chapter 11; physical and cognitive development in early adulthood

Question 1

what is emerging adulthood

Answer 1

a period of transition from adolescence to adulthood (approx. 18-25) that involves experimentation and exploration

Question 2

what characterizes emerging adulthood

Answer 2

experimentation and exploration
e.g.
career path. identity, lifestyle to adopt

Question 3

what did Jeffrey Arnott conclude are the five key features that characterize emerging adulthood in individuals in the US and in European countries and Australia

Answer 3

• identity exploration, especially in love and work
• instability
• self focused
• feeling in between
• the age of possibilities, a time when individuals have an opportunity to transform their lives

Question 4

what does ‘identity exploration, especially in love and work’ refer to according to Jeffrey Arnotts five key features that characterize emerging adulthood

Answer 4

when key changes in identity take place for many individuals

Question 5

what does ‘instabiilty’ refer to according to Jeffrey Arnotts five key features that characterize emerging adulthood

Answer 5

residential changes peak during early adulthood, a time during which there also is often instability in love, work, and education

Question 6

what does ‘self focused’ refer to according to Jeffrey arnotts five key features that characterize emerging adulthood

Answer 6

according to Arnett, emerging adults “are self focused in the sense that they have little I the way of social obligations, little in the way of duties and commitments to others, which leaves them with a great deal of autonomy in running their own lives”

Question 7

what does ‘feeling in between’ refer to according to Jeffrey Arnotts five key features that characterize emerging adulthood

Answer 7

many emerging adults don’t consider themselves adolescents or full fledged adults

Question 8

what does ‘the age of possibilities, a time when individuals have an opportunity to transform their lives’ according to Jeffrey Arnotts five key features that characterize emerging adulthood

Answer 8

two ways in which emerging adulthood is the age of possibilities (1) many emerging adults are optimistic about their future; and (2) for emerging adults who have experienced difficult times while growing up, emerging adulthood presents an opportunity to reorient their lives in a more positive direction

Question 9

although emerging adulthood does not characterize Development in all cultures, it does appear to occur in those where

Answer 9

assuming adult roles and responsibilities is postponed

Question 10

what is a critic of the concept of emerging adulthood

Answer 10

that is applies mainly to privileged adolescents and is not always a self determined choice for many young people, especially those in limiting socioeconomic conditions
- what did it lead to in US at risk youth?
entering emerging adulthood slightly earlier than the general population of youth

Question 11

are generations now, by their mid twenties expected to reach milestones such as finishing college, full time job, household, and a family, earlier or later than their parents generations

Answer 11

much longer
late twenties or even thirties

Question 12

what is the most common living arrangement in the 2014 modern era for 18 to 34 year olds

Answer 12

to living with parents

Question 13

what was the most common living arrangement in the 1880s for emerging and young adults

Answer 13

living with a romantic partner
whether a spouse or a significant other

Question 14

in 2014, more individuals lived with […,…], then lived with […] or [..] in their own home, followed with individuals who […] the household in which they lived alone. others lived in another [..] members home, with a non relative, or in a group counters (e.g. college dorm)

Answer 14

their parents
spouse
partner
headed
family

Question 15

are todays emerging and young adults or their counterparts in the 1970s better educated

Answer 15

Todays

Question 16

is there more young women or young men who have a college degree

Answer 16

young women

Question 17

what is the biggest reason for educational improvement since the 1970s

Answer 17

gender difference reversal

Question 18

in terms of work, are more young adults working today than in 1975

Answer 18

yes

Question 19

why did the workforce increasing

Answer 19

gender change
- significant rise in the workforce
- were taking care of their home and children

Question 20

what is the percentage of women that were homemakers and not in the workforce

Answer 20

less than 50 percent

Question 21

in the United States, what is the most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood

Answer 21

holding a more or less permanent, full time job, which usually happens when an individual finishes school-high school for some, college for others, graduate or professional school for still others

Question 22

what is economic independence and taking responsibility for oneself a marker of

Answer 22

marker of adult status (long process)

Question 23

why are college graduate rates increasing regarding returning to live with their parents after graduating

Answer 23

as they attempt to establish themselves economically

Question 24

what was revealed of continued co-residence with parents during emerging adulthood

Answer 24

slowed down the process of becoming a self sufficient and independent adult

Question 25

what have parents and college students agreed about taking responsibility for one’s actions and developing emotional control are important aspects of

