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chapter 11; physical and cognitive development in early adulthood Flashcards

1
Q

what is emerging adulthood

A

a period of transition from adolescence to adulthood (approx. 18-25) that involves experimentation and exploration

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2
Q

what characterizes emerging adulthood

A

experimentation and exploration
e.g.
career path. identity, lifestyle to adopt

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3
Q

what did Jeffrey Arnott conclude are the five key features that characterize emerging adulthood in individuals in the US and in European countries and Australia

A
  • identity exploration, especially in love and work
  • instability
  • self focused
  • feeling in between
  • the age of possibilities, a time when individuals have an opportunity to transform their lives
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4
Q

what does ‘identity exploration, especially in love and work’ refer to according to Jeffrey Arnotts five key features that characterize emerging adulthood

A

when key changes in identity take place for many individuals

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5
Q

what does ‘instabiilty’ refer to according to Jeffrey Arnotts five key features that characterize emerging adulthood

A

residential changes peak during early adulthood, a time during which there also is often instability in love, work, and education

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6
Q

what does ‘self focused’ refer to according to Jeffrey arnotts five key features that characterize emerging adulthood

A

according to Arnett, emerging adults “are self focused in the sense that they have little I the way of social obligations, little in the way of duties and commitments to others, which leaves them with a great deal of autonomy in running their own lives”

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7
Q

what does ‘feeling in between’ refer to according to Jeffrey Arnotts five key features that characterize emerging adulthood

A

many emerging adults don’t consider themselves adolescents or full fledged adults

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8
Q

what does ‘the age of possibilities, a time when individuals have an opportunity to transform their lives’ according to Jeffrey Arnotts five key features that characterize emerging adulthood

A

two ways in which emerging adulthood is the age of possibilities (1) many emerging adults are optimistic about their future; and (2) for emerging adults who have experienced difficult times while growing up, emerging adulthood presents an opportunity to reorient their lives in a more positive direction

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9
Q

although emerging adulthood does not characterize Development in all cultures, it does appear to occur in those where

A

assuming adult roles and responsibilities is postponed

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10
Q

what is a critic of the concept of emerging adulthood

A

that is applies mainly to privileged adolescents and is not always a self determined choice for many young people, especially those in limiting socioeconomic conditions
- what did it lead to in US at risk youth?
entering emerging adulthood slightly earlier than the general population of youth

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11
Q

are generations now, by their mid twenties expected to reach milestones such as finishing college, full time job, household, and a family, earlier or later than their parents generations

A

much longer
late twenties or even thirties

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12
Q

what is the most common living arrangement in the 2014 modern era for 18 to 34 year olds

A

to living with parents

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13
Q

what was the most common living arrangement in the 1880s for emerging and young adults

A

living with a romantic partner
whether a spouse or a significant other

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14
Q

in 2014, more individuals lived with […,…], then lived with […] or [..] in their own home, followed with individuals who […] the household in which they lived alone. others lived in another [..] members home, with a non relative, or in a group counters (e.g. college dorm)

A

their parents
spouse
partner
headed
family

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15
Q

are todays emerging and young adults or their counterparts in the 1970s better educated

A

Todays

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16
Q

is there more young women or young men who have a college degree

A

young women

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17
Q

what is the biggest reason for educational improvement since the 1970s

A

gender difference reversal

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18
Q

in terms of work, are more young adults working today than in 1975

A

yes

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19
Q

why did the workforce increasing

A

gender change
- significant rise in the workforce
- were taking care of their home and children

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20
Q

what is the percentage of women that were homemakers and not in the workforce

A

less than 50 percent

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21
Q

in the United States, what is the most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood

A

holding a more or less permanent, full time job, which usually happens when an individual finishes school-high school for some, college for others, graduate or professional school for still others

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22
Q

what is economic independence and taking responsibility for oneself a marker of

A

marker of adult status (long process)

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23
Q

why are college graduate rates increasing regarding returning to live with their parents after graduating

A

as they attempt to establish themselves economically

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24
Q

what was revealed of continued co-residence with parents during emerging adulthood

