chapter 10; socioemotional development in adolescence Flashcards
over the years of adolescence and emerging adulthood, however, such decision begin to form the […] of what the individual is all about as a [… , …] - what is called his or her identity
core
human being
identity is a
Self-portrait composed of many pieces
e.g.
* Vocational/Career
* Political and religious identity
* Sexual identity
* Cultural/ethnic identity
* Interests
* Personality
* Physical identity
identity development
- takes place in bits and pieces
- decisions are made again and again
- does not happen neatly, and it does not happen cataclysmically
what did Erik Erikson first understand
that questions about identity are central to understanding adolescent development
hence;
identity is considered a key aspect of adolescent development
what was the stage where Erik Erikson claimed in his theory that individuals experience adolescence
fifth developmental stage
called?
- identity vs identity confusion
what do adolescents go through in Erik Erikson fifth developmental stage called identity vs identity confusion
faced with deciding …
who they are
what they are all about
where they are going in life
what is, psychosocial moratorium, and how does it aid in searching for an identity during adolescence in Erik Eriksons identity vs identity confusion
is Eriksons term for the gap between child security and adult autonomy
aids by;
society leaves adolescents relatively free of responsibilities and able to try out different identities
leads to;
experimentation to find where they fit into the world
Adolescents who do not successfully resolve the identity crisis in Erik Eriksons identity vs identity confusion
suffer identity confusion
Adolescents experiment with different […] and […].
+
Adolescents who cope with conflicting identities emerge with a new …
roles,
personalities
+
sense of self
does identity formation end and begin during these years
during adolescence
no
what appears during identity formation
appearance of attachment, development of the sense of self, and the emergence of independence in infancy; reaches final phase with a life review and integration in old age
what is important about identity development in late adolescence and emerging adulthood that happens for the first time
- physical developmnet
- cognitive development
- socioemotional development
all advance to the point at which the individual can begin to sort through and synthesize childhood identities and identifications to construct a viable path toward adult maturity.
in other words;
Physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development all progress to a stage where a person can start to explore and combine their childhood identities and experiences. This helps them create a solid foundation for moving into adulthood.
what are Eriksonian researcher James Marcia’s four statuses of identity, or ways of resolving the identity crisis that are derived from Erik Eriksons theory
identity diffusion
identity foreclosure
identity moratorium
identity achievement
how to classify;
based on existence or extent of their crisis or commitment
what is identity diffusion in James Marcia’s four statuses of identity
the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments.
e.g.
not only are they undecided about occupational and ideological choices, they are also likely to show little interest in such matters
what is identity foreclosure in James Marcia’s four statuses of identity
adolescents who have made a commitment but have not experienced a crisis
e.g.
this occurs most often when parents hand down commitments to their adolescents, usually in an authoritarian way, before adolescents have had a chance to explore different approaches, ideologies, and vocations on their own.
what is identity moratorium in James Marcia’s four statuses of identity
the status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are either absent or are only vaguely defined
what is identity achievement in James Marcia’s four statuses of identity
status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and have made a commitment
is crisis present or absent in James Marcias four statuses of identity
identity diffusion - absent
identity foreclosure - absent
identity moratorium - present
identity achievement - present
is commitment present or absent in James Marcias four statuses of identity
identity diffusion absent
identity foreclosure - present
identity moratorium - absent
identity achievement - present
what is crisis according to Marcia
a period of identity development during which the adolescent is exploring alternatives
side note;
most researchers rather use the term exploration
what does commitment mean according to Marcia
part of identity development in which adolescents show a personal investment in forming an identity
what do critics argue of James Marcia’s identity status approach
not producing enough depth in understanding identity development
what does the narrative approach refer to when researchers are examining identity changes in depth
involves asking individuals to tell their life stories and evaluate the extent to which their stories are meaningful and integrated
what does the dual cycle identity model refer to
separates identity development into two processes
1. a formation cycle that relies on exploration in breadth and identification with commitment
2. a maintenance cycle that involves exploration in depth as well as reconsideration of commitments
what does the narrative identity refer to when researchers are examining identity changes in depth
refers to the stories people construct and tell about themselves to define who they are for themselves and others
- beginning in adolescence and young adulthood, our narrative identities are the stories we live by
have researchers determined key changes in identity to most likely to take place in adolescence or emerging adulthood
emerging adulthood , (18 to 25 y/o)
e.g.