Answer 25

becoming an adult

Question 26

what are the most and least widely described markers of Danish emerging adults

Answer 26

most; accepting self responsibility, making independent decisions, and becoming financially independent

least; getting married and avoiding getting drunk

Question 27

what is a more significant marker for entry into adulthood in developing countries which occurs much earlier than the adulthood markers in the US

Answer 27

marriage

Question 28

what does the transition from high school to college parallel between each other

Answer 28

the top dog phenomenon
(oldest most powerful group to youngest and least powerful)

Question 29

what are positive features involved from students transitioning from high school to college

Answer 29

• feel grown up
• more subjects from which to select
• spend more time with peers
• more opportunities to explore different lifestyles and values,
• enjoy greater independence from parental monitoring
• be challenged intellectually by academic work

Question 30

are today, 2016 students, or 1971 students, have the view of becoming well-off financially as an “essential” or a “very important” objective

Answer 30

today

Question 31

what did the Higher Education Research Institute at UCLA find about first year college students

Answer 31

• increased concern for personal being, decreased concern for the well being of others (especially disadvantaged)
• more motivated to be well off financially and less motivated to develop a meaning philosophy of life

Question 32

has US college students interest in the welfare of society increased or decreased

Answer 32

increased
+ stress & depression

Question 33

when do most of us reach our peak physical performance

Answer 33

before age of 30, often between 19 and 26 (early adulthood)
average young adult + outstanding athletes

Question 34

do all athletes reach their peak performances around the same age as the average individual

Answer 34

no

Question 35

what athletes reach their peak performances at different ages than the average individual

Answer 35

late teens - most swimmers and gymnasts
late twenties - golfers and marathon runners
early to mid twenties - other areas of athletics

Question 36

what happens to physical performance and development as we reach our peak during early adulthood

Answer 36

also being to decline in physical performance
(muscle tone and strength usually begin to show sings of decline around age 30)

Question 37

when physical performance begins to decline what appears around age 30

Answer 37

• sagging chins
• protruding abdomens
  for the first time + lessening of physical abilities

Question 38

do sensory systems show change in early adulthood

Answer 38

little
but?
- lens of the eye loses some of its elasticity and becomes less able to change shape and focus on near objects

Question 39

when does hearing peak, remain, and then decline

Answer 39

peaks in adolescent, constant first part of early adulthood, declines last part of early adulthood

Question 40

when does the boys fatty tissue increase

Answer 40

middle to late twenties

Question 41

emerging adults have more than […] the mortality rate of adolescents

Answer 41

twice
side note;
males are responsible for the higher mortality rate

Question 42

do emerging adults have a higher or lower chronic health problems than adolescents

Answer 42

lower,
fewer colds and respiratory problems than they did when they were children

Question 43

why are emerging adults not as healthy as they seem even if (college students) know how to prevent illness and promote health

Answer 43

don’t fare very well when it comes to applying this information to themselves

Question 44

do most bad health habits that were engaged in during adolescence increase or decrease in emerging adulthood

Answer 44

increase
e.g.
healthcare access worsen, inactivity, poor food choices, obesity, substance abuse, reproductive health care,

Question 45

did rates for exercise, being overweight and obese, increase or decrease

Answer 45

exercise levels - decreased
overweight/obesity - increased

Question 46

70 percent of college students do not get adequate […]; 50 percent report daytime […]; […] consumption of energy drinks was linked to more sleep problems in college students

Answer 46

sleep
sleepiness
higher
side note; adults in late twenties and thirties don’t get enough sleep either

Question 47

what did the statement by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society emphasize about chronic sleep deprivation contributing to

Answer 47

cardiovascular disease, shortened life span, cognitive and motor impairment that increase the risk of motor vehicle crashes and work related accidents

Question 48

poor health (lifestyles) reduces life […]

Answer 48

satisfaction

Question 49

according to the Berkeley Longitudinal Study - individuals were evaluated over a period of 40 years. What did physical health at age 30 predict at age 70

Answer 49

life satisfaction (more for men than for women)

Question 50

what can young adults life satisfaction be positively related to

Answer 50

• not smoking,
• exercising regularly
• using sun protection,
• eating fruit
• limiting fat intake
  no relation; alcohol consumption + fiber intake

Question 51

how can parents play an important role in guiding and preparing adolescents for emerging adulthood.