A

slowed down the process of becoming a self sufficient and independent adult

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25
Q

what have parents and college students agreed about taking responsibility for one’s actions and developing emotional control are important aspects of

A

becoming an adult

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26
Q

what are the most and least widely described markers of Danish emerging adults

A

most; accepting self responsibility, making independent decisions, and becoming financially independent

least; getting married and avoiding getting drunk

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27
Q

what is a more significant marker for entry into adulthood in developing countries which occurs much earlier than the adulthood markers in the US

A

marriage

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28
Q

what does the transition from high school to college parallel between each other

A

the top dog phenomenon
(oldest most powerful group to youngest and least powerful)

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29
Q

what are positive features involved from students transitioning from high school to college

A
  • feel grown up
  • more subjects from which to select
  • spend more time with peers
  • more opportunities to explore different lifestyles and values,
  • enjoy greater independence from parental monitoring
  • be challenged intellectually by academic work
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30
Q

are today, 2016 students, or 1971 students, have the view of becoming well-off financially as an “essential” or a “very important” objective

A

today

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31
Q

what did the Higher Education Research Institute at UCLA find about first year college students

A
  • increased concern for personal being, decreased concern for the well being of others (especially disadvantaged)
  • more motivated to be well off financially and less motivated to develop a meaning philosophy of life
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32
Q

has US college students interest in the welfare of society increased or decreased

A

increased
+ stress & depression

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33
Q

when do most of us reach our peak physical performance

A

before age of 30, often between 19 and 26 (early adulthood)
average young adult + outstanding athletes

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34
Q

do all athletes reach their peak performances around the same age as the average individual

A

no

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35
Q

what athletes reach their peak performances at different ages than the average individual

A

late teens - most swimmers and gymnasts
late twenties - golfers and marathon runners
early to mid twenties - other areas of athletics

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36
Q

what happens to physical performance and development as we reach our peak during early adulthood

A

also being to decline in physical performance
(muscle tone and strength usually begin to show sings of decline around age 30)

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37
Q

when physical performance begins to decline what appears around age 30

A
  • sagging chins
  • protruding abdomens
    for the first time + lessening of physical abilities
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38
Q

do sensory systems show change in early adulthood

A

little
but?
- lens of the eye loses some of its elasticity and becomes less able to change shape and focus on near objects

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39
Q

when does hearing peak, remain, and then decline

A

peaks in adolescent, constant first part of early adulthood, declines last part of early adulthood

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40
Q

when does the boys fatty tissue increase

A

middle to late twenties

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41
Q

emerging adults have more than […] the mortality rate of adolescents

A

twice
side note;
males are responsible for the higher mortality rate

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42
Q

do emerging adults have a higher or lower chronic health problems than adolescents

A

lower,
fewer colds and respiratory problems than they did when they were children

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43
Q

why are emerging adults not as healthy as they seem even if (college students) know how to prevent illness and promote health

A

don’t fare very well when it comes to applying this information to themselves

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44
Q

do most bad health habits that were engaged in during adolescence increase or decrease in emerging adulthood

A

increase
e.g.
healthcare access worsen, inactivity, poor food choices, obesity, substance abuse, reproductive health care,

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45
Q

did rates for exercise, being overweight and obese, increase or decrease

A

exercise levels - decreased
overweight/obesity - increased

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46
Q

70 percent of college students do not get adequate […]; 50 percent report daytime […]; […] consumption of energy drinks was linked to more sleep problems in college students

A

sleep
sleepiness
higher
side note; adults in late twenties and thirties don’t get enough sleep either

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47
Q

what did the statement by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society emphasize about chronic sleep deprivation contributing to

A

cardiovascular disease, shortened life span, cognitive and motor impairment that increase the risk of motor vehicle crashes and work related accidents

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48
Q

poor health (lifestyles) reduces life […]

A

satisfaction

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49
Q

according to the Berkeley Longitudinal Study - individuals were evaluated over a period of 40 years. What did physical health at age 30 predict at age 70

A

life satisfaction (more for men than for women)

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50
Q

what can young adults life satisfaction be positively related to

A
  • not smoking,
  • exercising regularly
  • using sun protection,
  • eating fruit
  • limiting fat intake
    no relation; alcohol consumption + fiber intake
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51
Q

how can parents play an important role in guiding and preparing adolescents for emerging adulthood.

