chapter 11; physical and cognitive development in early adulthood Flashcards
what is emerging adulthood
a period of transition from adolescence to adulthood (approx. 18-25) that involves experimentation and exploration
what characterizes emerging adulthood
experimentation and exploration
e.g.
career path. identity, lifestyle to adopt
what did Jeffrey Arnott conclude are the five key features that characterize emerging adulthood in individuals in the US and in European countries and Australia
- identity exploration, especially in love and work
- instability
- self focused
- feeling in between
- the age of possibilities, a time when individuals have an opportunity to transform their lives
what does ‘identity exploration, especially in love and work’ refer to according to Jeffrey Arnotts five key features that characterize emerging adulthood
when key changes in identity take place for many individuals
what does ‘instabiilty’ refer to according to Jeffrey Arnotts five key features that characterize emerging adulthood
residential changes peak during early adulthood, a time during which there also is often instability in love, work, and education
what does ‘self focused’ refer to according to Jeffrey arnotts five key features that characterize emerging adulthood
according to Arnett, emerging adults “are self focused in the sense that they have little I the way of social obligations, little in the way of duties and commitments to others, which leaves them with a great deal of autonomy in running their own lives”
what does ‘feeling in between’ refer to according to Jeffrey Arnotts five key features that characterize emerging adulthood
many emerging adults don’t consider themselves adolescents or full fledged adults
what does ‘the age of possibilities, a time when individuals have an opportunity to transform their lives’ according to Jeffrey Arnotts five key features that characterize emerging adulthood
two ways in which emerging adulthood is the age of possibilities (1) many emerging adults are optimistic about their future; and (2) for emerging adults who have experienced difficult times while growing up, emerging adulthood presents an opportunity to reorient their lives in a more positive direction
although emerging adulthood does not characterize Development in all cultures, it does appear to occur in those where
assuming adult roles and responsibilities is postponed
what is a critic of the concept of emerging adulthood
that is applies mainly to privileged adolescents and is not always a self determined choice for many young people, especially those in limiting socioeconomic conditions
- what did it lead to in US at risk youth?
entering emerging adulthood slightly earlier than the general population of youth
are generations now, by their mid twenties expected to reach milestones such as finishing college, full time job, household, and a family, earlier or later than their parents generations
much longer
late twenties or even thirties
what is the most common living arrangement in the 2014 modern era for 18 to 34 year olds
to living with parents
what was the most common living arrangement in the 1880s for emerging and young adults
living with a romantic partner
whether a spouse or a significant other
in 2014, more individuals lived with […,…], then lived with […] or [..] in their own home, followed with individuals who […] the household in which they lived alone. others lived in another [..] members home, with a non relative, or in a group counters (e.g. college dorm)
their parents
spouse
partner
headed
family
are todays emerging and young adults or their counterparts in the 1970s better educated
Todays
is there more young women or young men who have a college degree
young women
what is the biggest reason for educational improvement since the 1970s
gender difference reversal
in terms of work, are more young adults working today than in 1975
yes
why did the workforce increasing
gender change
- significant rise in the workforce
- were taking care of their home and children
what is the percentage of women that were homemakers and not in the workforce
less than 50 percent
in the United States, what is the most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood
holding a more or less permanent, full time job, which usually happens when an individual finishes school-high school for some, college for others, graduate or professional school for still others
what is economic independence and taking responsibility for oneself a marker of
marker of adult status (long process)
why are college graduate rates increasing regarding returning to live with their parents after graduating
as they attempt to establish themselves economically
what was revealed of continued co-residence with parents during emerging adulthood
slowed down the process of becoming a self sufficient and independent adult
what have parents and college students agreed about taking responsibility for one’s actions and developing emotional control are important aspects of
becoming an adult
what are the most and least widely described markers of Danish emerging adults
most; accepting self responsibility, making independent decisions, and becoming financially independent
least; getting married and avoiding getting drunk
what is a more significant marker for entry into adulthood in developing countries which occurs much earlier than the adulthood markers in the US
marriage
what does the transition from high school to college parallel between each other
the top dog phenomenon
(oldest most powerful group to youngest and least powerful)
what are positive features involved from students transitioning from high school to college
- feel grown up
- more subjects from which to select
- spend more time with peers
- more opportunities to explore different lifestyles and values,
- enjoy greater independence from parental monitoring
- be challenged intellectually by academic work
are today, 2016 students, or 1971 students, have the view of becoming well-off financially as an “essential” or a “very important” objective
today
what did the Higher Education Research Institute at UCLA find about first year college students
- increased concern for personal being, decreased concern for the well being of others (especially disadvantaged)
- more motivated to be well off financially and less motivated to develop a meaning philosophy of life
has US college students interest in the welfare of society increased or decreased
increased
+ stress & depression
when do most of us reach our peak physical performance
before age of 30, often between 19 and 26 (early adulthood)
average young adult + outstanding athletes
do all athletes reach their peak performances around the same age as the average individual
no
what athletes reach their peak performances at different ages than the average individual
late teens - most swimmers and gymnasts
late twenties - golfers and marathon runners
early to mid twenties - other areas of athletics
what happens to physical performance and development as we reach our peak during early adulthood
also being to decline in physical performance
(muscle tone and strength usually begin to show sings of decline around age 30)
when physical performance begins to decline what appears around age 30
- sagging chins
- protruding abdomens
for the first time + lessening of physical abilities
do sensory systems show change in early adulthood
little
but?