Answer 51

• Provide them with opportunities to be contributors
• Give candid, constructive and quality feedback to adolescents
• Create positive adult connections; adolescents learn to handle autonomy
  maturely
• Challenge adolescents to become more competent

Question 52

what are negative features of transitioning from high school to college

Answer 52

stress and depression

Question 53

obesity is a […] and […] health problem for many individuals

Answer 53

serious
pervasive

Question 54

which country had the highest and which had the lowest percentage of obese adults

Answer 54

highest - US (38.2%)
lowest - Japan (3.7%)
average of the countries was 19.5

Question 55

what is being overweight or obese linked to an increased risk of regarding health

Answer 55

• hypertension
• diabetes
• cardiovascular disease

Question 56

can being overweight and being obese be associated with having mental health problems

Answer 56

yes

Question 57

what were overweight/obese adults who were depressed more likely to be characterized by than normal weight depressed adults

Answer 57

atypical features of depression such as rejection sensitivity and leaden paralysis (a sense of heaviness in arms and legs)

Question 58

what is the most effective program regarding losing weight

Answer 58

exercise
side note; adults who engaged in diet plus exercise programs lost more weight than those who followed diet only programs

Question 59

what were the strategies used more often by successful dieters than by unsuccessful dieters

Answer 59

exercising 30 minutes a day
planning meals
weighing themselves daily

Question 60

what are factors that are involved in obesity

Answer 60

• heredity
• environmental factors
  e.g. decline in activity, low SES versus higher SES
• dieting versus dieting and exercise programs

Question 61

what is the main reason that health experts want people to exercise

Answer 61

helps prevent diseases such as heart disease and diabetes

Question 62

many health experts recommend that young adults engage in […] minutes or more of aerobic exercise daily

Answer 62

30

Question 63

what is aerobic exercise

Answer 63

sustained exercise stimulates heart and lung activity
e.g.
jogging, swimming, or cycling

Question 64

most health experts recommend exercising […] enough to raise your heart rate to at least […] percent of your […] heart rate
+
how many out of 5/5 met the recommended levels of physical activity

Answer 64

vigorously
60
maximum
+
1/5 th

Question 65

what is the adult age group that is most likely to exercise

Answer 65

18 to 29

Question 66

exercise benefits both physical and …

Answer 66

mental health
e.g.
moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise effective in reducing major depressive disorder and anxiety

Question 67

what are strategies to implement regular exercise for physical development

Answer 67

• reduce screen time and replace with exercise
• chart your progress
• get rid of excuses
• imagine the alternative

Question 68

are male or female college students and young adults more likely to take drugs

Answer 68

male

Question 69

since 20 percent of college students reported abstaining from drinking alcohol do many continue drinking alcohol

Answer 69

by mid twenties many have reduced their use of alcohol and drugs

Question 70

what does addiction mean

Answer 70

overwhelming involvement with using a drug and a preoccupation with securing its supply

Question 71

what does the term extreme binge drinking (also called high intensity drinking) describe

Answer 71

individuals who had 10 or more drinks in a row or 15 or more drinks in a row in the last two weeks

Question 72

what does pregaming refer to

Answer 72

men and women drinking at home before events

Question 73

has drinking and binge drinking increased or decreased in recent years

Answer 73

decreased even though still high

Question 75

what does the term binge drinking refer to

Answer 75

more than five drinks in a row in the past two weeks

Question 76

what does alcoholism refer to

Answer 76

long term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive, and excessive alcohol use impairing user’s health and relationships

Question 77

half of the bing drinkers reported problems that included

Answer 77

• missing classes
• sustaining physical injuries
• experiencing troubles w/ police
• having unprotected sex

Question 78

what did frequent binge drinking and marijuana use during the freshman year of college predict about college graduation

Answer 78

delaying it

Question 79

at what ages does binge drinking peak and decline

Answer 79

21 to 21 years of age
decline through the remainder of the twenties
side note;
supported by the Monitoring the Future study at the University of Michigan

Question 80

what have surveys indicated of emerging adults at age 18 and by the end of emerging adults age 25 regarding sexual activity

Answer 80

18 - slightly more than 60 percent have experienced sexual intercourse
25 - most have had sexual intercourse

