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F22 Psychology 3340H > Chapter 6: Socioemotional Development in Infancy > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Socioemotional Development in Infancy Flashcards

1
Q

Feeling that occurs when someone is in a state or interaction that is important to them

A

Emotion

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2
Q

T or F
Emotions are influenced by cognition, biology, and experience

A

True

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3
Q

T or F
Emotions and emotional experiences in infancy can impact the child’s emotions development later in life.

A

True

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4
Q

Describe some cultural differences in how caregivers respond to infants’ emotions.

A

East Asian: less frequent, less intense positive and negative emotions
White: respond to stress after the fact

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5
Q

_______ include surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust

A

Primary emotions

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6
Q

Primary emotions

A

Emotions present in early life

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7
Q

Self-conscious emotions

A

Emotions that require self-awareness

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8
Q

T or F
Jealousy develops at 9 months.

A

False
It is extremely difficult to index when emotions like jealousy actually first appear

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9
Q

T or F
Development of emotional expression is independent from social relationships.

A

False
Emotional development is dependent on social relationships.

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10
Q

What types of cries to babies have?

A
  1. Basic
  2. Anger
  3. Pain
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11
Q

Basic cry

A

Rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by silence, followed by short whistle, followed by a brief rest before next cry

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12
Q

Anger cry

A

A variation of basic cry with more excess air is forced through vocal cords.

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13
Q

Pain cry

A

A sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding; no preliminary moaning

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14
Q

What is the importance of smiling?

A
  • Signal of positive social interaction
  • Associated with self-regulation later on
  • Also associated with higher educational attainment
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15
Q

Reflexive smile

A

NOT a response to stimuli, usually happens during first month after birth

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16
Q

Social smile

A

A smile in response to a stimulus

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17
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

Fear of strangers, appears during second half of first year

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18
Q

Separation protest

A

An infant’s distressed crying when the caregiver leaves

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19
Q

_______ can influence emotion regulation.

A

Contexts

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20
Q

To soothe or not to soote

A
  • Infants CANNOT be spoiled
  • baby needs to be comforted
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21
Q

Temperment

A

Involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding

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22
Q

Chess and Thomas’ Classification

A

Relates to temperament
- Easy child
- Difficult child
- Slow-to-warm up

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23
Q

Easy child vs. Difficult child vs. Slow-to-warm-up

A

E: positive mood, quick to est. routine, adapts easily
D: negative mood, irregular, slow to adapt
S: low activity, somewhat negative, low intensity of mood

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24
Q

Kagan’s behavioral inhibition

A
  • Shy, subdued, timid child vs. sociable, extroverted, bold child
  • Shyness - inhibition
  • Inhibition is stable through childhood
  • leads to risk of social anxiety
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25
Rothbart and Bates’ Classification
- Previous classifications didn’t include self-regulation/effortful control - Categories: - Extraversion/surgency: approach, pleasure, activity, smiling, laughter - Negative affectivity: fear, frustration, sadness, discomfort - Effortful control: focus, shifting, perceptual sensitivity, perceptual sensitivity
26
What is the biggest take-away from Rothbart and Bates?
Children should not be pigeonholed as having only one temperament.
27
Physiological characteristics linked with inhibited temperment
High and stable heart rate, high cortisol levels, high frontal lobe activity
28
Contemporary view
Temperament is a biological based but evolving aspect of behavior
29
T or F Temperament cannot develop and change. it is based only on biological foundations.
False It can and will develop and change.
30
How can gender/culture impact temperament?
- Gender biases in caregivers - Cultural methods - ex. Chinese infants are more inhibited than Canadian infants
31
Goodness of fit
Refers to match between child’s temperament and their environment
32
Differential susceptibility model and Biological sensitivity to context model
These models emphasize that certain characteristics that make children more vulnerable to setback also make them more susceptible to optimal growth in supportive conditions. - Basic emotions are innate - Biology dictates complex emotions
33
Personality (as proposed by Erikson)
Individuals go through 8 stages in human development
34
Trust vs. mistrust
- 1st year of life - Infants learn trust when cared for
35
When do signs of self-recognition first appear?
15-18 months
36
How do children show signs of self-recognition in the 2nd and early 3rd year?
- Refer to themselves with words/statements - Monitor themselves - Declare things as theirs
37
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
- 2nd year - Independence builds - Shame from criticism after accidents and when parents are impatient - Important implications for future development
38
Social orientation
Infant’s early interactions with people/the world
39
T or F Rewards motivate babies to explore and develop their skills.
True
40
Social Referencing
“Reading” emotional cues in others to determine how to act in a particular situation
41
Attachment
A close emotional bond
42
T or F Attachment doesn’t develop over time.
False Attachment goes through several stages
43
Phases of Attachment
1: (birth - 2 months) instinctive attachment to people 2: (2 - 7 months) attachment focused on 1 person 3: (7 - 24 months) specific attachments 4: (24+ months) awareness of feelings of others
44
Strange situation
(Ainsworth) An observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separation, and reunion with a caregiver and stranger
45
Secure attachment
Baby uses caregiver as secure base from which to explore the environment
46
Insecure avoidant
Baby shows insecurity by avoiding caregiver
47
Insecure resistant
Clingy baby, resist fighting against closeness
48
Insecure disorganized
Baby shows insecurity by being disoriented
49
Developmental cascade model
Connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes
50
T or F Caregiving style is closely related to attachment style.
True
51
What regions of the brain are theorized to relate to attachment?
- Prefrontal cortex - Amygdala - Hypothalamus
52
Oxytocin with respect to attachment
- Released in breast-feeding - suspected to form mother-infant bond
53
What hormones/neurotransmitters are linked to attachment?
- Oxytocin - Dopamine - Testosterone (negatively)
54
How does the transition to parenthood impact new parents?
- Increases strength of marriage - Opens men up to intimacy - Women adapt better - Gender gap in responsibilities - Anxiety/depression in mothers leads to problems for baby later on
55
Bringing Home Baby project
- Workshop for new parents - helps them strengthen relationship with baby
56
Reciprocal socialization
Socialization where children and parents socialize one another
57
Scaffolding
Infant takes turns socializing with each parent, great for social skill development
58
Epigenetic view on socialization
Development is the result of ongoing bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment
59
T or F Fathers are capable of parenting just as sensitively as mothers.
True ex. Aka pygmy fathers
60
T or F It is good for baby’s development for the father to be withdrawn.
False Babies with withdrawn fathers have lower levels of cognitive development by age 2
61
Maternal vs. Paternal infant interaction
M: care-centered P: play-centered
62
T or F Childcare is a national concern in the US.
True :(
63
What constitutes high-quality childcare?
Safety, age-appropriate toys, low caregiver-to-child ratio, positive relationships
64
Ekman’s 6 Basic Emotions
Happy, Sad, Afraid, Angry, Disgusted, Surprised
65
Children learn to control emotions/arousal through _______ and _______.
cognitive processes, scaffolding
66
Gradual Differentiation
Emotions stem from contentment and distress which are present at birth
67
What are self-conscious emotions?
- Jealousy, empathy, embarrassment - Require self-awareness - Complex
68
Genetic adaptations perspective
We have emotions because they benefit us

F22 Psychology 3340H (18 decks)

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