A
  • Provide them with opportunities to be contributors
  • Give candid, constructive and quality feedback to adolescents
  • Create positive adult connections; adolescents learn to handle autonomy
    maturely
  • Challenge adolescents to become more competent
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52
Q

what are negative features of transitioning from high school to college

A

stress and depression

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53
Q

obesity is a […] and […] health problem for many individuals

A

serious
pervasive

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54
Q

which country had the highest and which had the lowest percentage of obese adults

A

highest - US (38.2%)
lowest - Japan (3.7%)
average of the countries was 19.5

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55
Q

what is being overweight or obese linked to an increased risk of regarding health

A
  • hypertension
  • diabetes
  • cardiovascular disease
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56
Q

can being overweight and being obese be associated with having mental health problems

A

yes

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57
Q

what were overweight/obese adults who were depressed more likely to be characterized by than normal weight depressed adults

A

atypical features of depression such as rejection sensitivity and leaden paralysis (a sense of heaviness in arms and legs)

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58
Q

what is the most effective program regarding losing weight

A

exercise
side note; adults who engaged in diet plus exercise programs lost more weight than those who followed diet only programs

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59
Q

what were the strategies used more often by successful dieters than by unsuccessful dieters

A

exercising 30 minutes a day
planning meals
weighing themselves daily

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60
Q

what are factors that are involved in obesity

A
  • heredity
  • environmental factors
    e.g. decline in activity, low SES versus higher SES
  • dieting versus dieting and exercise programs
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61
Q

what is the main reason that health experts want people to exercise

A

helps prevent diseases such as heart disease and diabetes

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62
Q

many health experts recommend that young adults engage in […] minutes or more of aerobic exercise daily

A

30

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63
Q

what is aerobic exercise

A

sustained exercise stimulates heart and lung activity
e.g.
jogging, swimming, or cycling

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64
Q

most health experts recommend exercising […] enough to raise your heart rate to at least […] percent of your […] heart rate
+
how many out of 5/5 met the recommended levels of physical activity

A

vigorously
60
maximum
+
1/5 th

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65
Q

what is the adult age group that is most likely to exercise

A

18 to 29

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66
Q

exercise benefits both physical and …

A

mental health
e.g.
moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise effective in reducing major depressive disorder and anxiety

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67
Q

what are strategies to implement regular exercise for physical development

A
  • reduce screen time and replace with exercise
  • chart your progress
  • get rid of excuses
  • imagine the alternative
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68
Q

are male or female college students and young adults more likely to take drugs

A

male

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69
Q

since 20 percent of college students reported abstaining from drinking alcohol do many continue drinking alcohol

A

by mid twenties many have reduced their use of alcohol and drugs

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70
Q

what does addiction mean

A

overwhelming involvement with using a drug and a preoccupation with securing its supply

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71
Q

what does the term extreme binge drinking (also called high intensity drinking) describe

A

individuals who had 10 or more drinks in a row or 15 or more drinks in a row in the last two weeks

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72
Q

what does pregaming refer to

A

men and women drinking at home before events

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73
Q

has drinking and binge drinking increased or decreased in recent years

A

decreased even though still high

74
Q
A
75
Q

what does the term binge drinking refer to

A

more than five drinks in a row in the past two weeks

76
Q

what does alcoholism refer to

A

long term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive, and excessive alcohol use impairing user’s health and relationships

77
Q

half of the bing drinkers reported problems that included

A
  • missing classes
  • sustaining physical injuries
  • experiencing troubles w/ police
  • having unprotected sex
78
Q

what did frequent binge drinking and marijuana use during the freshman year of college predict about college graduation

A

delaying it

79
Q

at what ages does binge drinking peak and decline

A

21 to 21 years of age
decline through the remainder of the twenties
side note;
supported by the Monitoring the Future study at the University of Michigan

80
Q

what have surveys indicated of emerging adults at age 18 and by the end of emerging adults age 25 regarding sexual activity

A

18 - slightly more than 60 percent have experienced sexual intercourse
25 - most have had sexual intercourse