- lens of the eye loses some of its elasticity and becomes less able to change shape and focus on near objects
when does hearing peak, remain, and then decline
peaks in adolescent, constant first part of early adulthood, declines last part of early adulthood
when does the boys fatty tissue increase
middle to late twenties
emerging adults have more than […] the mortality rate of adolescents
twice
side note;
males are responsible for the higher mortality rate
do emerging adults have a higher or lower chronic health problems than adolescents
lower,
fewer colds and respiratory problems than they did when they were children
why are emerging adults not as healthy as they seem even if (college students) know how to prevent illness and promote health
don’t fare very well when it comes to applying this information to themselves
do most bad health habits that were engaged in during adolescence increase or decrease in emerging adulthood
increase
e.g.
healthcare access worsen, inactivity, poor food choices, obesity, substance abuse, reproductive health care,
did rates for exercise, being overweight and obese, increase or decrease
exercise levels - decreased
overweight/obesity - increased
70 percent of college students do not get adequate […]; 50 percent report daytime […]; […] consumption of energy drinks was linked to more sleep problems in college students
sleep
sleepiness
higher
side note; adults in late twenties and thirties don’t get enough sleep either
what did the statement by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society emphasize about chronic sleep deprivation contributing to
cardiovascular disease, shortened life span, cognitive and motor impairment that increase the risk of motor vehicle crashes and work related accidents
poor health (lifestyles) reduces life […]
satisfaction
according to the Berkeley Longitudinal Study - individuals were evaluated over a period of 40 years. What did physical health at age 30 predict at age 70
life satisfaction (more for men than for women)
what can young adults life satisfaction be positively related to
- not smoking,
- exercising regularly
- using sun protection,
- eating fruit
- limiting fat intake
no relation; alcohol consumption + fiber intake
how can parents play an important role in guiding and preparing adolescents for emerging adulthood.
- Provide them with opportunities to be contributors
- Give candid, constructive and quality feedback to adolescents
- Create positive adult connections; adolescents learn to handle autonomy
maturely - Challenge adolescents to become more competent
what are negative features of transitioning from high school to college
stress and depression
obesity is a […] and […] health problem for many individuals
serious
pervasive
which country had the highest and which had the lowest percentage of obese adults
highest - US (38.2%)
lowest - Japan (3.7%)
average of the countries was 19.5
what is being overweight or obese linked to an increased risk of regarding health
- hypertension
- diabetes
- cardiovascular disease
can being overweight and being obese be associated with having mental health problems
yes
what were overweight/obese adults who were depressed more likely to be characterized by than normal weight depressed adults
atypical features of depression such as rejection sensitivity and leaden paralysis (a sense of heaviness in arms and legs)
what is the most effective program regarding losing weight
exercise
side note; adults who engaged in diet plus exercise programs lost more weight than those who followed diet only programs
what were the strategies used more often by successful dieters than by unsuccessful dieters
exercising 30 minutes a day
planning meals
weighing themselves daily
what are factors that are involved in obesity
- heredity
- environmental factors
e.g. decline in activity, low SES versus higher SES - dieting versus dieting and exercise programs
the main reason that health experts want people to exercise is to help prevent diseases such as […] disease and […]
heart
diabetes
many health experts recommend that young adults engage in […] minutes or more of aerobic exercise daily
30
what is aerobic exercise
sustained exercise stimulates heart and lung activity
e.g.
