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chapter 14; socioemotional development in middle adulthood Flashcards

1
Q

whose two prominent theories define stages of adult development

A

Erik Erikson’s life span view and Daniel Levinson’s seasons of a man’s life

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2
Q

what is the name of the seventh stage in Erik Erikson’s lifespan theory where he proposed middle aged adults face a significant issue

A

generativity versus stagnation

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3
Q

what is generativity according to Erik Erikson’s seventh stage

A

adult’s desire to leave legacies to the next generation

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4
Q

what is stagnation
+
what is it sometimes called

A

develop when individuals sense that they have done little or nothing for the next generation
+
“self absorption”

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5
Q

what do generative adults commit themselves to

A

the continuation and improvement of society as a whole through their connection to the next generation

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6
Q

when generative adults develop a positive legacy of the self, what do they do

A

offer it as a gift to the next generation

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7
Q

what are the ways middle aged adults can achieve generativity

A
  • biological generativity
    (having offspring)
  • parental generativity
    (nurture and guide children)
  • work generativity
    (develop skills that are passed down to others)
  • cultural generativity
    (create, renovate, or conserve some aspect of culture that ultimately survives)
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8
Q

through generativity, adults promote and guide the next generation by parenting, […], […], and […] things that benefit the community

A

teaching
leading
doing

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9
Q

in Erikson’s theory is generativity an important dimension of middle age

A

yes

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10
Q

in a longitudinal study of Smith College women, did the desire for generativity increase or decrease as the participants aged from their thirties to their fifties

A

increased

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11
Q

in one study, what did Carol Ruff (1984) find when examining the view of women and men at different ages regarding generativity

A

that middle aged adults especially were concerned about generativity

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12
Q

was generativity strongly linked to middle aged adult’s positive or negative social engagement in contexts such as family life and community activities

A

positive

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13
Q

in achievement of generativity in middle age is it related to better health in late adulthood for male or females

A

males

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14
Q

participating in an intergenerational civic engagement program enhanced older adult’s …

A

perceptions of generativity

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15
Q

what was a higher level of generatively in midlife link to

A

greater wisdom in late adulthood

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16
Q

what did clinical psychologist Daniel Levinson (1978) focus on in The Seasons of a Man’s Life

A

midlife change in men

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17
Q

what did Daniel Levinson in The Seasons of a Man’s Life describe

A

a number of stages and transitions during the period from 17 to 65 years of age

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18
Q

what did Daniel Levinson emphasize about developmental tasks

A

must be mastered at each stage

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19
Q

what are Daniel Levinson’s three main stages, that are surrounded by transition periods

A

early adult transition 17 to 22
culminating life structure for midlife: 33 to 40.
age 30 transition: 28 to 33.
entry life structure for early adulthood 22 to 28
middle adult transition 40 to 45
culminating life structure for midlife: 55 to 60.
age 50 transition: 50 to 55.
entry life structure for midlife: 45 to 50
late adult transition 60 to 65
era of late adulthood: 60 to ?

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20
Q

how is the transition from dependence to independence at the end of one’s teens marked by in Daniel Levinson’s Seasons of a Man’s Life

A

formation of a dream-an image of the kind of the kind of life the youth wants to have, especially in terms of a career and marriage

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21
Q

what does Daniel Levinson see the twenties as

A

novice phase of adult development
time of reasonably free experimentation and of testing the dream in the real world

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22
Q

what are the two major tasks to be mastered in early adulthood according to Daniel Levinson

A

exploring the possibilities for adult living and developing a stable life structure

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23
Q

What ages must the man face the more serious questions of determining his goals in their transition periods

A

From 28 to 23

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24
Q

during the thirties what does a man usually focus on in the transition period according to Daniel Levinson

A

usually focus on family and career development
laters years - enter phase of BOOM (Becoming One’s Own Man)

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25
Q

by age 40, what do men reach in Daniel Levinson’s transition period

A

stable point in his career, has outgrown his earlier, more tenuous attempts at learning to become an adult, and now must look forward to the kind of life he will lead as a middle aged adult