- young adolescents - identity diffused (not experienced crisis or made commitment)
- college upperclassmen than high school students or college freshmen - identity achieved (underwent crisis and have made commitment)
from the years preceding high school through the last few years of college, the number who are identity achieved […}, whereas the number of individuals who are identity diffused […]
increases
decreases
why do college student reach a higher level of integrating various dimensions into their identity
why?
- increased complexity in the reasoning skills
combined with/
- wide range of new experiences that highlight contrasts between home and college + between themselves and others
also, one of emerging adulthoods key themes is not having many […] commitments, which gives individuals considerable independence in developing a […] path
social
life
does identity remain stable throughout life, yes or no
no
what does the contexts of college serve as
a virtual “laboratory” for identity development through such experiences as diverse coursework and exposure to peers from diverse backgrounds
in simpler words;
a virtual “laboratory” for building your identity by taking different classes and meeting people from various backgrounds.
what do many individuals who develop positive identities follow
“MAMA” cycles
what is it?
- their identity status changes from moratorium to achievement to moratorium to achievement
side note;
cycles amy be repeated throughout life
what does James Marcia point out of the first identity
is just the first identity, and not the final product
how are parents and peers influential to an adolescents identity development
parents - securely attached adolescents far more likely to be identity achieved than counterparts who were identity diffused or identity foreclosed
friendship/peers - ethnic identity of adolescents is influenced by positive and diverse friendships
what contexts influence todays adolescents and emerging adults
involving the digital world
how?
- introduced new ways for youth to express and explore their identity
side note;
- often cast themselves as positively a they can
e.g.
- post their most attractive photos
-describing themselves in idealistic ways
- editing and reworking their online self portraits to enhance them
adolescents and emerging adults’ online world provides extensive opportunities for both […] their identity and getting […] about it
expressing
feedback
side note;
feedback is not always positive
what is cultural and ethnic identity
enduring aspect of the self that includes;
- a sense of membership in an ethnic group
- along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership
throughout the world, ethnic minority groups have […] to maintain their ethnic identities while blending in with the […] culture
struggled
dominant
what type of identity do most adolescents from ethnic minorities develop
a bicultural identity
what does this mean;
- identify in some ways with their ethnic group and in other ways with the majority culture
what periods are often special junctures in their development for ethnic minority individuals
adolescence and emerging adulthood
is ethnicity an important influence on identity
yes
although children are aware of some ethnic and cultural differences, individuals consciously confront their ethnicity for the first time in [..,] or […,…]
adolescence
emerging adulthood
unlike children, adolescents & emerging adults have the ability to […] ethnic and cultural information, to […] on the past, and to […] about the future
interpret
reflect
speculate
side note;
- with their advancing cognitive skills of abstract thinking and self reflection, adolescents (especially older adolescents) increasingly consider the meaning of their ethnicity and also have more ethnics-related experience
do adolescents having pride in their ethnic identity group have a positive or negative outcome
positive outcome
what did having a strong ethnic group affiliation and connection serve as a protective function for
reducing risk for psychiatric problems
what is Asian American adolescents ethnic identity associated with
- high self esteem
- positive relationships
- academic motivation
& - lower levels of depression over time
what is Mexican origin adolescents ethnic identity associated with
- a positive ethnic identity
- social support
- anger suppression helped them cope more effectively with racial discrimination
whereas; - anger expression reduced their ability to cope with the discrimination
Are second generation immigrants more likely to think of themselves as “American” regarding indication of their identity change
yes, possibly because citizenship is granted at birth
in other words and more
- Second-generation immigrants are more likely to see themselves as “American” because they are granted citizenship at birth. Their sense of ethnic identity often depends on how well they maintain their ethnic language and social connections.
how do first generation immigrants indicate their identity change
likely to be secure in their identities and unlikely to change much; they may or may not develop a new identity
do they ever feel american?
- related to whether or not they learn English, develop social networks beyond their ethnic group, and become culturally competent in their new country
what do the third and later generations issues become more of […]
complex
- Various historical, contextual, and political factors that are not related to acculturation can influence how much second-generation immigrants keep their ethnic identities.
what influences non-European ethnic groups identity change
racism and discrimination influence whether ethnic identity is retained
does adolescence typically alter the relationship between parents and their children
yes.
