men
spouses
do remarried adults often find it easy or difficult to stay remarried
difficult
while the divorce rates in first marriages have declined, the divorce rate of remarriages continue to […]
increase
why?
- many remarry for financial reason, for help in rearing children, and to reduce loneliness
remarried couples also experience more stress in rearing children than parents in […] divorced families
never
remarried adults had more or less sex than those in their first marriage
+
positive attitudes about divorce, low marital quality, and divorce proneness were more common among […] persons
- less
+
remarried
was the legalization of same sex marriage in all 50 states in 2015 to extend this barrier to same sex partners
yes
gay and lesbian relationships are similar to heterosexual relationships in
satisfaction and conflict
e.g.
find balance of romantic love, affection, autonomy, and equality that is acceptable to both partners
in increasing number of gay and lesbian couples are creating […] that include children
families
in the US, lesbian couples are approximately […] times more likely to be raising children than are gay couples
five + increase number of same sex couples are adopting children (from 10 to 19 percent)
do lesbian and gay couples share child care more than heterosexual couples do
yes, with lesbian couples being the most supportive and gay couples the least supportive
contrary to common misconceptions, research suggest that
- muscle/femine roles are relatively uncommon
- only a small segment of the gay male population has a large number of sexual partners
- a smaller segment of the lesbian population has a large number of sexual partners
- generally, gays and lesbians prefer long term, committed relationships
researchers have found that many individuals in gay and lesbian relationships see stigma as bringing them closer together and strengthening their relationship even though the special concern is
the stigma, prejudice, and discrimination that lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals experience because of widespread social devaluation of same sex relationships
what are John Gottman’s seven practices of working marriage
- establishing love maps
- nurturing fondess and admiration
- turning toward each other instead of away
- letting your partner influence you
- solving solvable conflicts
- overcoming gridlock
- creating shared meaning
what is establishing love maps according to John Gottman’s seven practices of working marriage
- personal insights and detailed maps of each other’s life and world
- aren’t psychological strangers
- willing to share their feelings with each other
- use “love maps” to express not only their understanding of each other but also their fondness and admiration
what is ‘nurturing fondness and admiration’ John Gottman’s seven practices of working marriage
- partners sign each other’s praises
- more than 90 percent of the time, when couples put a positive spin on their marriage’s history, the marriage is likely to have a positive future
what is ‘turning toward each other instead of away’ according to John Gottman’s seven practices of working marriage
- spouses are dept at turning toward each other regularly
- see echother as friends
- doesn’t keep arguments from occuring but it can prevent differences from overwhelming the relationship
- spouses respect each other and appreciate each other’s point of view despite disagreements
what does ‘letting your partner influence you’ according to John Gottman’s seven practices of working marriage
- in bad marriages often involve one spouse who is unwilling to share power with the other. although power-mongering is more common in husbands, some wives also show this trait
- a willingness to share power and to respect the other person’s view is a prerequisite to compromising
what does ‘creating shared meaning’ according to John Guttman’s seven practices of working marriage
- can speak candidly and respectfully with each other,
- more likely they are to create shared meaning in their marriage
- sharing goals with one’s spouse and working together to achieve each other’s goals
In the provocative book title Marriage, a history: how love conquered marriage, Stephanie Coontz (2005) concluded that marriages in America today are […] not because Americans have become self centered and career minded but because expectations for marriage have become […] high compared with […] generations
fragile
unrealistically
previous
to make a marriage work , Coontz emphasizes like Gottman that partners need to […] a deep […], show respect for each other, and embrace […]
develop
friendship
commitment
Remarried couples have […] expectations, develop new […] relationships within the family, and […] set relationship patterns or “ghosts”
realistic
positive
counter
unfortunately, when parenting practices are passed on from one generation to the next, both desirable and […] practices are perpetuated
undesirable
side note; both the husband and wife may bring different parental practices to the marriage (then parents may disgree which is better to interact with a child)
like the age when individuals first marry, the age at which individuals have children has been
increasing
the age at which women gave birth occurred more frequently in their […] than in their […] in 2016 for the first time ever, although the average age overall was 27 years of age
thirties
twenties
as the use of contraception has become widespread, many individuals consciously choose […] they will have children and […] many children they will rear
when
how
have US women been having more or fewer children
fewer
since US women are having fewer children, these childbearing results are creating several trends such as
- by giving birth to fewer children and reducing the demands of child care, women free up a significant portion of their life spans for other endeavors
- as working women increase in number, they invest less actual time in the child’s development
- men are apt to invest a greater amount of time in fathering
- parental care is often supplemented by institutional care (child care e.g.)
what are some of the advantages of having children early (in the twenties) are that parents are likely to have more […] energy (e.g) they can cope better with such matters as getting up in the middle of the night with infants and waiting up until adolescents come home at night); the mother is likely to have […] medical problems with pregnancy and childbirth; and the parents may be […] likey to build up expectations for their children, as do many couples who have waited many years to have children
physical
fewer
what are the advantages of having children later (in the thirties). these parents have had […] time to consider and achieve some of their […] in life and to determine what they want from their family and […] roles. older parents also are more […] and able to benefit from their life experiences to engage in more […] parenting, and they are more securely established in their careers and tend to have more income for child-rearing expenses than younger parents do.
more
goals
career
mature
competent
In 2016, for the first time, […] U.S. women were giving birth in their 30s
than in their 20s
more
psychologically, what is one of the most common characteristics of divorced adults
difficulty trusting someone else in a romantic relationship
what are strategies for divorced adults
- View divorce as an opportunity for personal growth and building better relationships.