jogging, swimming, or cycling
most health experts recommend exercising […] enough to raise your heart rate to at least […] percent of your […] heart rate
+
how many out of 5/5 met the recommended levels of physical activity
vigorously
60
maximum
+
1/5 th
what is the adult age group that is most likely to exercise
18 to 29
exercise benefits both physical and …
mental health
e.g.
moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise effective in reducing major depressive disorder and anxiety
what are strategies to implement regular exercise for physical development
- reduce screen time and replace with exercise
- chart your progress
- get rid of excuses
- imagine the alternative
are male or female college students and young adults more likely to take drugs
male
since 20 percent of college students reported abstaining from drinking alcohol do many continue drinking alcohol
by mid twenties many have reduced their use of alcohol and drugs
what does addiction mean
overwhelming involvement with using a drug and a preoccupation with securing its supply
what does the term extreme binge drinking (also called high intensity drinking) describe
individuals who had 10 or more drinks in a row or 15 or more drinks in a row in the last two weeks
what does pregaming refer to
men and women drinking at home before events
has drinking and binge drinking increased or decreased in recent years
decreased even though still high
what does the term binge drinking refer to
more than five drinks in a row in the past two weeks
what does alcoholism refer to
long term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive, and excessive alcohol use impairing user’s health and relationships
half of the bing drinkers reported problems that included
- missing classes
- sustaining physical injuries
- experiencing troubles w/ police
- having unprotected sex
what did frequent binge drinking and marijuana use during the freshman year of college predict about college graduation
delaying it
at what ages does binge drinking peak and decline
21 to 21 years of age
decline through the remainder of the twenties
side note;
supported by the Monitoring the Future study at the University of Michigan
what have surveys indicated of emerging adults at age 18 and by the end of emerging adults age 25 regarding sexual activity
18 - slightly more than 60 percent have experienced sexual intercourse
25 - most have had sexual intercourse
what is the average age of marriage in the united states
29.5 for males
27.4 for females
emerging adulthood is a time where most individuals are both […] active and […]
sexually
unmarried
is casual sex more common in emerging adulthood or the late twenties
emerging adulthood
- males have more casual sex partners
- females are more selective
- (hooking up; kissing to intercourse)
what does it mean when women are still under a stricter social norm regarding sexual activity
having to be criticized for having multiple sex partners
what were the predictors of a higher likelihood of hooking up
- impulsivity
- sensation seeking
- alcohol use
what does “friends with benefits (FWB)”, another type of causal dating that has increased among emerging adults, refer to
a relationship formed by the integration of friendship and sexual intimacy without an explicit commitment characteristic of an exclusive romantic relationship
side note; suicidual ideation associated with entrance and continuation of FWB
what were some key findings from the 1994 Sex in America survey
- three categories;
1/3 - sex twice a week or more
1/3 - few times a month
1/3 - few times a year or not at all - married (+ cohabiting) couples have sex more often than noncohabiting couples
- most Americans do not engage in kinky sexual acts (majority vaginal sex, oral sex is third place, after watching a partner undress)
- adultery is the exception rather than the rule
- men think about sex more often than woman do
Americans sexual lives are more […] than was previously believed
conservative
what did Sexual activity link to well-being from a 2017 study about a Higher reported sexual pleasure and intimacy predicting
more positive
affect and less negative affect the next day.