what are the most important aspects of family relationships in adolescence that are involved
parental management and monitoring, autonomy and attachment, and parent- adolescent conflict
how do parents serve as managers during the childs adolescence years
parental monitoring and information management
what does monitoring mean to supervise for in adolescents choice of
- social settings,
- activities
- friends
- academic efforts
- engaging later in sex and using condoms
- curbing alcohol use in depressed teens
what was lower parental monitoring associated with
- earlier initiation of alcohol use,
- binge drinking
- marijuana use in 13 & 14 y/o
what was parental media monitoring (active monitoring and connective co-use) and (engaging in media with the intent to connect with adolescents ) linked to
Lower media use by adolescents
when parents engage in […] parenting practices, adolescents are more likely to […] information
positive
disclose
e.g. disclosure increases when;
- ask adolescents questions
- high level of trust
- acceptance
- quality
e.g. of what can disclosure include;
whereabouts
activities
friends
10-18 low disclosure means?
linked to antisocial behavior
what are three ways that parents can engage in parental monitoring
- solicitation (asking questions)
- control (enforcing disclosure rules)
- when youth don’t comply, snoop.
side note;
- snooping perceived by both adolescents and parents as violating youths’ privacy rights
- snooping relatively infrequent parental monitoring tactic but better indicator of problems in adolescent and family functioning than were solicitation and control
are boys or girls given more autonomy/independence
Boys are given more independence
in what culture?
- traditional gender role US families
- Latino parents (have parental authority and restrict adolescent autonomy )
Parents must weigh needs for …
autonomy and control, independence and connection.
how do adolescents pushing for autonomy make some parents feel
puzzled and frustrated
regarding autonomy what are adolescents desires
- to spend time with peers
- autonomy
the adolescents ability to attain autonomy and gain over their behavior is facilitated by what
appropriate adult reactions to their desire for control
at the onset of adolescence is the average individual have the knowledge to make appropriate or mature decision in all areas of life
no
side note;
As teenagers seek more independence, wise adults should step back and allow them to make choices in areas where they can handle things. However, adults should still guide them in areas where the teens may not have enough knowledge to make the best decisions. then, adolescents acquire the ability to make mature decision on their own.
adolescents from 16 to 20 years of age, perceived that they had increasing […] and improved relationships with their parents
independence
is the role of attachment important
yes,
important concept in adolescents’ relationships with their parents
Securely attached adolescents are […] likely to have emotional difficulties and to engage in […] behaviors, juvenile delinquency, and drug abuse.
less
problem
what did having an insecure attachment to mothers link to in adolescents and emerging adults from 15 to 20 years of age
becoming depressed and remaining depressed
what did Joseph Allen and colleagues find about secure attachment at 14 years of age linking to
a number of positive outcomes at 21 years of age,
- including relationship competence
- financial/career competence
- few problematic behaviors
in latino families what did having a higher level of secure attachment with mothers associate with
less heavy drug by adolescents
what is the most consistent outcomes of secure attachment in adolescence involved in
- positive peer relations
- higher self esteem
- development of the adolescents capacity to regulate emotions
although parent-adolescent conflict […] in early adolescence, it does not reach the tumultuous proportions G. Stanley Hall envisioned at the beginning of the twentieth century
increases
rather;
much of the conflict involves the everyday events of family life;
- keeping a bedroom clean
- dressing neatly
- getting home by a certain time
- not talking endlessly on the phone
conflict rarely involves major dilemmas such as;
- drugs or delinquency
even though conflict with parents escalates in early adolescence, parent-adolescent conflict […] from early adolescence through late adolescence
decreases
in Chinese American families, parent adolescent conflict increased in […,…], peaked at about […] years of age, and then decreased through late adolescence and emerging adulthood
early adolescence
16
are parent-adolescent relationships more positive if adolescents attend college while living at home or if they go away to college
if they go away to college
can the everyday conflicts that characterize parent adolescent relationships actually serve as a positive developmental function
yes,
why?