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26
Q

what are the conflicts of transition to middle adulthood

A
  • Being young versus being old
  • Being destructive versus being constructive
  • Being masculine versus being feminine
  • Being attached to others versus being separated from them
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27
Q

what did seventy to 80 percent of men that Levinson interviewed find about the midlife transition

A

tumultuous and psychologically painful, as many aspects of their lives came in to question

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28
Q

according to Levinson, what does the success of the midlife transition rest on

A

how effectively the individual reduces the polarities and accepts each of them as an integral part of his being

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29
Q

Daniel Levinson (1978) view midlife as a crisis, believing that the middle aged adult is suspended between the […] and the […], trying to cope with this gap that threatens life […]

A

past
future
continuity

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30
Q

what is George Vaillant (1977) different view than Daniel Levinson’s pervasive midlife crisis

A

“Grant Study”
involved men who were in their early thirties and in their late forties who initially had been interviewed as undergraduates at Harvard University

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31
Q

what did George Valiant conclude in his “Grant Study” about the forties when just as adolescence being a time for detecting parental flaws and discovering the truth about childhood,

A

a decade of reassessing and recording the truth about adolescence and adult years

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32
Q

does George vaillant also believe as Daniel Levinson about seeing midlife as a crisis

A

no, only a minority of adults experience a midlife crisis

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33
Q

does happiness and positive affect have an upward trajectory from early adulthood to late adulthood

A

yes

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34
Q

in the early version of the life events approach, life events were viewed as taxing circumstances for individuals, …

A

forcing them to change their personality
e.g
death of a spouse
divorce
marriage
involve varying degrees of stress

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35
Q

what were stressful life events associated with in midlife women

A

cardiovascular disease in middle aged women

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36
Q

what is there an association in between stressful life events and types of diseases

A

autoimmune diseases such as arthritis and psoriasis

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37
Q

what do contemporary life events approach emphasize

A

how life events influence the individual’s development depends not only on the life event itself but also on medicating factors (e.g. physical health, family supports),
the individuals adaption to the life event (e.g. appraisal of the threat, coping strategies) the life stage context, and the sociohistorical context

(medicating factors, adaption to the life event, life stage context, sociohistorical context)

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38
Q

whatever the context or mediating variables are, do all individuals perceive a life events as highly stressful

A

no, another individual may perceive the same event as a challenge

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39
Q

what is one significant drawback about the life events approach

A

places too much emphasis on change

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40
Q

what is another drawback on the life events approach

A

failure to recognize that our daily experiences may be the primary sources of stress in our lives

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41
Q

what are some of the individual variations in life events in 1/3 of cases where individuals report experiencing a midlife crisis`

A
  • Triggered by life events such as job loss, financial problems, or illness
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42
Q

middle aged adults interpret shape, alter, and give meaning to

A

their lives

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43
Q

what were stressful daily hassles linked to an increase and decrease of

A

increased anxiety and decreased physical well being

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44
Q

what did Margie Lachlan and her colleagues (2015) describe about personal control

A

changes when individuals move into middle age

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45
Q

Margie Lachlan and her colleagues view middle age as a time of when a person’s sense of control is frequently […] by many […] and […], as well as physical and cognitive aging

A

challenged
demands
responsibilities

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46
Q

according to Margie Lachlan and her colleagues, young people are more likely to have a sense of […], an unrealistic view of their personal control, and a […] of awareness regarding the aging process

A

invulnerability
lack

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47
Q

in middle age, is more or less attention given to self pursuits and more or less for others, including family members who are younger and older than they are

A

less
more

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48
Q

according to Margie Lachlan and her colleagues, how middle adulthood plays out is largely due to

A

one’s own hands, which can be stressful as individuals are faced with taking on and juggling responsibilities in different areas of their lives

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49
Q

did young and middle aged adults or older adults have more stressful days

A

young and middle aged adults

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50
Q

Middle-aged adults experience more overload stressors that involve

A

juggling too many activities at once

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51
Q

Some aspects of personal control […] with age while others […]

A

increase
(e.g. finances, work, marriage)
decrease
(e.g. sex life, children)

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52
Q

the older the women is, the more or fewer stressors and more or less frequent negative emotions was reported

A

fewer
less

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53
Q

what was a greater emotional reactivity to daily stressors linked to increase 10 years later