Question 81

what is the average age of marriage in the united states

Answer 81

29.5 for males
27.4 for females

Question 82

emerging adulthood is a time where most individuals are both […] active and […]

Answer 82

sexually
unmarried

Question 83

is casual sex more common in emerging adulthood or the late twenties

Answer 83

emerging adulthood
- males have more casual sex partners
- females are more selective
- (hooking up; kissing to intercourse)

Question 84

what does it mean when women are still under a stricter social norm regarding sexual activity

Answer 84

having to be criticized for having multiple sex partners

Question 85

what were the predictors of a higher likelihood of hooking up

Answer 85

• impulsivity
• sensation seeking
• alcohol use

Question 86

what does “friends with benefits (FWB)”, another type of causal dating that has increased among emerging adults, refer to

Answer 86

a relationship formed by the integration of friendship and sexual intimacy without an explicit commitment characteristic of an exclusive romantic relationship

side note; suicidual ideation associated with entrance and continuation of FWB

Question 87

what were some key findings from the 1994 Sex in America survey

Answer 87

• three categories;
  1/3 - sex twice a week or more
  1/3 - few times a month
  1/3 - few times a year or not at all
• married (+ cohabiting) couples have sex more often than noncohabiting couples
• most Americans do not engage in kinky sexual acts (majority vaginal sex, oral sex is third place, after watching a partner undress)
• adultery is the exception rather than the rule
• men think about sex more often than woman do

Question 88

Americans sexual lives are more […] than was previously believed

Answer 88

conservative

Question 89

what did Sexual activity link to well-being from a 2017 study about a Higher reported sexual pleasure and intimacy predicting

Answer 89

more positive
affect and less negative affect the next day.
(Swedish study; higher life satisfaction)

Question 90

did males or females said they had engaged more often in masturbation, pornography use, and casual sex + having more permissive attitudes about casual sex

Answer 90

Males

Question 91

Sexual orientation is a continuum from exclusive male-female relations to
exclusive same-sex relations, and some people are bisexual

Answer 91

in other words;
Sexual orientation exists on a spectrum, ranging from exclusively heterosexual (male-female relationships) to exclusively homosexual (same-sex relationships), with some people identifying as bisexual, meaning they are attracted to both genders.

Question 92

does evidence support bisexuality being an attraction to both sexes

Answer 92

yes

Question 93

what is the percentage of US adults that report being gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transsexual

Answer 93

3.8%

Question 94

are feelings of attraction only to the opposite sex more frequent for men or women

Answer 94

men

Question 95

do all people, regardless of their sexual orientation, have similar physiological responses during their sexual arousal and seem to be aroused by the same types of tactile stimulation

Answer 95

yes

Question 96

what is there no difference between LGB’s (lesbian, gay bisexual) and heterosexual in a wide range of

Answer 96

• attitudes
• behaviors
• adjustments

Question 97

why are hormone studies been inconsistent

Answer 97

if gay males are given male sex hormones (androgens) their sexual orientation doesn’t change. their sexual desire merely increases. but a very early rental ciritical period might influence sexual orientation (hypothesis)

Question 98

an individuals sexual orientation (same sex, heterosexual, or bisexual) is a combination of what factors

Answer 98

genetic, hormonal, cognitive, and environmental factors

side note; not one factor alone causes sexual orientation, relative weight of each factor can vary from one individual to the next

Question 99

can a heterosexual, gay, lesbian, or bisexual person be talked out of his or her sexual orientation

Answer 99

No

Question 100

what are some attitudes and behaviors of lesbians and gays

Answer 100

• Many gender differences that appear in heterosexual relationships occur in same-sex relationships.
• Lesbians have fewer sexual partners and less permissive attitudes about casual sex than gay men.

Question 101

what are sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

Answer 101

diseases that are contracted primarily through sex (as well as oral genital and anal genital sex)
side note;
one of every 6 US adults

Question 102

what are the most prevalent STIs causes by bacterial infections

Answer 102

• gonorrhea
• syphilis
• chlamydia

Question 103

what are STIs caused by viruses

Answer 103

• AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
• genital herpes
• genital warts

Question 104

what is the disease that has had a greater impact on sexual behavior, or created more public fear in the last several decades

Answer 104

than infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Question 105

what is HIV

Answer 105

virus that destroys the body’s immune system
how?
virus breaks down and overpowers the immune system, which leads to AIDs. having AIDS has such a weakened immune system that a common cold can be life threatening.