minor disputes and negotiations facilitate the adolescents transition from being dependent on parents to becoming an autonomous individual
what can be done to reduce parent adolescent conflict
recognizing that conflict and negotiation can serve a positive developmental function can tone down parental hostility
what does the old model of parent adolescent relationships suggest of adolescents maturing
that as adolescents mature they detach themselves from parents and move into a world of autonomy apart from parents
+
parent adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence
what does the new model emphasize of parent adolescent conflict
that parents serve as important attachments figures and support systems while adolescents explore a wider, more complex social world
+ parent adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe and that the everyday negotiations and minor disputes not only are normal but also can serve the positive developmental function of helping the adolescent make the transition from childhood dependency to adult independence
what does a high degree of conflict that characterizes some parent adolescent relationships associate with
various adolescent problems;
- movement out of the home
- juvenile delinquency
- school dropout
- pregnancy and early marriage
- membership in religious cults
- drug abuse
+
higher anxiety
depression
aggression
lower self esteem
was the level of empathy higher or lower in adolescents (13 to 18) who had high levels of parent adolescent conflict
lower level of empathy
is aggressive behavior higher or lower in adolescents in Latino families with parent adolescent conflict
higher level of aggressive behavior
why do adolescents typically acculturate more quickly to the norms and values of their new country than do their parents
exposure in school to the language and culture in the host country
what can cause;
- likely to increase parent adolescent conflict in immigrant families due to diff experiences
what important changes in peer relations during adolescence does it include
- friendships
- peer groups
- beginning of romantic relationships
beginning in early adolescence do teenagers typically prefer to have larger or small number of friendships
smaller number that are more intense and intimate than those of young children
who was the most influential theorist to discuss the importance of adolescent friendships
Harry Stack Sullivan
for most children, what is being popular with their peers for them
a strong motivator
what did Harry Stack Sullivan argue of friends
important in shaping the development of children and adolescents
why did Harry Stack Sullivan argue that friends are important in shaping the development of children and adolescents
everyone has basic social needs
why are friends increasingly important during adolescence according to Sullivan
+
does the need of intimacy intesify during early adolescence
to meet social need
+
yes, motivates to seek out close friends
if not, experienced loneliness and a reduced sense of self worth
what does the nature of relationships with friends during adolescence foreshadow
the quality of romantic relationships in emerging adulthood
e.g.
secure relationships with close friends at age 16 linked to more positive romantic relationships at age 20 to 23
are adolescent girls or boys more likely to disclose information about problems to a friend
adolescent girls
since the quality of friendship matters, what type of friends is a developmental disadvantage
- coercive
- conflict-ridden
- poor quality friendships
& - friends who engage in delinquent behavior is associated with early onset and more persistent delinquency
- smoking and drinking behavior to that of their best friends
- for girls with friends who dieted predict engagement in dieting or extreme dieting
Developmental advantages occur when adolescents have friends who are
- Socially skilled
- Supportive
- Oriented toward academic achievement
do all adolescents develop friendships with individuals who are close to their own age
no,
some become best friends with younger or older individuals
older; engage in deviant behavior more frequently
do young adolescents or children conform more to peer standards
young adolescents
are US adolescents or Japanese adolescents more likely to put pressure on their peers to resist parental influence
US adolescents
- especially around 8th and 9th grade in antisocial behaviors
e.g.
paint graffiti on a wall
steal cosmetics
when are adolescents more likely to conform to their peers
when they are uncertain about their social identity and when they re in the presence of someone they perceive to have higher status than they do
are boys or girls more likely to be influenced by peer pressure involving sexual behavior
boys
during what period are cliques and crowds more important
during adolescence than during childhood
what does cliques refer to
small groups that rage from 2 to about 12 individuals and average about 5 or 6 individuals
side note;
same sex and about the same age
how can cliques form
- engaging in similar activities,
- friendship
- spent time with e/o
- share mutual interest
- enjoy each others company
eg. club or on a sports team
(not necessarily friends if stay in clique)
if cliques are not necessarily friends to start with do they often develop a friendship
+
what do adolescents do in cliques
if they stay in the clique
+
share ideas and hang out together
side note;
develop in group identity in which they believe that their clique is better than other cliques
what are crowds
larger than cliques and less personal
usually members based on reputation, + may or may not spend much time together
+
defined by the activities adolescents engage in e.g.