A

chronic physical health condition and anxiety/mood disorders

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54
Q

researchers have found that on average a sense of personal control […] in midlife and then […]

A

peaks
declines

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55
Q

what does having a sense of control in middle age as one of the most important modifiable factors in delaying

A

the onset of disease in middle adulthood and reducing the frequency of disease in late adulthood

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56
Q

to what do women experience higher levels of stress when things go wrong in their

A

romantic and marital relationships

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57
Q

are men or women more likely to become depressed when they encounter stressful life events such as divorce or the death of a friend

A

women

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58
Q

when coping with stress were men or women more likely to seek psychotherapy, talk to friends about the stress, read a self help book, take prescription medication, and engage in comfort eating

A

women

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59
Q

when coping with stress were men or women more likely o to attend a support group meeting, have sex or use pornography, try to fix problems themselves, and not admit to having problems

A

men

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60
Q

what is the fight or flight

A

type of behavior men engage in when they experience stress
such as;
become aggressive
socially withdraw
or drink alcohol

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61
Q

what is tend and befriend

A

type of behavior women engage in when they experience stress
such as;
seek social alliances with others. esp. friends

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62
Q

what does Shelley Taylor argue of when a women experiences stress,

A

their bodies produce elevated levels of the hormone oxytocin, which is liked to nurturing in animals

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63
Q

what are the three longitudinal studies that will help us understand the extent to which there is stability or change in adult personality development

A
  • Costa and McCrae’s Baltimore Study
  • The Berkeley Longitudinal Studies
  • the Vaillant’s studies
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64
Q

what are Paul Costa and Robert McCrae’s “big five” factors of personality (OCEAN)

A

Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism (emotional stability)

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65
Q

what is ‘Openness’ in Paul Costa and Robert McCrae’s Big Five factors of personality

A
  • imaginative or practical
  • interested in variety or routine
  • independent or conforming
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66
Q

what is ‘Conscientiousness’ in Paul Costa and Robert McCrae’s Big Five factors or personality

A
  • organized or disorganized
  • careful or careless
  • disciplined or impulsive
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67
Q

what is ‘Extraversion’ in Paul Costa and Robert McCrae’s Big Five factors of personality

A
  • sociable or retiring
  • fun loving or somber
  • affectionate or reserved
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68
Q

what is ‘agreeableness’ in Paul Costa and Robert McCrae’s Big Five factors or personality

A
  • soft hearted or ruthless
  • trusting or suspicious
  • helpful or uncooperative
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69
Q

what is ‘Neuroticism (emotional stability)’ in Paul Costa and Robert McCrae’s Big Five factors or personality

A
  • calm or anxious
  • secure or insecure
  • self satisfied or self pitying
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70
Q

Costa and McCrae concluded that considerable […] exists across the adult years for the five personality factors

A

stability

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71
Q

when do most research studies find the greatest changes in personality occur in

A

early adulthood

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72
Q

which of the big five factors or personality were lower in early adulthood, peaked between 40 and 60 years of age, and decreased in late adulthood

A

Neuroticism (emotional stability)
extraversion
openness
and agreeableness

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73
Q

which from the big five factors of personality showed a continuous increase from early adulthood to late adulthood

A

conscientiousness

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74
Q

how are the big five factors of personality related to maker aspects of a person’s life such as health, intelligence, achievement, and relationships

A
  • openness to experience
  • conscientiousness
  • extraversion
  • agreeableness
  • neuroticism
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75
Q

how does ‘openness to experience’ relate to health, intelligence, achievement, and relationships’

A
  • superior cognitive function, achievement, and IQ across the life span
  • show creative achievement in the arts
  • experience less negative affect to stressor
  • have better health and well being
  • more likely to eat fruits and vegetables
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76
Q

how doe ‘conscientiousness’ relate to health, intelligence, achievement, and relationships

A
  • likely to live longer
  • better health and less stress
  • less likely to have an alcohol addiction
  • experience less cognitive decline in aging
  • more successful at accomplishing goals
  • more likely to perform well academically in medical school
  • less likely to be addicted to Instagram
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77
Q

how does ‘extraversion’ relate to health, intelligence, achievement, and relationships

