chapter 10; socioemotional development in adolescence Flashcards
over the years of adolescence and emerging adulthood, however, such decision begin to form the […] of what the individual is all about as a [… , …] - what is called his or her identity
core
human being
identity is a
Self-portrait composed of many pieces
e.g.
* Vocational/Career
* Political and religious identity
* Sexual identity
* Cultural/ethnic identity
* Interests
* Personality
* Physical identity
identity development
- takes place in bits and pieces
- decisions are made again and again
- does not happen neatly, and it does not happen cataclysmically
what did Erik Erikson first understand
that questions about identity are central to understanding adolescent development
hence;
identity is considered a key aspect of adolescent development
what was the stage where Erik Erikson claimed in his theory that individuals experience adolescence
fifth developmental stage
called?
- identity vs identity confusion
what do adolescents go through in Erik Erikson fifth developmental stage called identity vs identity confusion
faced with deciding …
who they are
what they are all about
where they are going in life
what is, psychosocial moratorium, and how does it aid in searching for an identity during adolescence in Erik Eriksons identity vs identity confusion
is Eriksons term for the gap between child security and adult autonomy
aids by;
society leaves adolescents relatively free of responsibilities and able to try out different identities
leads to;
experimentation to find where they fit into the world
Adolescents who do not successfully resolve the identity crisis in Erik Eriksons identity vs identity confusion
suffer identity confusion
Adolescents experiment with different […] and […].
+
Adolescents who cope with conflicting identities emerge with a new …
roles,
personalities
+
sense of self
does identity formation end and begin during these years
during adolescence
no
what appears during identity formation
appearance of attachment, development of the sense of self, and the emergence of independence in infancy; reaches final phase with a life review and integration in old age
what is important about identity development in late adolescence and emerging adulthood that happens for the first time
- physical developmnet
- cognitive development
- socioemotional development
all advance to the point at which the individual can begin to sort through and synthesize childhood identities and identifications to construct a viable path toward adult maturity.
in other words;
Physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development all progress to a stage where a person can start to explore and combine their childhood identities and experiences. This helps them create a solid foundation for moving into adulthood.
what are Eriksonian researcher James Marcia’s four statuses of identity, or ways of resolving the identity crisis that are derived from Erik Eriksons theory
identity diffusion
identity foreclosure
identity moratorium
identity achievement
how to classify;
based on existence or extent of their crisis or commitment
what is identity diffusion in James Marcia’s four statuses of identity
the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments.
e.g.
not only are they undecided about occupational and ideological choices, they are also likely to show little interest in such matters
what is identity foreclosure in James Marcia’s four statuses of identity
adolescents who have made a commitment but have not experienced a crisis
e.g.
this occurs most often when parents hand down commitments to their adolescents, usually in an authoritarian way, before adolescents have had a chance to explore different approaches, ideologies, and vocations on their own.
what is identity moratorium in James Marcia’s four statuses of identity
the status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are either absent or are only vaguely defined
what is identity achievement in James Marcia’s four statuses of identity
status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and have made a commitment
is crisis present or absent in James Marcias four statuses of identity
identity diffusion - absent
identity foreclosure - absent
identity moratorium - present
identity achievement - present
is commitment present or absent in James Marcias four statuses of identity
identity diffusion absent
identity foreclosure - present
identity moratorium - absent
identity achievement - present
what is crisis according to Marcia
a period of identity development during which the adolescent is exploring alternatives
side note;
most researchers rather use the term exploration
what does commitment mean according to Marcia
part of identity development in which adolescents show a personal investment in forming an identity
what do critics argue of James Marcia’s identity status approach
not producing enough depth in understanding identity development
what does the narrative approach refer to when researchers are examining identity changes in depth
involves asking individuals to tell their life stories and evaluate the extent to which their stories are meaningful and integrated
what does the dual cycle identity model refer to
separates identity development into two processes
1. a formation cycle that relies on exploration in breadth and identification with commitment
2. a maintenance cycle that involves exploration in depth as well as reconsideration of commitments
what does the narrative identity refer to when researchers are examining identity changes in depth
refers to the stories people construct and tell about themselves to define who they are for themselves and others
- beginning in adolescence and young adulthood, our narrative identities are the stories we live by
have researchers determined key changes in identity to most likely to take place in adolescence or emerging adulthood
emerging adulthood , (18 to 25 y/o)
e.g.
- young adolescents - identity diffused (not experienced crisis or made commitment)
- college upperclassmen than high school students or college freshmen - identity achieved (underwent crisis and have made commitment)
from the years preceding high school through the last few years of college, the number who are identity achieved […}, whereas the number of individuals who are identity diffused […]
increases
decreases
why do college student reach a higher level of integrating various dimensions into their identity
why?