81
Q

what is the average age of marriage in the united states

A

29.5 for males
27.4 for females

82
Q

emerging adulthood is a time where most individuals are both […] active and […]

A

sexually
unmarried

83
Q

is casual sex more common in emerging adulthood or the late twenties

A

emerging adulthood
- males have more casual sex partners
- females are more selective
- (hooking up; kissing to intercourse)

84
Q

what does it mean when women are still under a stricter social norm regarding sexual activity

A

having to be criticized for having multiple sex partners

85
Q

what were the predictors of a higher likelihood of hooking up

A
  • impulsivity
  • sensation seeking
  • alcohol use
86
Q

what does “friends with benefits (FWB)”, another type of causal dating that has increased among emerging adults, refer to

A

a relationship formed by the integration of friendship and sexual intimacy without an explicit commitment characteristic of an exclusive romantic relationship

side note; suicidual ideation associated with entrance and continuation of FWB

87
Q

what were some key findings from the 1994 Sex in America survey

A
  • three categories;
    1/3 - sex twice a week or more
    1/3 - few times a month
    1/3 - few times a year or not at all
  • married (+ cohabiting) couples have sex more often than noncohabiting couples
  • most Americans do not engage in kinky sexual acts (majority vaginal sex, oral sex is third place, after watching a partner undress)
  • adultery is the exception rather than the rule
  • men think about sex more often than woman do
88
Q

Americans sexual lives are more […] than was previously believed

A

conservative

89
Q

what did Sexual activity link to well-being from a 2017 study about a Higher reported sexual pleasure and intimacy predicting

A

more positive
affect and less negative affect the next day.
(Swedish study; higher life satisfaction)

90
Q

did males or females said they had engaged more often in masturbation, pornography use, and casual sex + having more permissive attitudes about casual sex

A

Males

91
Q

Sexual orientation is a continuum from exclusive male-female relations to
exclusive same-sex relations, and some people are bisexual

A

in other words;
Sexual orientation exists on a spectrum, ranging from exclusively heterosexual (male-female relationships) to exclusively homosexual (same-sex relationships), with some people identifying as bisexual, meaning they are attracted to both genders.

92
Q

does evidence support bisexuality being an attraction to both sexes

A

yes

93
Q

what is the percentage of US adults that report being gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transsexual

A

3.8%

94
Q

are feelings of attraction only to the opposite sex more frequent for men or women

A

men

95
Q

do all people, regardless of their sexual orientation, have similar physiological responses during their sexual arousal and seem to be aroused by the same types of tactile stimulation

A

yes

96
Q

what is there no difference between LGB’s (lesbian, gay bisexual) and heterosexual in a wide range of

A
  • attitudes
  • behaviors
  • adjustments
97
Q

why are hormone studies been inconsistent

A

if gay males are given male sex hormones (androgens) their sexual orientation doesn’t change. their sexual desire merely increases. but a very early rental ciritical period might influence sexual orientation (hypothesis)

98
Q

an individuals sexual orientation (same sex, heterosexual, or bisexual) is a combination of what factors

A

genetic, hormonal, cognitive, and environmental factors

side note; not one factor alone causes sexual orientation, relative weight of each factor can vary from one individual to the next

99
Q

can a heterosexual, gay, lesbian, or bisexual person be talked out of his or her sexual orientation

A

No

100
Q

what are some attitudes and behaviors of lesbians and gays

A
  • Many gender differences that appear in heterosexual relationships occur in same-sex relationships.
  • Lesbians have fewer sexual partners and less permissive attitudes about casual sex than gay men.
101
Q

what are sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

A

diseases that are contracted primarily through sex (as well as oral genital and anal genital sex)
side note;
one of every 6 US adults

102
Q

what are the most prevalent STIs causes by bacterial infections

A
  • gonorrhea
  • syphilis
  • chlamydia
103
Q

what are STIs caused by viruses

A
  • AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
  • genital herpes
  • genital warts
104
Q

what is the disease that has had a greater impact on sexual behavior, or created more public fear in the last several decades

A

than infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

105
Q

what is HIV

A

virus that destroys the body’s immune system
how?
virus breaks down and overpowers the immune system, which leads to AIDs. having AIDS has such a weakened immune system that a common cold can be life threatening.