Question 106

have the deaths due to HIV and AIDS started to decline or increase in the US

Answer 106

decline due to education and the development of more effective drug treatments
total around the world - 37 million

Question 107

what are protective strategies for protecting against HIV

Answer 107

1. know you risk status and that of your partner
2. obtain medical examinations
3. have protected sex using condoms
4. do not have sex with multiple partners

Question 108

what is gonorrhea (sexually transmitted infections)

Answer 108

• “drip” or “clap”
• caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
• spread by contact between infected moist membranes (genital, oral-genital, or anal genital) of two individuals =
• characterized by discharge from penis or vagina and painful urination
• can lead to infertility
  treatment; penicillin, other antibiotics

Question 109

what is syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection

Answer 109

• caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum
• characterize by the appearance of a sore where syphilis entered the body
• the sore can be on the external genitals, vagina, or anus. later a skin rash breaks out on palms and bottom of feet,
• if not treated can eventually lead to paralysis or even death
  treatment; penicillin

Question 110

what is chlamydia, a sexually transmitted infection

Answer 110

• named for the bacterium Chlamydia trachomaits
• an organisms that spreads by sexual contact and infects the genital organs of both sexes
• special concern is that females with chlamydia may become infertile
• recommended that adolescent and young females have an annual screening for this STI
  treatment; antibiotics

Question 111

what is genital herpes, a sexually transmitted infection

Answer 111

• caused by a family of viruses with different strains
• involves an eruption of sores and blisters
• spread by sexual contact
  treatment; no known cure but antiviral medication can shorten outbreaks

Question 112

what is AIDS, a sexually transmitted infection

Answer 112

• caused by a virus the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
• destroys the body’s immune system
• semen and blood are the main vehicles of transmission
• common symptoms; fevers, night sweats, weight loss, chronic fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes
  treatments; new treatments have slowed the progression from HIV to AIDS, no cure

Question 113

what is genital warts, a sexually transmitted infections

Answer 113

• caused by the human papillomavirus, not always produce symptoms
• usually appear as small, hard painless bumps int he vaginal area or around the anus. very contagious
• certain high risk types of this virus cause cervical cancer and other genital cancers
• may recur despite treatment
• a new HPV preventive vaccine, Gardasil, has been approved for girls and women 9 - 26 years of age
  treatment; a topical drug, freezing, or surgery

Question 114

what did Piaget conclude about the way an adolescent and an adult think

Answer 114

qualitatively in the same way

Question 115

what is the name of the final stage in Piagets cognitive development theory

Answer 115

formal operation thought
characterizes adults as well as adolescents

Question 116

what did Piaget and information processing psychologists believe about adults’ knowledge

Answer 116

especially increase their knowledge in a specific area
e.g.
physicists understanding of physics or a financial analysts knowledge about finance

Question 117

Post formal thought is

Answer 117

• reflective, relativistic, and contextual
• provisional
• realistic
• recognized as being influenced by emotion

Question 118

what is ‘reflective, relativistic, and contextual’ thinking regarding Piagets post formal thought

Answer 118

correct answer to a problem requires reflective thinking and may vary from one situation to another
- increase and becomes more internal and less contextual in middle age

Question 119

what is ‘provisional’ in Piagets post formal thought

Answer 119

• many young adults also become more skeptical about the truth and seem unwilling to accept an answer as final. thus they come to see the search for truth as an ongoing and perhaps never ending process

Question 120

what does ‘realistic’ mean in Piagets post formal thought

Answer 120

young adults understand that thinking can’t always be abstract. in many instances, it must be realistic and pragmatic

Question 121

what is ‘recognized as being influenced by emotion’ in Piagets post formal thought

Answer 121

• emerging and young adults are more likely than adolescents to understand that their thinking is influenced by emotions.
• however, too often negative emotions produce thinking that is distorted and self serving at this point in development

Question 122

what has been proposed abut the idealism of Piagets formal operational stage in young adults

Answer 122

declines in young adults and is replaced by more realistic, pragmatic thinking

Question 123

young adults move into a new qualitative stage of cognitive development called […] though

Answer 123

postformal

Question 124

why are wisdom and meaning important developments in emerging adulthood

Answer 124

critical life experiences, reminiscence and reflectiveness, openness to experience, emotional regulation, and humor

Question 125

what is the period where creativity is great in some people

Answer 125

at age of 30
- most important creative products were generated in their thirties, and that 80 percent of the most important creative contributions are completed by age 50

Question 126

at what age is there a decline in creative contributions

Answer 126

often found in the fifties and later, the decline is not as great as was commonly thought
side note; take into account field of creativity involved

Question 127

are personality traits linked to creativity

Answer 127

yes.