(Swedish study; higher life satisfaction)
did males or females said they had engaged more often in masturbation, pornography use, and casual sex + having more permissive attitudes about casual sex
Males
Sexual orientation is a continuum from exclusive male-female relations to
exclusive same-sex relations, and some people are bisexual
in other words;
Sexual orientation exists on a spectrum, ranging from exclusively heterosexual (male-female relationships) to exclusively homosexual (same-sex relationships), with some people identifying as bisexual, meaning they are attracted to both genders.
does evidence support bisexuality being an attraction to both sexes
yes
what is the percentage of US adults that report being gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transsexual
3.8%
are feelings of attraction only to the opposite sex more frequent for men or women
men
do all people, regardless of their sexual orientation, have similar physiological responses during their sexual arousal and seem to be aroused by the same types of tactile stimulation
yes
what is there no difference between LGB’s (lesbian, gay bisexual) and heterosexual in a wide range of
- attitudes
- behaviors
- adjustments
why are hormone studies been inconsistent
if gay males are given male sex hormones (androgens) their sexual orientation doesn’t change. their sexual desire merely increases. but a very early rental ciritical period might influence sexual orientation (hypothesis)
an individuals sexual orientation (same sex, heterosexual, or bisexual) is a combination of what factors
genetic, hormonal, cognitive, and environmental factors
side note; not one factor alone causes sexual orientation, relative weight of each factor can vary from one individual to the next
can a heterosexual, gay, lesbian, or bisexual person be talked out of his or her sexual orientation
No
what are some attitudes and behaviors of lesbians and gays
- Many gender differences that appear in heterosexual relationships occur in same-sex relationships.
- Lesbians have fewer sexual partners and less permissive attitudes about casual sex than gay men.
what are sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
diseases that are contracted primarily through sex (as well as oral genital and anal genital sex)
side note;
one of every 6 US adults
what are the most prevalent STIs causes by bacterial infections
- gonorrhea
- syphilis
- chlamydia
what are STIs caused by viruses
- AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
- genital herpes
- genital warts
what is the disease that has had a greater impact on sexual behavior, or created more public fear in the last several decades
than infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
what is HIV
virus that destroys the body’s immune system
how?
virus breaks down and overpowers the immune system, which leads to AIDs. having AIDS has such a weakened immune system that a common cold can be life threatening.
have the deaths due to HIV and AIDS started to decline or increase in the US
decline due to education and the development of more effective drug treatments
total around the world - 37 million
what are protective strategies for protecting against HIV
- know you risk status and that of your partner
- obtain medical examinations
- have protected sex using condoms
- do not have sex with multiple partners
what is gonorrhea (sexually transmitted infections)
- “drip” or “clap”
- caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
- spread by contact between infected moist membranes (genital, oral-genital, or anal genital) of two individuals =
- characterized by discharge from penis or vagina and painful urination
- can lead to infertility
treatment; penicillin, other antibiotics
what is syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection
- caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum
- characterize by the appearance of a sore where syphilis entered the body
- the sore can be on the external genitals, vagina, or anus. later a skin rash breaks out on palms and bottom of feet,
- if not treated can eventually lead to paralysis or even death
treatment; penicillin
what is chlamydia, a sexually transmitted infection
- named for the bacterium Chlamydia trachomaits
- an organisms that spreads by sexual contact and infects the genital organs of both sexes
- special concern is that females with chlamydia may become infertile
- recommended that adolescent and young females have an annual screening for this STI
treatment; antibiotics
what is genital herpes, a sexually transmitted infection
- caused by a family of viruses with different strains
- involves an eruption of sores and blisters
- spread by sexual contact
treatment; no known cure but antiviral medication can shorten outbreaks
what is AIDS, a sexually transmitted infection
- caused by a virus the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
- destroys the body’s immune system
- semen and blood are the main vehicles of transmission
- common symptoms; fevers, night sweats, weight loss, chronic fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes
treatments; new treatments have slowed the progression from HIV to AIDS, no cure
what is genital warts, a sexually transmitted infections
- caused by the human papillomavirus, not always produce symptoms
- usually appear as small, hard painless bumps int he vaginal area or around the anus. very contagious
- certain high risk types of this virus cause cervical cancer and other genital cancers
- may recur despite treatment
- a new HPV preventive vaccine, Gardasil, has been approved for girls and women 9 - 26 years of age
treatment; a topical drug, freezing, or surgery
what did Piaget conclude about the way an adolescent and an adult think
qualitatively in the same way
what is the name of the final stage in Piagets cognitive development theory
formal operation thought
characterizes adults as well as adolescents
what did Piaget and information processing psychologists believe about adults’ knowledge
especially increase their knowledge in a specific area
e.g.
