Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

growth hormone deficiency

Answer 1

absence or deficiency of growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate body growth

Question 2

myelination

Answer 2

process by which nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells, speeding up the information traveling through the nervous system

Question 3

T or F
Sleep problems can be a predictor for attention problems.

Answer 3

true

Question 4

T or F
Children’s eating patterns are impacted by their caregivers.

Answer 4

true

Question 5

What are some factors that can lead to illness and death in early childhood?

Answer 5

• child’s innate lack of fear and draw towards danger
• secondhand smoke
• socioeconomic factors
• obesity, nutrition
• abuse

Question 6

preoperational stage

Answer 6

Piaget’s second stage
(2-7 yrs)

children represent the world with words, images, and drawings
symbolic thought goes beyond simple connections, stable concepts are formed, mental reasoning emerges, egocentrism

Question 7

operations

Answer 7

reversible mental actions that allow children to do mentally what they formerly did physically

Question 8

symbolic functions stage

Answer 8

substage of preoperational stage, child is able to represent objects that are not present

Question 9

egocentrism

Answer 9

inability to distinguish between own perspective and others

Question 10

animism

Answer 10

belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities

Question 11

intuitive thought substage

Answer 11

second preoperational substage, primitive reasoning and questioning

Question 12

centration

Answer 12

focusing attention on one characteristic and excluding all others

Question 13

conservation

Answer 13

awareness that altering appearance doesn’t change an object’s basic properties

Question 14

zone of proximal development ZPD

Answer 14

Vygotsky

tasks that require adult assistance

Question 15

social constructivist approach

Answer 15

emphasizes social context of learning, knowledge is mutually built

Question 16

executive attention

Answer 16

action planning, goals, progress, tasks

Question 17

sustained attention

Answer 17

extended, focused attention on one thing

Question 18

short- term memory

Answer 18

retained info for up to 30 seconds

Question 19

executive function

Answer 19

higher-level cognitive processes, linked with prefrontal cortex development,management of thoughts to engage in goal-directed behaviors and self-control

Question 20

theory of mind

Answer 20

awareness of own mental processes and mental processes of others

Question 21

fast mapping

Answer 21

young children learn the connection between a word and what it means very quickly

Question 22

child-centered kindergarten

Answer 22

focused on the whole child, including cognitive, socioemotional, and physical development as well as the child’s needs, interests, and learning style

Question 23

Montessori approach

Answer 23

educational philosophy where children get freedom to choose more

Question 24

developmentally appropriate practice DAP

Answer 24

focus on typical developmental patterns

Question 25

Project Head Start

Answer 25

government-funded educational program designed to provide skills and experience to low-income children