Question 128

what personality traits are linked to creativity

Answer 128

openness to experience predicted creativity in the arts, while intellectual capacity predicted creativity in the sciences

Question 129

what did Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi’s describe flow as, a state that creative people regularly experience

Answer 129

a heightened state of pleasure experienced when we are engaged in mental and physical challenges that absorb us
side note; believes that everyone is capable of achieving flow

Question 130

how can individuals take a step toward a more creative life by cultivating curiosity and interest

Answer 130

• try to be surprised by something everyday
• try to surprise at least one person every day
• write down each day what surprised you and how you surprised others
• when something sparks your interest, follow it
• wake up in the morning with a specific goal to look forward to
• spend time in settings that stimulate your creativity

Question 131

career wise, in what process are individuals in their early and mid-twenties , and from mid twenties through the remainder of early adulthood

Answer 131

early and mid twenties - many have completed their education or training and entered a full time occupation
from mid twenties through the remainder of early adulthood - often seek to establish their emerging career in a particular field
may work and to move up the career ladder and improve their financial standing

Question 132

what did Phyllis Moen describe the career mystique as

Answer 132

includes ingrained cultural beliefs that engage in hard work for long hours through adulthood will produce a path to status, security, and happiness

Question 133

to who has the lockstep career mystique never been a reality for many individuals

Answer 133

especially ethnic minority individuals, women, and poorly educated adults

Question 134

what did the 2007 - 2009 recession lea to

Answer 134

reduced job security for millions of Americans

Question 135

only […%] of 12 to 22 years olds had a clear vision of where they want to go in life

Answer 135

20

Question 136

students focus only on […]-term goals
don’t explore the big, […]-term picture of what they want to do in life

Answer 136

short
long
why?
most teachers and parents communicate the importance of achieving goals such as studying hard and getting good grades, but rarely discuss the purpose of these goals and where they might lead young adults

Question 137

thoughts about career choice for adolescents and young adults reflect […] changes

Answer 137

developmental

Question 138

what did William Damon suggest about purpose in many adolescents and emerging adults

Answer 138

purpose is a missing ingredient in many adolescents’ and emerging adults achievement and career development

Question 139

according to William Damon, why do too many youth drift aimlessly through their high school and college years

Answer 139

engaging in behavior that places them at risk for not fulfilling their potential and not finding a life pursuit that energizes them

Question 140

about […] percent had engaged in some potentially purposeful activities, such as service learning or fruitful discussions with a career counselors- but they still did not have a real commitment or any reasonable plans for reaching their goals. and slightly more than […] percent expressed no aspirations and, in some instances, said they didn’t see any reason to have aspirations

Answer 140

60
20
(other 20 had a clear vision of where they wanted to go in life)

Question 141

what did the purpose predict of emerging adults.
+
what was a high sense of purpose in life associate with a lower incidence of

Answer 141

well being
+
lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and a longer life

Question 142

why does work define people in fundamental ways

Answer 142

b/c of important influence on
- financial standing,
- housing
- way they spend their time
- where they live
- friendships
- health
some define their identity through their work

Question 143

what do individuals miss when they do not work for an extended period of time

Answer 143

a structure and rhythm to life

Question 144

when individuals are unable to work, what do many experience

Answer 144

emotional distress and low self esteem

Question 145

out of 3/3, what is the value of most that spend their lives at work and the hours

Answer 145

• most spend 1/3 of their lives at work
• working up to 50 hours per week

Question 146

what is the percentage of employees who say they will hire recent college graduates

Answer 146

74%
+
pay new employees more than they did in 2016

Question 147

why is there a trend in the US workforce that is disappearing long term careers for an increasing number of adults, especially men in private sector jobs

Answer 147

dramatic increase in technology and cheaper labor in other countries

Question 148

many young and older adults are working at a […] of jobs, and many work in […]-term jobs