A
  • more likely than others to be satisfied in relationships
  • show less negative affect to stressors
  • have more positive sense of well being in the future
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78
Q

how does ‘agreeableness’ relate to health, intelligence, achievement, and relationships

A
  • tend to live longer
  • more likely to be generous and altruistic
  • more satisfying romantic relationships
  • more positive affect to stressors
  • lower risk of dementia
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79
Q

how does ‘neuroticism’ relate to heath, intelligence, achievement, and relationships

A
  • more likely to die at a younger age than average
  • worse health and report having more health complaints
  • more likely to be drug dependent
  • higher risk of coronary heart disease
  • lower sense of well being 40 years later
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80
Q

is optimism linked to better or worse adjustment, decreased or improved health, and increased or reduced longevity

A

better
improved
increased

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81
Q

what mood and symptoms do college students who were more pessimistic show

A

anxious mood
stress symptoms

82
Q

what did adults who were 50 years of age and older reveal of being optimistic an having an optimistic spouse to be associated with

A

better health and physical functioning

83
Q

for married couples the worst health outcomes occurred when both spouses decreased in […] across a four year time frame

A

optimism

84
Q

what did having a higher level of optimism following an acute coronary event link to

A

engaging in more physical activity and having fewer cardiac readmissions

85
Q

what did lonely individuals who were optimistic have lower than their counterparts who were more pessimistic

A

suicide risk

86
Q

the positive influence of optimism on outcomes for people with chronic diseases (e.g. cancer, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory disease) may reflect either or both of the following factors:

A
  • a direct effect on the neuroendocrine system and on immune system function and
  • an indirect effect on health outcomes as a result of proactive health behaviors, adaptive coping strategies, and enhanced positive mood
87
Q

what were the most stable characteristics in Berkeley Longitudinal Studies

A
  • intellectually oriented
  • self confident
  • and open to new experiences
88
Q

what were the characteristics that changed the most in Berkeley’s Longitudonal Studies

A
  • the extent to which the individuals were nurturant or hostile
    and
  • whether they had strong or weak self control
89
Q

in the Berkeley Longitudinal Studies, were the extremes in the stability change argument supported or not

A

no supported

90
Q

according to the cumulative personality model of personality development do people get better or worse at interacting in ways that promote stability with their environment as they age

A

better

91
Q

according to the cumulative personality model of personality develop, is there more or less stability in personality at midlife

A

more

92
Q

George Vaillant’s three longitudinal studies were
conducted on sample of

A
  • 268 socially advantaged Harvard graduates born about 1920
  • 456 socially disadvantaged inner-city men born about 1930
  • 90 middle-SES, intellectually gifted women born about 1910
93
Q

what were the best predictors at age 50 to end up dead at 75 to 80 years old

A

alcohol abuse and smoking

94
Q

facts at age 50 that were linked with being in the “happy well” category at age 75 to 80 years of age:

A
  • getting regular exercise
  • avoiding being overweight
  • being well educated
  • having a stable marriage
  • being future oriented
  • being thankful and forgiving
  • empathizing with others,
  • being active with other people
  • having good coping skills
95
Q

were wealth and income at age 50 linked with being in the “happy-well” category at 75 to 80 years of age

A

no

96
Q

generativity in middle age (defined in this study as “taking care of the next generation”) was more strongly related than intimacy to

A

whether individuals would have an enduring and happy marriage at 75 to 80 years of age

97
Q

In the results for one of Vaillant’s studies, the Grant Study of Harvard men, indicated that when individuals 50 years of age were not heavy smokers, did not abuse alcohol, had a stable marriage, exercised, maintained a normal weight, and had good coping skills, were more likely to

A

be alive and happy at 75 to 80 years of age

98
Q

what did Avshalom Caspi and Brent Roberts (2001) conclude of the evidence not supporting

A

does not support the view that personality traits become completely fixed at a certain age in adulthood

99
Q

what do Avshalom Capsi and Brent Roberts (2001), however, argue that change

A

is typically limited, and in some cases the changes in personality are small

100
Q

Avshalom Caspi ad Brent Roberts (2001)say that age is positively related to

A

stability and that stability peaks in the fifties and sixties

101
Q

people show greater stability in their personality when they reach […] than when they were […] adults