- increased complexity in the reasoning skills
combined with/
- wide range of new experiences that highlight contrasts between home and college + between themselves and others
also, one of emerging adulthoods key themes is not having many […] commitments, which gives individuals considerable independence in developing a […] path
social
life
does identity remain stable throughout life, yes or no
no
what does the contexts of college serve as
a virtual “laboratory” for identity development through such experiences as diverse coursework and exposure to peers from diverse backgrounds
in simpler words;
a virtual “laboratory” for building your identity by taking different classes and meeting people from various backgrounds.
what do many individuals who develop positive identities follow
“MAMA” cycles
what is it?
- their identity status changes from moratorium to achievement to moratorium to achievement
side note;
cycles amy be repeated throughout life
what does James Marcia point out of the first identity
is just the first identity, and not the final product
how are parents and peers influential to an adolescents identity development
parents - securely attached adolescents far more likely to be identity achieved than counterparts who were identity diffused or identity foreclosed
friendship/peers - ethnic identity of adolescents is influenced by positive and diverse friendships
what contexts influence todays adolescents and emerging adults
involving the digital world
how?
- introduced new ways for youth to express and explore their identity
side note;
- often cast themselves as positively a they can
e.g.
- post their most attractive photos
-describing themselves in idealistic ways
- editing and reworking their online self portraits to enhance them
adolescents and emerging adults’ online world provides extensive opportunities for both […] their identity and getting […] about it
expressing
feedback
side note;
feedback is not always positive
what is cultural and ethnic identity
enduring aspect of the self that includes;
- a sense of membership in an ethnic group
- along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership
throughout the world, ethnic minority groups have […] to maintain their ethnic identities while blending in with the […] culture
struggled
dominant
what type of identity do most adolescents from ethnic minorities develop
a bicultural identity
what does this mean;
- identify in some ways with their ethnic group and in other ways with the majority culture
what periods are often special junctures in their development for ethnic minority individuals
adolescence and emerging adulthood
is ethnicity an important influence on identity
yes
although children are aware of some ethnic and cultural differences, individuals consciously confront their ethnicity for the first time in [..,] or […,…]
adolescence
emerging adulthood
unlike children, adolescents & emerging adults have the ability to […] ethnic and cultural information, to […] on the past, and to […] about the future
interpret
reflect
speculate
side note;
- with their advancing cognitive skills of abstract thinking and self reflection, adolescents (especially older adolescents) increasingly consider the meaning of their ethnicity and also have more ethnics-related experience
do adolescents having pride in their ethnic identity group have a positive or negative outcome
positive outcome
what did having a strong ethnic group affiliation and connection serve as a protective function for
reducing risk for psychiatric problems
what is Asian American adolescents ethnic identity associated with
- high self esteem
- positive relationships
- academic motivation
& - lower levels of depression over time
what is Mexican origin adolescents ethnic identity associated with
- a positive ethnic identity
- social support
- anger suppression helped them cope more effectively with racial discrimination
whereas; - anger expression reduced their ability to cope with the discrimination
Are second generation immigrants more likely to think of themselves as “American” regarding indication of their identity change
yes, possibly because citizenship is granted at birth
in other words and more
- Second-generation immigrants are more likely to see themselves as “American” because they are granted citizenship at birth. Their sense of ethnic identity often depends on how well they maintain their ethnic language and social connections.
how do first generation immigrants indicate their identity change
likely to be secure in their identities and unlikely to change much; they may or may not develop a new identity
do they ever feel american?
- related to whether or not they learn English, develop social networks beyond their ethnic group, and become culturally competent in their new country
what do the third and later generations issues become more of […]
complex
- Various historical, contextual, and political factors that are not related to acculturation can influence how much second-generation immigrants keep their ethnic identities.
what influences non-European ethnic groups identity change
racism and discrimination influence whether ethnic identity is retained
does adolescence typically alter the relationship between parents and their children
yes.
what are the most important aspects of family relationships in adolescence that are involved
parental management and monitoring, autonomy and attachment, and parent- adolescent conflict
how do parents serve as managers during the childs adolescence years
parental monitoring and information management
what does monitoring mean to supervise for in adolescents choice of
- social settings,
- activities
- friends
- academic efforts
- engaging later in sex and using condoms
- curbing alcohol use in depressed teens
what was lower parental monitoring associated with
- earlier initiation of alcohol use,
- binge drinking
- marijuana use in 13 & 14 y/o
what was parental media monitoring (active monitoring and connective co-use) and (engaging in media with the intent to connect with adolescents ) linked to
Lower media use by adolescents
when parents engage in […] parenting practices, adolescents are more likely to […] information
positive
disclose
e.g. disclosure increases when;
- ask adolescents questions
- high level of trust
- acceptance
- quality
e.g. of what can disclosure include;
whereabouts
activities
friends
10-18 low disclosure means?
linked to antisocial behavior
what are three ways that parents can engage in parental monitoring
- solicitation (asking questions)
- control (enforcing disclosure rules)
- when youth don’t comply, snoop.
side note;
- snooping perceived by both adolescents and parents as violating youths’ privacy rights
- snooping relatively infrequent parental monitoring tactic but better indicator of problems in adolescent and family functioning than were solicitation and control
are boys or girls given more autonomy/independence
Boys are given more independence
in what culture?
