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F22 Psychology 3340H > Chapter 18: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognitive mechanics

A

The “hardware” of the mind, reflecting the neurophysiological architecture of the brain

Involve speed and accuracy of the processes involving sensory input, visual and motor memory, discrimination, comparison, and categorization

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2
Q

Cognitive pragmatics

A

Culture-based “software” of the mind

Reading and writing skills, language comprehension, educational qualifications, professional skills, and self-understanding and life skills

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3
Q

T or F
Processing speed is one of the best predictors for living longer.

A

T

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4
Q

T or F
Ability to ignore distractions is stronger in older adults

A

F

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5
Q

Selective attention

A

Focusing on a specific aspect of an experience that is relevant while ignoring others

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6
Q

Divided attention

A

Focus on more than one thing

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7
Q

Sustained attention

A

Focus for an extended period

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8
Q

Executive attention

A

Aspects of thinking that include planning, allocating attention to goals, detecting and compensating for errors, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances

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9
Q

Explicit memory

A

Memory of facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state

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10
Q

Implicit memory

A

Memory without conscious recollection; involves skill and routine procedures

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11
Q

Episodic memory

A

Memory about details of life’s happenings

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12
Q

Episodic memory gets _______ with old age

A

worse

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13
Q

Reminiscence bump

A

Adults remember more events from the second and third decades of their lives

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14
Q

Semantic memory

A

Knowledge about the world

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15
Q

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

A

Older adults can’t quite retrieve information

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16
Q

T or F
Working memory can be improved in late adulthood through training.

A

T

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17
Q

Source memory

A

Ability to remember where one learned something

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18
Q

Prospective memory

A

Ability to remember doing something

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19
Q

Prospective memory deficits are usually _______ based rather than _______ based.

A

time, event

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20
Q

Executive function

A

Umbrella-like concept that consists of a number of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain’s prefrontal cortx

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21
Q

What specific parts of exec. funct. decline in late adulthood?

A
  1. Updating memory representations relevant for the task at hand
  2. Replacing old, irrelevant information
  3. Varies for everyone, general overall decline
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22
Q

Mindfulness can _______ older adults’ cognitive function.

A

improve

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23
Q

Wisdom

A

Expert knowledge about practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgement about important matters

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24
Q

Wisdom peaks in _______.

A

Middle adulthood

25
Q

Education correlates positively with _______ in late adulthood.

A

intelligence and working memory

26
Q

Why do modern jobs help older adults maintain intellectual abilities better than older ones?

A

Emphasis on cognitive tasks, complex information processing

27
Q

“Use it or lose it”

A

If people do not utilize skills, they lose the ability to perform them

28
Q

Can cognitive skills be retrained?

A
  1. Training can improve the cognitive skills of many adults
  2. There is some loss in plasticity in late adulthood
29
Q

Neurocognitive scaffolding view

A

Increased activation in the prefrontal cortex with aging reflects an adaptive brain that is compensating for declining neural structures and function and declines in various aspects of cognition including working and long-term memory

30
Q

Religious service attendance _______ in late adulthood.

A

increases

31
Q

Secure attachment to Gd in late adulthood is linked to _______.

A

increased optimism

32
Q

What can religious communities provide?

A

Social activities, social support, and opportunities for leadership

33
Q

Older adults’ speech is typically _______.

A

quieter, slower, less precise, and less fluent

34
Q

T or F
Discourse is more elaborate in late adulthood.

A

F, conflicting research results

35
Q

What factors may impact declines in language skills?

A

Slower info-processing, a decline in working memory

36
Q

T or F
Bilingualism delays the onset of Alzheimer’s disease.

A

T

37
Q

T or F
Retirement age is decreasing.

A

F

38
Q

Working during late adulthood is _______ for health.

A

positive

39
Q

Why is retirement a thing at all?

A

(1935) Social security system

40
Q

T or F
There is a dominant pattern of retirement.

A

F

41
Q

Two main worries when approaching retirement

A
  1. Having to draw retirement income from savings
  2. Paying for healthcare expenses
42
Q

Major depression

A

Mood disorder characterized by unhappiness, demoralization, and boredom

43
Q

Depression is more likely to be _______ in late adults.

A

chronic

44
Q

T or F
Middle adults display more symptoms of depression than late adults.

A

T

45
Q

Depressed late adults are _______ likely to seek treatment.

A

less

46
Q

Dementia

A

Global term for several neurological disorders involving an irreversible decline in mental function sever enough to interfere with daily living

47
Q

Alzheimer disease

A

Progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language and eventually, physical function

48
Q

What form as a result of Alzheimer disease?

A

Amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles

49
Q

Amyloid plaques

A

Dense deposits of protein that accumulate in blood vessels

50
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles

A

Twisted fibers that build up in neurons

51
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles consist mainly of a protein called _______.

A

Tau

52
Q

Oxidative stress

A

Occurs when the body’s antioxidant defenses don’t cope with free radical attacks and oxidation in the body

53
Q

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is linked to an increased presence of _______.

A

plaques and tangles in the brain

54
Q

ApoE4

A

Allele of ApoE, risk factor for Alzheimer disease

55
Q

Mild cognitive impairment MCI

A

Represents a potential transitional state between the cognitive changes of normal aging and very early stages of Alzheimer disease

56
Q

What drugs are used to treat Alzheimer disease?

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors
1. Aricept
2. Razadyne
3. Exelon
Namenda - regulates activity of glutamate

57
Q

Respite care

A

Services that provide temporary relief

58
Q

Parkinson disease

A

Chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and partial face paralysis

F22 Psychology 3340H (18 decks)

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