A

midlife
younger

102
Q

what is a cumulative personality model of development, states that with time and age

A

people become more adept at interacting with their environment in ways that promote stability of personality

103
Q

can social contexts, new experiences, and sociohistorical changes affect personality development

A

yes

104
Q

what did Capsi and Roberts (2001) conclude that as people get older, stability increasingly […] change

A

outweighs

105
Q

what was the personality that changed the most as a result of psychotherapy intervention

A

was emotional stability, followed by extraversion

106
Q

between individuals with anxiety disorders and those with substance use disorders, whose personality traits changed the most

A

anxiety

107
Q

over time, “people become more confident, warm, […], and […]

A

responsible
calm
such positive changes equate with becoming more socially […]
mature

108
Q

recent research contradicts the old view that stability in personality begins to set in at about […] years of age

A

30

109
Q

at the individual level pole can show […] patterns of personality traits- and these patterns often reflect life experiences related to themes for their particular developmental period

A

unique

110
Q

researchers have found that individuals who are in a stable marriage and on a solid career track become more

A

socially dominant, conscientious, and emotionally stable as they go through early adulthood

111
Q

for some individuals, there is greater change in their

A

personality traits than for other individuals

112
Q

what are close relationships

A
  • Love and marriage at midlife
  • The empty nest and its refilling
  • Sibling relationships and friendships
  • Grandparenting
  • Intergenerational relationships
113
Q

what are the two major forms of love

A

romantic and affectionate love

114
Q

what fire burns strongly in early adulthood

A

romantic love

115
Q

what types of love increases during midlife

A

affectionate, or companionate

116
Q

physical attraction, romance, and passion are more important in

A

new relationships, especially those begun in early adulthood

117
Q

what becomes more important as relationships mature, especially in midlife

A

security, loyalty, and mutual emotional interest

118
Q

did marital satisfaction increase or decrease in middle age

A

increase
even some marriages that were difficult and rocky during early adulthood;
become more stable during middle adulthood

119
Q

in middle adulthood do the partners have more or fewer financial worries, more or less housework and chores, and more or less time with each other

A

fewer
less
more

120
Q

if middle aged partners engage in mutual activities are they more or less likely to view their marriage as positive

A

more

121
Q

do middle aged married individuals have a higher or lower likelihood of work related health limitations

A

lower

122
Q

what does having a positive marital quality for middle aged adults link to regarding health for both spouses

A

better health

123
Q

are most individuals in midlife who are married voice considerable satisfaction with being married

A

yes
72% - “ excellent” or “very good”

124
Q

by middle age, have many of the worst marriages remained or dissolved

A

dissolved

125
Q

has the divorce rates for young adults increased or decreased

A

decreased

126
Q

have the divorce rates for midlife adults increased or decreased

A

increased

127
Q

what is “gray divorce”

A

the trend toward increasing rates of divorce after age 50. in reference to marital breakups that occur in this age group

128
Q

have women had a role in the increasing of middle age divorce

A

one explanation’
- the changing view of women
- initiation approx. 60% of divorces after 40 years of age

129
Q

compared with earlier decades, has stigma had more or less stigma (shame) for women, and are they more or less likely to leave an unhappy marriage

A

less
more

130
Q

are more or less women employed and are they more or less dependent on their husband’s income

A

more
less

131
Q

is there an increase or decrease in remarriages

A

increase
divorce rate; 2 1/2 times as high as it is for those in first marriages

132
Q

in a survey by AARP (2004). why were 40 to 79 year olds who were divorced at least once in their forties, fifties, or sixties staying married hence taking a long time to get divorced

A

because of their children

133
Q

despite the worry and stress involved in going through a divorce, what did three fourths of the divorcees say

A

they had made the right decision to dissolve their marriage and reported a positive outlook on life

134
Q

what were the divorced women much more afraid of when divorcing

A

having financial problems

135
Q

what are the main causes for women to divorce their partner

A
  1. verbal, physical, or emotional abuse (23%)
  2. alcohol or drug abuse (18%)
  3. cheating (17%)
136
Q

what are the main causes for men to divorce their partner

A
  1. No obvious problems, just fell out of love (17%)
  2. cheating (14%)
  3. different values, lifestyles (14%)
137
Q

what are factors that were not linked to divorce in older adults

A

onset of an empty next, the wife’s or husband’s retirement, and whether the wife or husband had a chronic health condition