physicists understanding of physics or a financial analysts knowledge about finance
Post formal thought is
- reflective, relativistic, and contextual
- provisional
- realistic
- recognized as being influenced by emotion
what is ‘reflective, relativistic, and contextual’ thinking regarding Piagets post formal thought
correct answer to a problem requires reflective thinking and may vary from one situation to another
- increase and becomes more internal and less contextual in middle age
what is ‘provisional’ in Piagets post formal thought
- many young adults also become more skeptical about the truth and seem unwilling to accept an answer as final. thus they come to see the search for truth as an ongoing and perhaps never ending process
what does ‘realistic’ mean in Piagets post formal thought
young adults understand that thinking can’t always be abstract. in many instances, it must be realistic and pragmatic
what is ‘recognized as being influenced by emotion’ in Piagets post formal thought
- emerging and young adults are more likely than adolescents to understand that their thinking is influenced by emotions.
- however, too often negative emotions produce thinking that is distorted and self serving at this point in development
what has been proposed abut the idealism of Piagets formal operational stage in young adults
declines in young adults and is replaced by more realistic, pragmatic thinking
young adults move into a new qualitative stage of cognitive development called […] though
postformal
why are wisdom and meaning important developments in emerging adulthood
critical life experiences, reminiscence and reflectiveness, openness to experience, emotional regulation, and humor
what is the period where creativity is great in some people
at age of 30
- most important creative products were generated in their thirties, and that 80 percent of the most important creative contributions are completed by age 50
at what age is there a decline in creative contributions
often found in the fifties and later, the decline is not as great as was commonly thought
side note; take into account field of creativity involved
are personality traits linked to creativity
yes.
personality traits that are linked to creativity is […] to experience predicted creativity in the arts, while intellectual capacity predicted creativity in the […]
Openness
Sciences
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi’s describes flow as, a state that creative people regularly experience a heightened state of […] and […] when we are engaged in mental and physical challenges that absorb us
Pleasure
Experienced
side note; believes that everyone is capable of achieving flow
how can individuals take a step toward a more creative life by cultivating curiosity and interest
- try to be surprised by something everyday
- try to surprise at least one person every day
- write down each day what surprised you and how you surprised others
- when something sparks your interest, follow it
- wake up in the morning with a specific goal to look forward to
- spend time in settings that stimulate your creativity
career wise, in what process are individuals in their early and mid-twenties , and from mid twenties through the remainder of early adulthood
early and mid twenties - many have completed their education or training and entered a full time occupation
from mid twenties through the remainder of early adulthood - often seek to establish their emerging career in a particular field
may work and to move up the career ladder and improve their financial standing
Phyllis Moen describes the career mystique that includes ingrained cultural beliefs that engage in hard work for long hours through adulthood will produce a path to status, security, and happiness
Yes
the lockstep career mystique never been a […] for many individuals especially ethnic minority individuals, women, and poorly educated adults
Reality
what did the 2007 - 2009 recession lea to
reduced job security for millions of Americans
only […%] of 12 to 22 years olds had a clear vision of where they want to go in life
20
students focus only on […]-term goals
don’t explore the big, […]-term picture of what they want to do in life
short
long
why?
most teachers and parents communicate the importance of achieving goals such as studying hard and getting good grades, but rarely discuss the purpose of these goals and where they might lead young adults
thoughts about career choice for adolescents and young adults reflect […] changes
developmental
what did William Damon suggest about purpose in many adolescents and emerging adults
purpose is a missing ingredient in many adolescents’ and emerging adults achievement and career development
according to William Damon, why do too many youth drift aimlessly through their high school and college years
engaging in behavior that places them at risk for not fulfilling their potential and not finding a life pursuit that energizes them
about […] percent had engaged in some potentially purposeful activities, such as service learning or fruitful discussions with a career counselors- but they still did not have a real commitment or any reasonable plans for reaching their goals. and slightly more than […] percent expressed no aspirations and, in some instances, said they didn’t see any reason to have aspirations
60
20
(other 20 had a clear vision of where they wanted to go in life)
what did the purpose predict of emerging adults.
