Chaper 3: Prenatal Development and Birth Flashcards
Learning Goal 1: Describe prenatal development
Stages: Germinal Period, Embryonic Period, Fetal Period
Teratogens: can cause birth defects/harm to the baby
Prenatal Care: varies widely, involves regular medical checks on the mom/fetus
The Germinal Period
When: first 2 weeks post-conception
What: creation of zygote, cell division, implantation
Zygote
fertilized egg
blastocyst
inner mass of cells that develops in germinal period, later develop into embryo
trophoblast
outer layer of cells that develops during germinal period, provide support/nutrition for embryo
Implantation
attachment of zygote to the uterine wall
Embryonic period
when: 2-8 weeks after conception
what: rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for cells form, organs appear
Embryo
what we call the mass of cells in the second stage of development
How many layers of cells develop in the embryonic period?
3 layers
What are the 3 layers that develop in the embryonic period called?
Outer: ectoderm
Middle: mesoderm
Innermost: endoderm
The endoderm will develop into _____.
the digestive and respiratory systems
The mesoderm will develop into _____.
the circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system, and reproductive system
The ectoderm will develop into _____.
the nervous system and brain
Amnion
a sac containing clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats
Umbilical cord
contains two arteries and one vein, connects baby and placenta
Placenta
disk-shaped group of tissues in which blood vessels from baby and mom intertwine
Organogenesis
process of organ formation during first 2 weeks of development
Fetal period
when: the remaining 7 months
what: ends in birth
By the time they are born, babies may have as many as _____ neurons.
20-100 billion
Phases of brain development include ______.
1) neural tube
2) neurogenesis
3) neuronal migration
4) neural connectivity
The neural tube
- a long hollow tube on embryo’s back
- possible birth defects
What 2 birth defects are related to the failure of the neural tube to close?
- anecephaly
- spinabifida
Anecephaly
highest region of the brain fails to develop, fetus dies before or soon after birth
Spina ifida
leads to paralysis
Neurogenesis
- new immature neurons
- at peak, up to 200,000 neurons are created every minute!
Neuronal Migration
- 6-24 wks post conception
- cells move outward to their final locations
- once at their locations, the continue developing
Neural Connectivity
- 23rd week
- connections between neurons occur
Teratogen
any agent that can cause a birth defect or negatively impact cognition/behavior
What can impact how large the impact of taratogens are?
- dose
- genetic susceptibility
- exposure time
What are some examples of teratogens?
- antibiotics, antidepressants, some hormones, accutane
- caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, weed, heroin
- environmental hazards
- maternal diseases and infections
- maternal diet/nutrition, maternal age, stress
Prenatal care
- differs widely
- examples: regular check-ups, exercise, programs for expecting parents
Stages of birth
- Uterine contractions
- Baby’s head moves through the birth canal
- Afterbirth
Afterbirth
the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes expell
Midwives
provide healthcare to women during pregnancy, birth, and postpartum period
A doula
caregiver who provides continuous support before during and after birth
Prepared birth/ Lamaze method
- special breathing
- very popular in usa
Cesarean delivery
c-section
Breech position
butt first
Apgar scale
- scale to assess health of newborns at 1 and 5 minutes after birth
- assesses heart rate, breath, muscle tone, color, and reflexes
Brazelton Neotonal Behavioral Assessment Scale NBAS
measures neurological development, reflexes, and reactions in the first month
Neotonal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale NNNS
assessment of behavior, neurological and stress responses, and regulatory capacities
An infant weighing less than _____ is considered to have a low birth weight
5 lbs 8 oz
Preterm infants
born before 37 weeks of gestation
Small for date infants
birth weights are below average
Consequences of preterm birth and low birth weight include _____.
- health issues
- developmental delay
- lower survival rates
Kangaroo care
- treatment for preterm babies
- skin-to-skin
Oxytocin
promotes contractions
Postpartum
Adjustment period after childbirth
Postpartum depression
when: about 4 weeks postpartum
- can last longer without finding help
Bonding
forming connection with baby