138
Q

what are the “gray divorce” factors in young adults that also reflect divorces among adults 50 yeas and older

A
  • married fewer years
  • marriage was of lower quality (e.g. less marital satisfaction)
  • did not own a home
  • had financial problems
139
Q

in a recent Swiss study of middle aged adults, were divorcees more or less lonely and more or less resilient than their married and remarried counterparts.
did single divorcees have the highest or lowest self rated health

A

more
less
lowest

140
Q

what is the empty nest syndrome

A

decrease in marital satisfaction after children leave the home

141
Q

does marital satisfaction increase or decline for most parents after children have left the home

A

does not decline

142
Q

why for most parents, marital satisfaction increases during the years after child rearing has ended

A
  • marital partners have more time to pursue careers and other interest and more time for each other
  • increase in the quality of time, but not the quantity of time
143
Q

why might the refilling of the empty nest become a common occurrence in today, as adult children return to the family home after several years of college, after graduating from college, or to save money after taking a full-time job

A

due to uncertain economic climate

144
Q

may young adults move back in with their parents after an unsuccessful career or a divorce

A

yes

145
Q

why may individuals not leave home at all until their middle to late twenties

A

because they cannot financially support themselves

146
Q

what are “boomerang kids’ and “B2B (Back-to-Bedroom)” adults

A

adults who return to their parent’s homes to live

147
Q

how may middle aged adults provide support for the younger generation even if the nest is bare

A
  • loans
  • monetary gifts for education
  • emotional support
148
Q

what is one of the most common complaints voice by both adult children and their living with their parents

A

loss or privacy

149
Q

what is the adult children’s complain when living in their parent’s home

A
  • restriction of independence
  • cramp their sex lives
  • reduce their rock music listening
  • treat them as children rather than adults
150
Q

what do parents complain when their adult children live in their home

A
  • quiet home has become noisy
  • stay up late worrying until their adult children come home
  • meals are difficult to plan because of conflicting schedules
  • relationship as a married couple has been invaded
  • have to shoulder too much responsibility for their adult children
151
Q

in sum, when adult children return home to live, it causes a […] in family life that requires considerable adaption on the part of parents and their adult children

A

disequilibrium

152
Q

when adult children ask to return home to live, what should parents and their adult children agree on whether the young adults will

A
  • pay rent,
  • wash their own clothes
  • cook their own meals
  • do any household chores
  • pay their phone bills
  • come and go as they please
  • be sexually active or drink alcohol at home
153
Q

what if conditions aren’t negotiated at the beginning, will conflict often rise

A

yes, because the expectations of parents and young adult children will likely be violated

154
Q

with today’s adults how many alive siblings do 85% have

A

at least one

155
Q

how may sibling relationships in adulthood be

A
  • extremely close,
  • apathetic
  • or highly rivalrous
156
Q

are majority of sibling relationships in adulthood close

A

yes

157
Q

are the siblings who are psychologically close to each other in adulthood tended to be that way in childhood

A

yes

158
Q

is it rare for sibling closeness to develop for the first time in adulthood

A

yes

159
Q

what do adult siblings often provide to each other

A

often provide practical and emotional support to each other

160
Q

what did men who had poor sibling relationships in childhood more likely to develop by age 50 than men who had more positive sibling relationships as children

A

depression

161
Q

are friendships that have endured over the adults years often shallower or deeper than those tat have just been formed in middle adulthood

A

deeper

162
Q

do friendships continue to be important in middle age

A

yes

163
Q

is the increase in longevity influencing the nature of grandparenting

A

yes

164
Q

depending on the family’s culture an situation, do grandparents assume different roles

A

yes , the profile of grandparents is changing

165
Q

in what scenarios may grandparents especially play important roles in grandchildren’s lives

A

family crisis;
divorce, death, illness, abandonment, poverty

166
Q

worldwide more than […] million grandparents are raising grandchildren

A

160

167
Q

when do many adults become grandparents for the first time

A

during middle age

168
Q

do grandmothers or grandfathers have more contact with grandchildren

A

grandmothers

169
Q

how may women define their role as grandmothers

A

part of their responsibility for maintaining ties between family members across generations