+
what was a high sense of purpose in life associate with a lower incidence of
well being
+
lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and a longer life
why does work define people in fundamental ways
b/c of important influence on
- financial standing,
- housing
- way they spend their time
- where they live
- friendships
- health
some define their identity through their work
what do individuals miss when they do not work for an extended period of time
a structure and rhythm to life
when individuals are unable to work, what do many experience
emotional distress and low self esteem
out of 3/3, what is the value of most that spend their lives at work and the hours
- most spend 1/3 of their lives at work
- working up to 50 hours per week
what is the percentage of employees who say they will hire recent college graduates
74%
+
pay new employees more than they did in 2016
why is there a trend in the US workforce that is disappearing long term careers for an increasing number of adults, especially men in private sector jobs
dramatic increase in technology and cheaper labor in other countries
many young and older adults are working at a […] of jobs, and many work in […]-term jobs
series
short
why are early careers especially unstable
as some young workers move from “survival jobs” to “career jobs” in the process of finding a hob that matches their personal interests and goals
why are 55 percent of US adults indicative that they were less productive
- b/c of stress (physical and emotional negative impact)
- 52% considered looking for a new job, declining a promotion, quitting a job
what are some of the main sources of stress
- 44% low salary
- 42% lack of advancement opportunities
- 40% uncertain job expectations
- 39% long hours
what were stressors at work linked to
+ increases and decrease in job strain
arterial hypertension in employees
+
- increased workers insomnia
- reduced their insomnia
since many adults hold changing expectation about work, do employers often meet those expectations
no
e.g. most want greater flexibility and greater control over the time and timing of their work
has the percentage of full time US college students who held jobs increased and decreased
increased from 1970 to 2008
decreased from 2008 to 2015
what can work help do but also restrict of a college student
help; pay for schooling or help offset some of its costs
restrict; students opportunities to learn
what was foundabout the students grades as the number of hours worked per week increased
grades suffered
cooperative (co-op) programs are paid […] in a field one is interested in pursuing
apprenticeship
[…]% of college students are working
78
The challenges that dual earner couples face is in balancing between […] and […] life
Work
family
why is it important to be knowledgeable about different fields and companies
- b/c occupations may have many job openings one year but few in another year as economic conditions change,
- critical to keep up with the occupation and outlook in various fields
what do most of the highest paying occupations requires
a college degree
does unemployment produce stress regardless of whether the job loss is temporary, cyclical, or permanent
Yes
what type of problems has unemployment been linked to
physical problems (e.g. heart attack and stroke),
emotional problems (e.g. depression and anxiety)
marital difficulties
homicide
what did 90 days or more of unemployment associate with
subsequent cardiovascular disease across an 8 year follow up period
what was unemployment associated with in individuals in the early and middle stages of their careers
increased mortality risk for individuals
link was weaker for those in the later years in their careers
when having depression following job loss what is predicted of an increased risk of
continued unemployment
Does involuntary job loss link to an [increase or decrease] rates of attempted suicide and suicide
increase
unemployment was associated with [..] mortality and the link was […] for those who were unmarried
higher
higher
what characteristic in childhood was linked to the emergence and persistence of unemployment from 21 to 50 years of age
low self control
what did higher unemployment in middle age link to from ages 16 to 30 years age
heavy drinking
stress from unemployment comes not only from a […] of income and the resulting financial hardships but also from […] self esteem
loss
decreased
what do individuals who cope best with unemployment have
- financial resources to rely on
- often savings or the earnings of other family members
emotional support from understanding, adaptable family members help cope
what can job counseling and self help groups provide
- practical advice on job searching,
- resume writing,
- and interviewing skills,
- also lend emotional support
even though couples may strive for gender equality in dual earner families, what persists
gender inequalities
e.g.
do not earn as much as men in the same jobs, gender divisions
in whose favor is the decisions that dual earner couples often make, men or women
mens greater earning power and women spending more time than men in homemaking and, caring for children
did women or men report more family interference from work
women
partner coping, having a positive attitude toward multiple roles, using planning and management skills, and not having to cut back on professional responsibilities link to between dual earners
better relationships
have men or women increasingly entered the labor force
women
increasing ethnic diversity requires a […] to cultural differences and an […] of the cultural values that workers bring to job
sensitivity
appreciation