jocks and druggies
what can dating be a form of
recreation
source of status
setting for learning about close relationships
way to find a mate
what are the three stages that characterize the development of romantic relationships in adolescence
- entering into romantic attractions and affiliations at about age 11 to 13
- exploring romantic relationships at approximately age 14 to 16
- consolidating dyadic romantic bonds at about 17 to 19
what is the first stage ‘entering into romantic attractions and affiliation at about age 11 to 13’ that characterize the development of romantic relationships in adolescence
- triggered by puberty
- intensely interested in romance and it dominates many conversations with same sex friends
- may or many not interact with the individual who is the object of their infatuation
- when dating occurs, it usually takes place in a group setting
what is the second stage ‘exploring romantic relationships at approximately age 14 to 16’ that characterize the development of romantic relationships in adolescence
two types;
1. casual dating = two individuals who are mutually attracted
- often short lived, last a few months at best, endure no longer than a few weeks
2. dating in groups = common and reflects the importance of peers in adolescents’ lives
- friend is third part faciliator of a potential dating relationship by communicating their friends romantic interest and determining whether the other person feels a similar attraction
what is the third stage ‘consolidating dyadic romantic bonds at about age 17 to 19’ that characterize the development of romantic relationships in adolescence
- end of high school years, more serious romantic relationships develop
- formation of strong emotional bonds ore closely resembling those in adult romantic relationships
- more stable and enduring than earlier bonds
- typically lasting one year or more
what are the two variations in the stages of development in romantic relationships during adolescence
early and late bloomers
what are early bloomers in development of romantic relationships in adolescence
11 to 13 year olds
- 15 to 20 % say are currently in a romantic relationship and 35 percent who indicate they have had some prior experience in romantic relationships
what are late bloomers in development of romantic relationships in adolescence
17 to 19 year olds
- approx. 10 percent said they have had no experience w/ romantic relationships and another 15 percent who report that they have not engaged in any romantic relationships that lasted more than four months
who had more externalized problem behaviors through adolescence
- on time bloomers
- late bloomers
- or early bloomers
early bloomers
short term romantic relationships were increasingly supportive in […] adolescence
late
long term adolescent relationships were both […] and turbulent, characterized by elevated levels of support, […] interactions, higher control, and […] jealousy
supportive
negative
more
in gay and lesbian youth, what does sexual minority youth date other-sex peers help to clarify for them
help them clarify their sexual orientation or disguise it from others
Most gay and lesbian youth have some same-sex […] experience.
+
do all gay and lesbian youth continue same-sex dating
sexual
+
some, and others, primarily heterosexual dating.
what does sociocultural refer to when referring to sociocultural context exerting a powerful influence on adolescents’ dating patterns
ethnic groups;
differences in dating patterns
what sociocultural context is referred to when dictating the age at which dating begins, how much freedom in dating is allowed, whether dates must be chaperoned by adults or parents, and the roles of males and females in dating
values
religious beliefs
traditions
what do latino and asian American cultures have regarding adolescent dating than does the Anglo American culture
have more conservative standards
in what context may dating become a source of conflict within a family
- if the parents grew up in cultures where dating began at a late age,
- little freedom in dating was allowed
- dates were chaperoned
- dating was especially restricted for adolescent girls
what was mother- daughter conflict in Mexican American families link to regarding the daughters romantic involvement
linked to increase it
what happened when immigrant adolescents adopted the ways of the dominant US culture (unchaperoned dating)?
- often clash with parents and extended family members who have more traditional values
what have researchers linked dating and romantic relationships with various measures of
how well adjusted adolescents are
what were high levels of romantic experiences
- social acceptance,
- friendship competence
- romantic competence
& - substance use
- delinquency
- sexual behavior
what of a relationships in adolescence can have a positive developmental change
having a
- supportive romantic relationship linked to positive outcomes for adolescents who had a negative relationship with their mother
what are early doing and “going with” someone linked to
adolescent pregnancy and problems at home and school
depression
since around the world, the experiences of male and female adolescents continue to be quite different, where are the few regions where males have far greater access to education al opportunities than females do
Japan
the Philippines,
Western countries
(less freedom to purse a variety of careers and engage in various leisure activities)
what did those who reported more conflict in friendships have in companionship in romantic relationships at 15 years of age
lower level of companionship
what did adolescent who engaged in a higher level of intimate disclosure at age 10 report regarding levels of companionship
higher level of companionship in romantic relationships at 12 and 15 years of age
do more or fewer adolescents around the world die from infectious disease and malnutrition
fewer now than in the past
however;
many adolescents use health compromising behaviors
e.g. illicit drug use and unprotected sex are incrasing
- extensive increases in HIV rats I many sub-Saharan countries
where are gender differences in sexual expression more prominent in the sexual activity of adolescent females than on that of males
- India
- southeast asia
- latin america
- Arab countries
do not appear to be narrowing over time
in some countries educational and career opportunities for women are expanding, and control over adolescents girls’ romantic and sexual relationships is weakening.