170
Q

do men have more or fewer expectations about the grandfather role

A

fewer and see it as more voluntary

171
Q

what do grandparent’s affective connections with teir adult children involve

A
  • frequent listening
  • emotional support
  • companionship
172
Q

when did grandparents provide more frequent emotional support and frequent financial support to their adult grandchildren

A

when parents were having life problems
when parents were unemployed

173
Q

what are the most common reason’s grandparents step in as parents

A
  • their child’s divorce
  • adolescent pregnancy
  • and/or drug use
174
Q

grandparent involvement was linked with better adjustment when it occurred in single parent and stepparent families than in

A

two parent biological families

175
Q

in many countries, when grandparents help take care of their grandchildren, does it often facilitate their daughters’ participation in the labor force

A

yes

176
Q

grandparents who are full time caregivers for grandchildren are at a elevated risk for

A
  • health problems,
  • depression
  • stress
177
Q

what are grandparents raising grandchildren especially at risk for develop

A

depression

178
Q

why may full time caring for grandchildren often be linked to problems

A
  • low income,
  • minority status
  • not being married
179
Q

are part time or full time caregivers less likely to have the negative health portrait

A

part time

180
Q

what is a special concern of grandparents as divorce and remarriage have become more common regarding their grandchildren

A

visitation privileges

right to petition in court even if parent objects

181
Q

what did more than 80 percent of the middle aged and older adults report of them having a duty

A

to care for their parents (and parents in law) in time of need later in life

182
Q

why are middle aged adults been described as the “sandwich” “squeezed” or “overload” generation

A

because of the responsibilities they have for their adolescents and young adult children on the one hand and their aging parents on the other

183
Q

In the US, a “sandwich” generation, in which the middle generation cares for both grown children and aging parents simultaneously occur less often than a

A

“pivot” generation, in which the middle generation alternates attention between the demands of grown children and aging parents

184
Q

by middle age, more than […] percent of adult children (most of them […]) provide care for aging parents or parents in law

A

40
daughters

185
Q

are middle aged parents more or less likely to provide support to their grown children than to their parents

A

more

186
Q

when middle aged adults have a parent with a disability, does their support for that parent increase or decrease

A

increases
e.g.
- locating a nursing home and monitoring its quality
- procuring medical services
- arranging public service assistance
- handling finances

187
Q

in some cases, how may adult children provide direct assistance with their parents daily living

A
  • eating
  • bathing
  • dressing
188
Q

even with less severely impaired older adults may need help with

A
  • shopping
  • housework
  • transportation
  • home maintenance
  • bill paying
189
Q

since relationships between aging parents and their children are often characterized by ambivalence, what perceptions does it include

A
  • love
  • reciprocal help
  • shared values on the positive side and isolation
  • family conflicts and problems
  • abuse
  • neglect
  • caregiver stress on the negative side
190
Q

if middle aged adults positively supported family responsibility to emerging adult children how did they view providing care for aging parents

A

more ambivalent
both a joy and a burden

191
Q

as older family members die, what happens to their biological, intellectual, emotional, and personal legacies

A

carried on in the next generation

192
Q

as adult children become middle aged, what often happens to their perception of their parents

A

develop more positive perceptions

193
Q

what is there similarity and least similarity between parents and an adult child

A

similarity - religion and politics
least - gender roles, lifestyle, and work orientation

194
Q

do family members usually maintain contact across generations

A

yes, middle aged generation plays an important role in linking generations

195
Q

do women or men play an especially important role in maintaining family relationships across generations

A

women

196
Q

women’s relationships across generations are typically closer than other …

A

family bonds

197
Q

who had much closer relationships during adult years

A

mother and daughters

198
Q

married men were more involved with their wives’ […] than with their own

A

families

199
Q

who were cited twice as often as their counterparts as the most important or loved relative

A

maternal grandmothers and maternal aunts rather than on the paternal side of the family

200
Q

whose intergenerational ties were more influential for grandparent-grandchild relationships

A

mothers than fathers’ were

nurs (13 decks)

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