Chaper 3: Prenatal Development and Birth

Question 1

Learning Goal 1: Describe prenatal development

Answer 1

Stages: Germinal Period, Embryonic Period, Fetal Period
Teratogens: can cause birth defects/harm to the baby
Prenatal Care: varies widely, involves regular medical checks on the mom/fetus

Question 2

The Germinal Period

Answer 2

When: first 2 weeks post-conception
What: creation of zygote, cell division, implantation

Question 3

Zygote

Answer 3

fertilized egg

Question 4

blastocyst

Answer 4

inner mass of cells that develops in germinal period, later develop into embryo

Question 5

trophoblast

Answer 5

outer layer of cells that develops during germinal period, provide support/nutrition for embryo

Question 6

Implantation

Answer 6

attachment of zygote to the uterine wall

Question 7

Embryonic period

Answer 7

when: 2-8 weeks after conception
what: rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for cells form, organs appear

Question 8

Embryo

Answer 8

what we call the mass of cells in the second stage of development

Question 9

How many layers of cells develop in the embryonic period?

Answer 9

3 layers

Question 10

What are the 3 layers that develop in the embryonic period called?

Answer 10

Outer: ectoderm
Middle: mesoderm
Innermost: endoderm

Question 11

The endoderm will develop into _____.

Answer 11

the digestive and respiratory systems

Question 12

The mesoderm will develop into _____.

Answer 12

the circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system, and reproductive system

Question 13

The ectoderm will develop into _____.

Answer 13

the nervous system and brain

Question 14

Amnion

Answer 14

a sac containing clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats

Question 15

Umbilical cord

Answer 15

contains two arteries and one vein, connects baby and placenta

Question 16

Placenta

Answer 16

disk-shaped group of tissues in which blood vessels from baby and mom intertwine

Question 17

Organogenesis

Answer 17

process of organ formation during first 2 weeks of development

Question 18

Fetal period

Answer 18

when: the remaining 7 months
what: ends in birth

Question 19

By the time they are born, babies may have as many as _____ neurons.

Answer 19

20-100 billion

Question 20

Phases of brain development include ______.

Answer 20

1) neural tube
2) neurogenesis
3) neuronal migration
4) neural connectivity

Question 21

The neural tube

Answer 21

• a long hollow tube on embryo’s back
• possible birth defects

Question 22

What 2 birth defects are related to the failure of the neural tube to close?

Answer 22

1. anecephaly
2. spinabifida

Question 23

Anecephaly

Answer 23

highest region of the brain fails to develop, fetus dies before or soon after birth

Question 24

Spina ifida

Answer 24

leads to paralysis

Question 25

Neurogenesis

Answer 25

- new immature neurons - at peak, up to 200,000 neurons are created every minute!

Question 26

Neuronal Migration

Answer 26

- 6-24 wks post conception - cells move outward to their final locations - once at their locations, the continue developing

Question 27

Neural Connectivity

Answer 27

- 23rd week - connections between neurons occur

Question 28

Teratogen

Answer 28

any agent that can cause a birth defect or negatively impact cognition/behavior

Question 29

What can impact how large the impact of taratogens are?

Answer 29

- dose - genetic susceptibility - exposure time

Question 30

What are some examples of teratogens?

Answer 30

- antibiotics, antidepressants, some hormones, accutane - caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, weed, heroin - environmental hazards - maternal diseases and infections - maternal diet/nutrition, maternal age, stress

Question 31

Prenatal care

Answer 31

- differs widely - examples: regular check-ups, exercise, programs for expecting parents

Question 32

Stages of birth

Answer 32

1. Uterine contractions 2. Baby’s head moves through the birth canal 3. Afterbirth

Question 33

Afterbirth

Answer 33

the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes expell

Question 34

Midwives

Answer 34

provide healthcare to women during pregnancy, birth, and postpartum period

Question 35

A doula

Answer 35

caregiver who provides continuous support before during and after birth

Question 36

Prepared birth/ Lamaze method

Answer 36

- special breathing - very popular in usa

Question 37

Cesarean delivery

Answer 37

c-section

Question 38

Breech position

Answer 38

butt first

Question 39

Apgar scale

Answer 39

- scale to assess health of newborns at 1 and 5 minutes after birth - assesses heart rate, breath, muscle tone, color, and reflexes

Question 40

Brazelton Neotonal Behavioral Assessment Scale NBAS

Answer 40

measures neurological development, reflexes, and reactions in the first month

Question 41

Neotonal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale NNNS

Answer 41

assessment of behavior, neurological and stress responses, and regulatory capacities

Question 42

An infant weighing less than _____ is considered to have a low birth weight

Answer 42

5 lbs 8 oz

Question 43

Preterm infants

Answer 43

born before 37 weeks of gestation

Question 44

Small for date infants

Answer 44

birth weights are below average

Question 45

Consequences of preterm birth and low birth weight include _____.

Answer 45

- health issues - developmental delay - lower survival rates

Question 46

Kangaroo care

Answer 46

- treatment for preterm babies - skin-to-skin

Question 47

Oxytocin

Answer 47

promotes contractions

Question 48

Postpartum

Answer 48

Adjustment period after childbirth

Question 49

Postpartum depression

Answer 49

when: about 4 weeks postpartum - can last longer without finding help

Question 50

Bonding

Answer 50

forming connection with baby