in western countries such as the US, what is the parenting style and what are more adolescents growing up in types of homes
less authoritarian than in the past,
much larger numbers of adolescents growing up in divorced families and stepfamilies
what family changes may reduce the ability of families to spend time with their adolescents
- greater family mobility
- migration to urban areas
- family members working in distant cities or countries
- smaller families
- fewer extended family households
- increase in mothers’ employment
some cultures give peers a […] role in adolescence than other cultures do
stronger
western nations; taking roles that would otherwise be assumed be assumed by parents
- South America; surrogate family that supports survival in dangerous and stressful settings
- Arab countries; peer relations are restricted, especially for girls
rite of passage is a […] or […] that marks an individuals transition from one status to another
Ceremony
Ritual
side note; most focus on transition to adult status
what is rite of passage transformation typically characterized by
some form of ritual death and rebirth, or by means of contact with the spiritual world
- prevailed in African cultures, especially sub-saharan culture (prevalent in locations where formal education is not readily available)
in America what do certain religious and social groups do in their form of rite of passage that indicate an advance in maturity has been reached
- jewish bar & bat mitzvah
- catholic confirmation
- social debuts
- school graduations
what do adolescents from low SES backgrounds are at risk for experiencing
- low achievement and emotional problems
- lower occupational attainment in adulthood
what psychological problems are more prevalent among low SES adolescents than among economically advantaged adolescents
- smoking (initiation in 5th graders)
- depression
- juvenile delinquency
- health problems
in a Chinese study, adolescents in low income families were more likely to have what symptoms than adolescents in families with average or high incomes
depressive
+ cardiovascular disease 30 years later
what did low SES adolescent females link to having a higher level of at age 54
depressive symptoms
- completed college were less likely to have depressive symptoms at age 54 than low SES females who did not complete college
why are low SES individuals on the pathway to cardiovascular disease
- health compromising behaviors
- financial stress
- inadequate medical care
- lower educational attainment
what are the four factors assessed at the beginning of the sixth grade that’s linked to higher grade point averages in seventh grade
academic commitment
emotional control
family involvement
school climate
can poverty have damaging effects on adolescents
yes, when poverty is persisted and long standing
- lower perceived well being
what are immigrant families
where at least one of the parents was born outside the country of residence
variations involve;
- whether one or both parents are foreign born
- whether child was born in host country
- ages at which immigration took place for both the parents and the children
what are multiple stressors that Immigrants
experience
- language,
- dislocation or separation from support networks
- and culture, (the challenge of maintaining one’s identity while also adapting to a new culture.)
- change in SES status
asian adolescents had what compared to latinos, and non-latino white immigrant adolescents
- depression,
- low self-esteem,
- discrimination.
what are many individuals in immigrant families dealing with
the problem of being undocumented
why
can impact children’s and adolescents’ development when parents refuse available services, experience low-wage work without benefits, face stress, or provide limited cognitive stimulation at home.
what are factors in which ethnic minority families deal with stress
- whether parents are native born or immigrants
- how long the family has been in the US
- its socioeconomic status
- family values
- how competently parents rear their children and adolescents
- national origin
in mexican origin youth what’s found when adolescents reported a higher level of familism (giving priority to one’s family)
engaged in lower levels of risk taking
what was parents’ education before migrating strongly linked to
their children’s academic achievement
many ethnic minority adolescents experience a double disadvantage
- prejudice, discrimination and bias because of their ethnic minority status
- the stressful effects of poverty
in the case of ethnic minority youth coming from middle income backgrounds, does economic advantage allow them to escape the prejudice, discrimination, and bias associated with being a member of an ethnic minority group
does not entirely
are Japanese Americans , who are often characterized as a “model minority” because of their strong achievement orientation and family cohesiveness, still experience stress associated with ethnic minority status
yes
what does the term screen time refer to
includes how much time individuals spend watching television or DVDs, playing video games, and using computers or mobile media such as iPhones
what is less screen time associated with adolescents having better of
better quality of life
+ nighttime mobile phone use and poor sleep behavior increased from 13 to 16 years of age (linked to increases in externalizing problems, decrease self esteem and coping)
what was the average use of media for 8 to 11 year olds according to the Kaiser Family Foundation
+
11 to 14 year olds
+
15 to 18 year old
5 hours and 29 minutes a day
+
8 hours and 40 minutes (increase to nearly 12 hours a day if multitasking)
+
7 hours and 58 minutes
a higher level of media multitasking found that in 8 to 12 year old girls there was a [positive or negative] social well being while higher level of face to face communication was associated with [positive or negative] social well being indicators. such as having […] social success, feeling more […], and having […] friends whose parents thought were a bad influence
negative
positive
greater
normal
fewer
what are heavy media multitaskers more likely to be
- depressed and have social anxiety than their counterparts who engaged in a lower incidence of media multitasking
- less likely yo delay gratification
- more likely to endorse intuitive, but wrong, answers on a cognitive reflection task
- lower levels of school achievement,
- executive function
- growth mindset
what do driving substasks such as various perceptual motor activities and ongoing cognitive tasks are combined with interactive in vehicle devices, the task of driving becomes more […] and the potential for distraction […]
complex
high
using digital technologies while engaging in a learning task […] learners and impairs […] on many tasks
Distracts
Performance
In 2004, 39% of adolescents had cell phones; it is projected that by 2019,
93% will have cell phones
facts
Higher level of social media use linked to […] level of heavy drinking
higher
[…] screen time linked to better health-related quality of life
less
Adolescents prefer to connect with parents via […].