106
Q

have the deaths due to HIV and AIDS started to decline or increase in the US

A

decline due to education and the development of more effective drug treatments
total around the world - 37 million

107
Q

what are protective strategies for protecting against HIV

A
  1. know you risk status and that of your partner
  2. obtain medical examinations
  3. have protected sex using condoms
  4. do not have sex with multiple partners
108
Q

what is gonorrhea (sexually transmitted infections)

A
  • “drip” or “clap”
  • caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
  • spread by contact between infected moist membranes (genital, oral-genital, or anal genital) of two individuals =
  • characterized by discharge from penis or vagina and painful urination
  • can lead to infertility
    treatment; penicillin, other antibiotics
109
Q

what is syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection

A
  • caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum
  • characterize by the appearance of a sore where syphilis entered the body
  • the sore can be on the external genitals, vagina, or anus. later a skin rash breaks out on palms and bottom of feet,
  • if not treated can eventually lead to paralysis or even death
    treatment; penicillin
110
Q

what is chlamydia, a sexually transmitted infection

A
  • named for the bacterium Chlamydia trachomaits
  • an organisms that spreads by sexual contact and infects the genital organs of both sexes
  • special concern is that females with chlamydia may become infertile
  • recommended that adolescent and young females have an annual screening for this STI
    treatment; antibiotics
111
Q

what is genital herpes, a sexually transmitted infection

A
  • caused by a family of viruses with different strains
  • involves an eruption of sores and blisters
  • spread by sexual contact
    treatment; no known cure but antiviral medication can shorten outbreaks
112
Q

what is AIDS, a sexually transmitted infection

A
  • caused by a virus the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
  • destroys the body’s immune system
  • semen and blood are the main vehicles of transmission
  • common symptoms; fevers, night sweats, weight loss, chronic fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes
    treatments; new treatments have slowed the progression from HIV to AIDS, no cure
113
Q

what is genital warts, a sexually transmitted infections

A
  • caused by the human papillomavirus, not always produce symptoms
  • usually appear as small, hard painless bumps int he vaginal area or around the anus. very contagious
  • certain high risk types of this virus cause cervical cancer and other genital cancers
  • may recur despite treatment
  • a new HPV preventive vaccine, Gardasil, has been approved for girls and women 9 - 26 years of age
    treatment; a topical drug, freezing, or surgery
114
Q

what did Piaget conclude about the way an adolescent and an adult think

A

qualitatively in the same way

115
Q

what is the name of the final stage in Piagets cognitive development theory

A

formal operation thought
characterizes adults as well as adolescents

116
Q

what did Piaget and information processing psychologists believe about adults’ knowledge

A

especially increase their knowledge in a specific area
e.g.
physicists understanding of physics or a financial analysts knowledge about finance

117
Q

Post formal thought is

A
  • reflective, relativistic, and contextual
  • provisional
  • realistic
  • recognized as being influenced by emotion
118
Q

what is ‘reflective, relativistic, and contextual’ thinking regarding Piagets post formal thought

A

correct answer to a problem requires reflective thinking and may vary from one situation to another
- increase and becomes more internal and less contextual in middle age

119
Q

what is ‘provisional’ in Piagets post formal thought

A
  • many young adults also become more skeptical about the truth and seem unwilling to accept an answer as final. thus they come to see the search for truth as an ongoing and perhaps never ending process
120
Q

what does ‘realistic’ mean in Piagets post formal thought

A

young adults understand that thinking can’t always be abstract. in many instances, it must be realistic and pragmatic

121
Q

what is ‘recognized as being influenced by emotion’ in Piagets post formal thought

A
  • emerging and young adults are more likely than adolescents to understand that their thinking is influenced by emotions.
  • however, too often negative emotions produce thinking that is distorted and self serving at this point in development
122
Q

what has been proposed abut the idealism of Piagets formal operational stage in young adults

A

declines in young adults and is replaced by more realistic, pragmatic thinking

123
Q

young adults move into a new qualitative stage of cognitive development called […] though

A

postformal

124
Q

why are wisdom and meaning important developments in emerging adulthood

A

critical life experiences, reminiscence and reflectiveness, openness to experience, emotional regulation, and humor

125
Q

what is the period where creativity is great in some people

A

at age of 30
- most important creative products were generated in their thirties, and that 80 percent of the most important creative contributions are completed by age 50

126
Q

at what age is there a decline in creative contributions

A

often found in the fifties and later, the decline is not as great as was commonly thought
side note; take into account field of creativity involved

127
Q

are personality traits linked to creativity

A

yes.