- Make thoughtful decisions, as choices about work, partners, and children can have lasting effects.
- Focus on the future instead of the past. Identify what matters most to you, set challenging goals, and plan how to achieve them.
- Use your strengths and resources to handle challenges.
- Don’t expect to succeed and be happy in everything. The journey to a fulfilling life may have ups and downs, requiring effort and resilience.
what are six pathways in exiting divorce
- The enhancers
- The good-enoughs
- The seekers
- The libertines
- The competent loners
- The defeated
what did Deborah Tanner (1990) when analyzing the talk of women and men, what did many wives complain about their husbands
by saying “He doesn’t listen to me any more” and “he doesn’t talk to me anymore”
is lack of communication, which is high in a women’s list of reasons for divorce, mentioned just as much by men
no, much less often
what does rapport talk mean according to Deborah Tannen
is the lagnague of conversation; it is a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships
what is report talk according toDeborah Tannen
talk that is designed to give information; this category of communication includes public speaking
according to Deborah Tanner, do women enjoy rapport talk or report talk
rapport talk
mens lack interest in rapport talk bothers many women
do men prefer to talk in rapport or report talk according to Deborah Tanner
report talk
use talk to get and keep attention
women make 63% of phone calls and when talking to another woman stay on the phone […] (7.2 minutes) than men do when talking with other men (4.6 minutes)
longer
do men or women have more close friends that involve more self disclosure and exchange of mutual support
women - friendships involve more
are men or women more likely to listen at length to what a friend has to say and be sympathetic, and be labeled as “talking companions” because talk is so central to their relationships
women
women’s friendships tend to be characterized not only by depth but also by breadth; Women […] many aspect of their experiences, […],. and feelings
share
thoughts
when females friends get together what do they like to do in contrast to male friends
female friends - like to talk
male friends - like to engage in activities, especially outdoors
what are male friendships more likely to be like
- keeping one’s distance while sharing useful information
- less likely to talk about their weaknesses with their friends
- seek practical solutions to their problems than sympathy
- more competitive
- Women highly value
relationships and […]
connections. - Men are […] relationship-
oriented than women.
nurturing
less
in female-male friendships, […] may arise in cross-gender friendships if one friend wants
[…] and the other does not.
problems
romance
in female male friendships, Learn about […] feelings and interests and shared characteristics
about each other and each other’s […]
common
genders
transgender is a broad term that refers to individuals who adopt a gender […] that differs from the one assigned to them at […]
identity
birth
what is the transgender identity of being born as but identifying as more common than the reverse
being born male and identifying with being a female
what are the neutral label that a transgender person may want to be labeled as
“they”
“ze”
what are some of the variety of gender identities that might be included
- transgender,
- gender queer (also referred to as gender expansive, this broad gender identity category encompasses individuals who are not exclusively masculine or exclusively feminine),
- and gender nonconforming (individuals whose behavior/appearance does not conform to a social expectation for what is appropriate for their gender).
what is a recently generated term that can be used to describe individuals whose gender identity and expression corresponds with the gender identity assigned at birth
cisgender
transgender individuals can be straight, …, …, …
gay, lesbian , or bisexual
transgender youth have […] rates of depression, suicide attempts, and eating disorders than their cisgender peers
higher
why?
- distress of living in the wrong body and the discrimination and misunderstanding they experience as a gender minority individual
are among the individuals who identify themselves as transgender people, do the majority eventually adopt a gender identity in line with the body into which they were born
yes
what do some transgender individuals seek of a surgery that most do not
transsexual surgery
or choosing a lifestyle that challenges the traditional view of having a gender identity that does not fit within one of two opposing categories
alternative;
some choose just to have hormonal treatments,
Rose’s ex-boyfriend, Peter, describes her as clingy and dependent. During their relationship, she always told him that she loved him and wanted to rush into marriage. She also kept tabs on Peter and was jealous of all his female friends and colleagues. Rose seems to have a(n) __ attachment style.
anxious
which of the following is an advantage of having children early
the parents are likely to have more physical energy
what do the early stages of love have love ingredients of
romantic
in the context of adult attachment styles, attachment anxious individuals are characterized by
higher negative affect and perceived social rejection than their securely attached counterparts
in which country is cohabitation virtually universal before marriage
Sweden
In the context of cross-cultural variations in romantic relationships, in contrast to individualistic countries, individuals in collectivist countries are more likely to
have stronger feelings of commitment
Carla and Steve are in a love relationship. Carla has appraised their relationship and fully intends to maintain it even when faced with problems.
Carla believes that Steve also loves her and will stand by her through life’s ups and downs. According to Robert J. Sternberg’s triarchic theory of love, which of the following dimensions of love is emphasized in this scenario?
commitment
A national survey indicated that ____ in adults was associated with the development of disease and chronic illness, especially cardiovascular system problems such as high blood pressure, heart attack, and stroke.
insecure attachment
individuals with an anxious attachment style
demand closeness in relationships and are less trusting and more emotional
according to Ellen Berscheid, the most important ingredient of romantic love is
sexual desire
After 3 years of being in an intimate relationship with her boyfriend, Susan realizes that although she still feels passion for her boyfriend, she now desires to simply have him close to her. She cares for him a lot and has deep feelings for him. In this scenario, Susan is most likely experiencing
affectionate love
which of the following is an advantage of having children late
parents have more income for child rearing expenses
according to research, which of the following statements is true of the link between cohabitation and marital instability
cohabiting does not have a negative effect on marriage if the couple did not have any previous live in lovers
recent studies confirmed that […] […] individuals showed strong ambivalence toward a romantic partner
attachment anxious