voice mail
92% of U.S. 13- to 17-year-olds communicate with friends via […] message only
* […]% are on social media site
* […]% are almost constantly online on smartphones and mobile devices
text
75
24
what does the label juvenile delinquent apply to
an adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal
e.g.
legal infractions range from littering to murder
when does the juvenile delinquency technically become a juvenile delinquent
only after being judged guilty of a crime by a court of law, officials do not accurately reflect the number of illegal acts juvenile delinquents commit
are males or females more likely to engage in delinquency
males
delinquency cases dropped more for males
are the Rates among minority groups and lower-SES youth are high or low
especially high
may be judged delinquent more readily than their non latino white, middle SES counterparts
what do some psychologists propose in ages for adolescents who commit a crime to be tried as an adult
some;
12 and under should not
17 and older should
also recommend
13 to 16 years should be given some type of individualized assessment to determine whether they will be tried in a juvenile court or an adult criminal court
what did Erik Erickson argue causes delinquency in adolescents
- whose development has restricted them from acceptable social roles
- or made them feel they canny measure up to the demands placed on them, may choose a negative identity
the individuals who choose a negative identity may find support for their delinquent image among […] reinforcing the negative identity
peers
what does Erik Erickson believe delinquency is an attempt for
to establish an identity , even if it is a negative one
what are some of the causes of delinquency
- Lower-SES culture
- Parents less skilled in discouraging antisocial behavior
- Siblings and delinquent peers
what type of family environment was characterized to being linked to adolescents entering the juvenile justice system as a delinquent
poverty
child maltreatment
what are the norms of many lower SES peer groups and gangs
- antisocial
- counterproductive
to the goals and norms of society at large
what are prominent features of life for some adolescents in low income neighborhoods
getting into or staying out of trouble
youth at 14 and 21 years of age whose families had experienced repeated poverty were more than twice as likely to be
delinquents
what characteristics of family support systems are associated with whether the adolescent becomes a delinquent
- parental monitoring
- authoritative parenting style
family therapy - siblings are influential
- peer relations & pressure
- lack of academic success
- low self control
- low intelligence
- lack of sustained attention
- in males; having callous-unemotional personality traits
what is Rodney Hammond’s goal is to to help at risk adolescents, such as juvenile […], cope more effectively with their lives
Delinquents
adolescents who are experiencing […] level of stress and/or loss of some type are at increased risk for developing […]
high
depression
rates of ever experiencing major depressive disorder range from 15 to […] percent for adolescents
20
- who are depressed are characterized by a sense of hopelessness
are females or males more likely to develop depression
females
at 12 years of age, […] percent of females compared with […] percent of males had experienced first onset depression
5.2
2
what is the percentages for depression in ages 12 to 17 for females and males
females -36
males - 14
why do females have more depression rates
ruminate in their depressive mood and amplify it;
- females self images
- esp. body images ( more negative)
- face more discrimination
- puberty occurs earlier for girls than for boys
result;
girls experience a confluence of changes and life experiences in the middle school years that can increase depression
factors contributing to depression
- genes
- certain family factors
- poor peer relationships
how are genes contributors to depression
- certain dopamine related genes were associated with depressive symptoms in adolescents
- link between adolescents girls’ perceived stress and depression occurred only when the girls had the short version of the serotonin related gene 5HTTLPR
how are poor relationships contributors to depression in adolescents
- isolated from their peers and whose
- caregivers emotionally neglected them
- no close relationship w/ a best friend
- less contact with friends
- having friends who are depressed
- experiencing peer rejection
- Talking with friends about problems a lot was associated with increased stress from peers for teenage girls.
can having problems in romantic relationships produce adolescent depression
yes
how do certain family factors place adolescents at risk for developing depression
- depressed parent
- emotionally unavailable parents
- parents w/ high marital conflict
- w/ financial problems
- teenagers often think about their mother’s problems, it can be connected to their own feelings of depression.