128
Q

what personality traits are linked to creativity

A

openness to experience predicted creativity in the arts, while intellectual capacity predicted creativity in the sciences

129
Q

what did Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi’s describe flow as, a state that creative people regularly experience

A

a heightened state of pleasure experienced when we are engaged in mental and physical challenges that absorb us
side note; believes that everyone is capable of achieving flow

130
Q

how can individuals take a step toward a more creative life by cultivating curiosity and interest

A
  • try to be surprised by something everyday
  • try to surprise at least one person every day
  • write down each day what surprised you and how you surprised others
  • when something sparks your interest, follow it
  • wake up in the morning with a specific goal to look forward to
  • spend time in settings that stimulate your creativity
131
Q

career wise, in what process are individuals in their early and mid-twenties , and from mid twenties through the remainder of early adulthood

A

early and mid twenties - many have completed their education or training and entered a full time occupation
from mid twenties through the remainder of early adulthood - often seek to establish their emerging career in a particular field
may work and to move up the career ladder and improve their financial standing

132
Q

what did Phyllis Moen describe the career mystique as

A

includes ingrained cultural beliefs that engage in hard work for long hours through adulthood will produce a path to status, security, and happiness

133
Q

to who has the lockstep career mystique never been a reality for many individuals

A

especially ethnic minority individuals, women, and poorly educated adults

134
Q

what did the 2007 - 2009 recession lea to

A

reduced job security for millions of Americans

135
Q

only […%] of 12 to 22 years olds had a clear vision of where they want to go in life

A

20

136
Q

students focus only on […]-term goals
don’t explore the big, […]-term picture of what they want to do in life

A

short
long
why?
most teachers and parents communicate the importance of achieving goals such as studying hard and getting good grades, but rarely discuss the purpose of these goals and where they might lead young adults

137
Q

thoughts about career choice for adolescents and young adults reflect […] changes

A

developmental

138
Q

what did William Damon suggest about purpose in many adolescents and emerging adults

A

purpose is a missing ingredient in many adolescents’ and emerging adults achievement and career development

139
Q

according to William Damon, why do too many youth drift aimlessly through their high school and college years

A

engaging in behavior that places them at risk for not fulfilling their potential and not finding a life pursuit that energizes them

140
Q

about […] percent had engaged in some potentially purposeful activities, such as service learning or fruitful discussions with a career counselors- but they still did not have a real commitment or any reasonable plans for reaching their goals. and slightly more than […] percent expressed no aspirations and, in some instances, said they didn’t see any reason to have aspirations

A

60
20
(other 20 had a clear vision of where they wanted to go in life)

141
Q

what did the purpose predict of emerging adults.
+
what was a high sense of purpose in life associate with a lower incidence of

A

well being
+
lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and a longer life

142
Q

why does work define people in fundamental ways

A

b/c of important influence on
- financial standing,
- housing
- way they spend their time
- where they live
- friendships
- health
some define their identity through their work

143
Q

what do individuals miss when they do not work for an extended period of time

A

a structure and rhythm to life

144
Q

when individuals are unable to work, what do many experience

A

emotional distress and low self esteem

145
Q

out of 3/3, what is the value of most that spend their lives at work and the hours

A
  • most spend 1/3 of their lives at work
  • working up to 50 hours per week
146
Q

what is the percentage of employees who say they will hire recent college graduates

A

74%
+
pay new employees more than they did in 2016

147
Q

why is there a trend in the US workforce that is disappearing long term careers for an increasing number of adults, especially men in private sector jobs