- traditional gender role US families
- Latino parents (have parental authority and restrict adolescent autonomy )
Parents must weigh needs for …
autonomy and control, independence and connection.
how do adolescents pushing for autonomy make some parents feel
puzzled and frustrated
regarding autonomy what are adolescents desires
- to spend time with peers
- autonomy
the adolescents ability to attain autonomy and gain over their behavior is facilitated by what
appropriate adult reactions to their desire for control
at the onset of adolescence is the average individual have the knowledge to make appropriate or mature decision in all areas of life
no
side note;
As teenagers seek more independence, wise adults should step back and allow them to make choices in areas where they can handle things. However, adults should still guide them in areas where the teens may not have enough knowledge to make the best decisions. then, adolescents acquire the ability to make mature decision on their own.
adolescents from 16 to 20 years of age, perceived that they had increasing […] and improved relationships with their parents
independence
is the role of attachment important
yes,
important concept in adolescents’ relationships with their parents
Securely attached adolescents are […] likely to have emotional difficulties and to engage in […] behaviors, juvenile delinquency, and drug abuse.
less
problem
what did having an insecure attachment to mothers link to in adolescents and emerging adults from 15 to 20 years of age
becoming depressed and remaining depressed
what did Joseph Allen and colleagues find about secure attachment at 14 years of age linking to
a number of positive outcomes at 21 years of age,
- including relationship competence
- financial/career competence
- few problematic behaviors
in latino families what did having a higher level of secure attachment with mothers associate with
less heavy drug by adolescents
what is the most consistent outcomes of secure attachment in adolescence involved in
- positive peer relations
- higher self esteem
- development of the adolescents capacity to regulate emotions
although parent-adolescent conflict […] in early adolescence, it does not reach the tumultuous proportions G. Stanley Hall envisioned at the beginning of the twentieth century
increases
rather;
much of the conflict involves the everyday events of family life;
- keeping a bedroom clean
- dressing neatly
- getting home by a certain time
- not talking endlessly on the phone
conflict rarely involves major dilemmas such as;
- drugs or delinquency
even though conflict with parents escalates in early adolescence, parent-adolescent conflict […] from early adolescence through late adolescence
decreases
in Chinese American families, parent adolescent conflict increased in […,…], peaked at about […] years of age, and then decreased through late adolescence and emerging adulthood
early adolescence
16
are parent-adolescent relationships more positive if adolescents attend college while living at home or if they go away to college
if they go away to college
can the everyday conflicts that characterize parent adolescent relationships actually serve as a positive developmental function
yes,
why?
minor disputes and negotiations facilitate the adolescents transition from being dependent on parents to becoming an autonomous individual
what can be done to reduce parent adolescent conflict
recognizing that conflict and negotiation can serve a positive developmental function can tone down parental hostility
what does the old model of parent adolescent relationships suggest of adolescents maturing
that as adolescents mature they detach themselves from parents and move into a world of autonomy apart from parents
+
parent adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence
what does the new model emphasize of parent adolescent conflict
that parents serve as important attachments figures and support systems while adolescents explore a wider, more complex social world
+ parent adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe and that the everyday negotiations and minor disputes not only are normal but also can serve the positive developmental function of helping the adolescent make the transition from childhood dependency to adult independence
what does a high degree of conflict that characterizes some parent adolescent relationships associate with
various adolescent problems;
- movement out of the home
- juvenile delinquency
- school dropout
- pregnancy and early marriage
- membership in religious cults
- drug abuse
+
higher anxiety
depression
aggression
lower self esteem
was the level of empathy higher or lower in adolescents (13 to 18) who had high levels of parent adolescent conflict
lower level of empathy
is aggressive behavior higher or lower in adolescents in Latino families with parent adolescent conflict
higher level of aggressive behavior
why do adolescents typically acculturate more quickly to the norms and values of their new country than do their parents
exposure in school to the language and culture in the host country
what can cause;
- likely to increase parent adolescent conflict in immigrant families due to diff experiences
what important changes in peer relations during adolescence does it include
- friendships
- peer groups
- beginning of romantic relationships
beginning in early adolescence do teenagers typically prefer to have larger or small number of friendships
smaller number that are more intense and intimate than those of young children
who was the most influential theorist to discuss the importance of adolescent friendships
Harry Stack Sullivan
for most children, what is being popular with their peers for them
a strong motivator
what did Harry Stack Sullivan argue of friends
important in shaping the development of children and adolescents
why did Harry Stack Sullivan argue that friends are important in shaping the development of children and adolescents
everyone has basic social needs