what positive parenting characteristics were associated with less depression in adolescents
emotional and educational support
what are treatments of depression
- drug therapy using serotonin reuptake inhibitors
- cognitive behavior therapy
- interpersonal therapy
+ family therapy
what were the most effective combination treatment for depression
drug therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy
what depression treatments show clinical benefits for adolescents at risk for moderate and severe depression
Prozac and other SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
suicide is the […] leading cause of death in 10 to 19 year old’s
3rd
do Adolescents contemplate or attempt suicide unsuccessfully more often than actually commit it.
yes
are males or females more likely to attempt suicide, and which are more likely to succeed
Females likely to attempt suicide, but males more likely to succeed.
what are risk factors for suicide
- History of family instability and unhappiness
- Lack of supportive friendships
- Cultural contexts
- Genetic factors
- Depressive symptoms
suicide behavior is […] in childhood but […] in adolescence and then […] further emerging adulthood
rare
escalates
increases
what means do males use in their suicide attempts and females
males (lethal means)
- guns
females
- more likely to cut their wrists
- or overdoes of sleeping pills
(less likely to result in death)
are all depressed adolescents suicidal
no.
- depression is the most frequently cited factor associated with adolescent suicide
what is the most significant factor in a first suicide attempt during adolescence
a major depressive episode
for children’
child maltreatment
what type of family relationship with parents is associated with increased suicide attempts by depressed adolescents
family discord and negative relationships
child maltreatment during the childhood years was linked with […] attempts in adulthood
suicide
is early sexual abuse linked to suicidal behavior
yes
side note;
Adolescents at a suicide clinic have lower family cohesion compared to both adolescents who aren’t in a clinic and those being treated at a general psychiatric clinic.
cohesion is…
connectivity
can current stressful circumstances, such as getting poor grades in school or experiencing the breakup of a romantic relationship trigger suicide attempts
es
can being victimized by bullying also be associated with suicide related thoughts and behaviors
yes
cyberbullying - 2 1/2 times more likely to have suicidal thoughts than nonvictims
(more strongly associated with suicidal ideation
is traditional bullying or cyber bullying more strongly associated with suicidal ideation
cyberbullying
what are the four problems that affect the most adolescents
- drug abuse
- juvenile delinquency
- sexual problems
- school related problems
are problem behaviors in adolescence interrelated
yes
e.g.
heavy substance abuse is related to early sexual activity, lower grades, dropping out of school, and delinquency
what is early initiation of sexual activity associated with
use of cigarettes and alcohol, the use of marijuana, other illic drugs, lower grades, dropping out of school. and delinquency
what is delinquency related to
early sexual activity
early pregnancy
substance abuse dropping out of school
what is the percentage of adolescents in the US who have been estimated to engage in all four of these problem behaviors
10 percent
what components have programs used in their successful intervention programs
- Intensive individualized
attention - Community-wide
multiagency collaborative
approaches - Early identification and
intervention
what is ‘intensive individualized attention’ a component that has been successful in preventing or reducing adolescent problems
- high risk adolescents are attached to a responsible adult who gives the adolescent attention and deals with the adolescents specific needs
e.g.
student assistance counselor is available full time for individual counseling and referral treatment
what is ‘community wide multiagency collaborative approaches’ a component that has been successful in preventing or reducing adolescent problems
- uses local media and community education in concert with a substance abuse curriculum in the schools
philosophy is; a number of different programs and services have to be in place
what does ‘early identification and intervention’ refer to, a component that has been successful in preventing or reducing adolescent problems
- reaching younger children and their families before children develop problems, or at the onset of their problems, is a successful strategy
what does the Perry preschool High/Scope Foundation in Ypsilanti, Michigan do
+ did it have long or short term impact
model for the prevention of
- delinquency
- pregnancy
- substance abuse
- dropping out of school
+
long term positive impact
who directed the enrichment program that served disadvantaged African American children
David Weikart
what did the two year preschool program that David Weikart directed do for African American children
- received weekly home visits form program personnel
who attended were; - less likely to have been arrested and reported fewer adult offenses than a control group did
- less likely to drop out of school
- teachers rated their social behavior as more compete than that of a control group who had not received the enriched preschool experience
What are harry stack Sullivans basic social needs
- tenderness (secure attachment),
- playful companionship,
- social acceptance, intimacy,
- sexual relations
e.g. (whether or not these needs are fulfilled largely determines our emotional well being)
if unmet playful companionship = bored and depressed
if unmet social acceptance = suffer diminished sense of self worth