A

dramatic increase in technology and cheaper labor in other countries

148
Q

many young and older adults are working at a […] of jobs, and many work in […]-term jobs

A

series
short

149
Q

why are early careers especially unstable

A

as some young workers move from “survival jobs” to “career jobs” in the process of finding a hob that matches their personal interests and goals

150
Q

why are 55 percent of US adults indicative that they were less productive

A
  • b/c of stress (physical and emotional negative impact)
  • 52% considered looking for a new job, declining a promotion, quitting a job
151
Q

what are some of the main sources of stress

A
  • 44% low salary
  • 42% lack of advancement opportunities
  • 40% uncertain job expectations
  • 39% long hours
152
Q

what were stressors at work linked to
+ increases and decrease in job strain

A

arterial hypertension in employees
+
- increased workers insomnia
- reduced their insomnia

153
Q

since many adults hold changing expectation about work, do employers often meet those expectations

A

no
e.g. most want greater flexibility and greater control over the time and timing of their work

154
Q

has the percentage of full time US college students who held jobs increased and decreased

A

increased from 1970 to 2008
decreased from 2008 to 2015

155
Q

what can work help do but also restrict of a college student

A

help; pay for schooling or help offset some of its costs
restrict; students opportunities to learn

156
Q

what was foundabout the students grades as the number of hours worked per week increased

A

grades suffered

157
Q

what are cooperative (co-op) programs

A

paid apprenticeship in a field one is interested in pursuing

158
Q

[…]% of college students are working

A

78

159
Q

what challenges do dual earner couples face

A

in balancing between work and family life

160
Q

why is it important to be knowledgeable about different fields and companies

A
  • b/c occupations may have many job openings one year but few in another year as economic conditions change,
  • critical to keep up with the occupation and outlook in various fields
161
Q

what do most of the highest paying occupations requires

A

a college degree

162
Q

what does unemployment produce

A

stress regardless of whether the job loss is temporary, cyclical, or permanent

163
Q

what type of problems has unemployment been linked to

A

physical problems (e.g. heart attack and stroke),
emotional problems (e.g. depression and anxiety)
marital difficulties
homicide

164
Q

what did 90 days or more of unemployment associate with

A

subsequent cardiovascular disease across an 8 year follow up period

165
Q

what was unemployment associated with in individuals in the early and middle stages of their careers

A

increased mortality risk for individuals
link was weaker for those in the later years in their careers

166
Q

when having depression following job loss what is predicted of an increased risk of

A

continued unemployment

167
Q

what was involuntary job loss linked to

A

increased rate of attempted suicide and suicide

168
Q

unemployment was associated with [..] mortality and the link was […] for those who were unmarried

A

higher
higher

169
Q

what characteristic in childhood was linked to the emergence and persistence of unemployment from 21 to 50 years of age

A

low self control

170
Q

what did higher unemployment in middle age link to from ages 16 to 30 years age

A

heavy drinking

171
Q

stress from unemployment comes not only from a […] of income and the resulting financial hardships but also from […] self esteem

A

loss
decreased

172
Q

what do individuals who cope best with unemployment have

A
  • financial resources to rely on
  • often savings or the earnings of other family members

emotional support from understanding, adaptable family members help cope

173
Q

what can job counseling and self help groups provide

A
  • practical advice on job searching,
  • resume writing,
  • and interviewing skills,
  • also lend emotional support
174
Q

even though couples may strive for gender equality in dual earner families, what persists

A

gender inequalities
e.g.
do not earn as much as men in the same jobs, gender divisions

175
Q

in whose favor is the decisions that dual earner couples often make, men or women

A

mens greater earning power and women spending more time than men in homemaking and, caring for children

176
Q

did women or men report more family interference from work

A

women

177
Q

partner coping, having a positive attitude toward multiple roles, using planning and management skills, and not having to cut back on professional responsibilities link to between dual earners

A

better relationships

178
Q

have men or women increasingly entered the labor force

A

women

179
Q

increasing ethnic diversity requires a […] to cultural differences and an […] of the cultural values that workers bring to job

A

sensitivity
appreciation

180
Q
A

nurs (15 decks)

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