Answer 148

series
short

Question 149

why are early careers especially unstable

Answer 149

as some young workers move from “survival jobs” to “career jobs” in the process of finding a hob that matches their personal interests and goals

Question 150

why are 55 percent of US adults indicative that they were less productive

Answer 150

• b/c of stress (physical and emotional negative impact)
• 52% considered looking for a new job, declining a promotion, quitting a job

Question 151

what are some of the main sources of stress

Answer 151

• 44% low salary
• 42% lack of advancement opportunities
• 40% uncertain job expectations
• 39% long hours

Question 152

what were stressors at work linked to
+ increases and decrease in job strain

Answer 152

arterial hypertension in employees
+
- increased workers insomnia
- reduced their insomnia

Question 153

since many adults hold changing expectation about work, do employers often meet those expectations

Answer 153

no
e.g. most want greater flexibility and greater control over the time and timing of their work

Question 154

has the percentage of full time US college students who held jobs increased and decreased

Answer 154

increased from 1970 to 2008
decreased from 2008 to 2015

Question 155

what can work help do but also restrict of a college student

Answer 155

help; pay for schooling or help offset some of its costs
restrict; students opportunities to learn

Question 156

what was foundabout the students grades as the number of hours worked per week increased

Answer 156

grades suffered

Question 157

what are cooperative (co-op) programs

Answer 157

paid apprenticeship in a field one is interested in pursuing

Question 158

[…]% of college students are working

Answer 158

78

Question 159

what challenges do dual earner couples face

Answer 159

in balancing between work and family life

Question 160

why is it important to be knowledgeable about different fields and companies

Answer 160

• b/c occupations may have many job openings one year but few in another year as economic conditions change,
• critical to keep up with the occupation and outlook in various fields

Question 161

what do most of the highest paying occupations requires

Answer 161

a college degree

Question 162

what does unemployment produce

Answer 162

stress regardless of whether the job loss is temporary, cyclical, or permanent

Question 163

what type of problems has unemployment been linked to

Answer 163

physical problems (e.g. heart attack and stroke),
emotional problems (e.g. depression and anxiety)
marital difficulties
homicide

Question 164

what did 90 days or more of unemployment associate with

Answer 164

subsequent cardiovascular disease across an 8 year follow up period

Question 165

what was unemployment associated with in individuals in the early and middle stages of their careers

Answer 165

increased mortality risk for individuals
link was weaker for those in the later years in their careers

Question 166

when having depression following job loss what is predicted of an increased risk of

Answer 166

continued unemployment

Question 167

what was involuntary job loss linked to

Answer 167

increased rate of attempted suicide and suicide

Question 168

unemployment was associated with [..] mortality and the link was […] for those who were unmarried

Answer 168

higher
higher

Question 169

what characteristic in childhood was linked to the emergence and persistence of unemployment from 21 to 50 years of age

Answer 169

low self control

Question 170

what did higher unemployment in middle age link to from ages 16 to 30 years age

Answer 170

heavy drinking

Question 171

stress from unemployment comes not only from a […] of income and the resulting financial hardships but also from […] self esteem

Answer 171

loss
decreased

Question 172

what do individuals who cope best with unemployment have

Answer 172

• financial resources to rely on
• often savings or the earnings of other family members

emotional support from understanding, adaptable family members help cope

Question 173

what can job counseling and self help groups provide

Answer 173

• practical advice on job searching,
• resume writing,
• and interviewing skills,
• also lend emotional support

Question 174

even though couples may strive for gender equality in dual earner families, what persists

Answer 174

gender inequalities
e.g.
do not earn as much as men in the same jobs, gender divisions

Question 175

in whose favor is the decisions that dual earner couples often make, men or women

Answer 175

mens greater earning power and women spending more time than men in homemaking and, caring for children

Question 176

did women or men report more family interference from work

Answer 176

women

Question 177

partner coping, having a positive attitude toward multiple roles, using planning and management skills, and not having to cut back on professional responsibilities link to between dual earners

Answer 177

better relationships

Question 178

have men or women increasingly entered the labor force

Answer 178

women

Question 179

increasing ethnic diversity requires a […] to cultural differences and an […] of the cultural values that workers bring to job

Answer 179

sensitivity
appreciation