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F22 Psychology 3340H > Chaper 3: Prenatal Development and Birth > Flashcards

Chaper 3: Prenatal Development and Birth Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning Goal 1: Describe prenatal development

A

Stages: Germinal Period, Embryonic Period, Fetal Period
Teratogens: can cause birth defects/harm to the baby
Prenatal Care: varies widely, involves regular medical checks on the mom/fetus

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2
Q

The Germinal Period

A

When: first 2 weeks post-conception
What: creation of zygote, cell division, implantation

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3
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized egg

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4
Q

blastocyst

A

inner mass of cells that develops in germinal period, later develop into embryo

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5
Q

trophoblast

A

outer layer of cells that develops during germinal period, provide support/nutrition for embryo

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6
Q

Implantation

A

attachment of zygote to the uterine wall

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7
Q

Embryonic period

A

when: 2-8 weeks after conception
what: rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for cells form, organs appear

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8
Q

Embryo

A

what we call the mass of cells in the second stage of development

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9
Q

How many layers of cells develop in the embryonic period?

A

3 layers

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10
Q

What are the 3 layers that develop in the embryonic period called?

A

Outer: ectoderm
Middle: mesoderm
Innermost: endoderm

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11
Q

The endoderm will develop into _____.

A

the digestive and respiratory systems

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12
Q

The mesoderm will develop into _____.

A

the circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system, and reproductive system

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13
Q

The ectoderm will develop into _____.

A

the nervous system and brain

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14
Q

Amnion

A

a sac containing clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats

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15
Q

Umbilical cord

A

contains two arteries and one vein, connects baby and placenta

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16
Q

Placenta

A

disk-shaped group of tissues in which blood vessels from baby and mom intertwine

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17
Q

Organogenesis

A

process of organ formation during first 2 weeks of development

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18
Q

Fetal period

A

when: the remaining 7 months
what: ends in birth

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19
Q

By the time they are born, babies may have as many as _____ neurons.

A

20-100 billion

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20
Q

Phases of brain development include ______.

A

1) neural tube
2) neurogenesis
3) neuronal migration
4) neural connectivity

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21
Q

The neural tube

A
  • a long hollow tube on embryo’s back
  • possible birth defects
22
Q

What 2 birth defects are related to the failure of the neural tube to close?

A
  1. anecephaly
  2. spinabifida
23
Q

Anecephaly

A

highest region of the brain fails to develop, fetus dies before or soon after birth

24
Q

Spina ifida

A

leads to paralysis

25
Q

Neurogenesis

A
  • new immature neurons
  • at peak, up to 200,000 neurons are created every minute!
26
Q

Neuronal Migration

A
  • 6-24 wks post conception
  • cells move outward to their final locations
  • once at their locations, the continue developing
27
Q

Neural Connectivity

A
  • 23rd week
  • connections between neurons occur
28
Q

Teratogen

A

any agent that can cause a birth defect or negatively impact cognition/behavior

29
Q

What can impact how large the impact of taratogens are?

A
  • dose
  • genetic susceptibility
  • exposure time
30
Q

What are some examples of teratogens?

A
  • antibiotics, antidepressants, some hormones, accutane
  • caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, weed, heroin
  • environmental hazards
  • maternal diseases and infections
  • maternal diet/nutrition, maternal age, stress
31
Q

Prenatal care

A
  • differs widely
  • examples: regular check-ups, exercise, programs for expecting parents
32
Q

Stages of birth

A
  1. Uterine contractions
  2. Baby’s head moves through the birth canal
  3. Afterbirth
33
Q

Afterbirth

A

the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes expell

34
Q

Midwives

A

provide healthcare to women during pregnancy, birth, and postpartum period

35
Q

A doula

A

caregiver who provides continuous support before during and after birth

36
Q

Prepared birth/ Lamaze method

A
  • special breathing
  • very popular in usa
37
Q

Cesarean delivery

A

c-section

38
Q

Breech position

A

butt first

39
Q

Apgar scale

A
  • scale to assess health of newborns at 1 and 5 minutes after birth
  • assesses heart rate, breath, muscle tone, color, and reflexes
40
Q

Brazelton Neotonal Behavioral Assessment Scale NBAS

A

measures neurological development, reflexes, and reactions in the first month

41
Q

Neotonal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale NNNS

A

assessment of behavior, neurological and stress responses, and regulatory capacities

42
Q

An infant weighing less than _____ is considered to have a low birth weight

A

5 lbs 8 oz

43
Q

Preterm infants

A

born before 37 weeks of gestation

44
Q

Small for date infants

A

birth weights are below average

45
Q

Consequences of preterm birth and low birth weight include _____.

A
  • health issues
  • developmental delay
  • lower survival rates
46
Q

Kangaroo care

A
  • treatment for preterm babies
  • skin-to-skin
47
Q

Oxytocin

A

promotes contractions

48
Q

Postpartum

A

Adjustment period after childbirth

49
Q

Postpartum depression

A

when: about 4 weeks postpartum
- can last longer without finding help

50
Q

Bonding

A

forming connection with baby

F22 Psychology 3340H (18 decks)

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