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F22 Psychology 3340H > Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infancy > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infancy Flashcards

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1
Q

Cephalocaudal pattern

A

developmental sequence where earliest growth occurs at the head (top-to-bottom)

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2
Q

Proximodistal pattern

A

developmental sequence which starts from the middle

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3
Q

What types of development follow the cephalocaudal principle?

A

motor development
ex. infants see before they can control their torso

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4
Q

What types of development follow the proximodistal pattern?

A

ex. infants can move their hands before individual fingers

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5
Q

Is growth continuous or episodic?

A

episodic

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6
Q

What does EEG stand for?

A

electroencephalogram

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7
Q

Shaken baby syndrome

A
  • caused by shaking babies
  • most often perpetrated by fathers, boyfriends of mothers, etc.
  • can lead to brain swelling and hemorrhaging
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8
Q

fNIRS

A
  • low level of near-infrared light
  • monitors changes in blood oxygen
  • portable
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9
Q

EEG

A
  • measures electrical activity in brain
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10
Q

At birth, the newborn’s brain is about ___% of its adult weight.

A

25

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11
Q

By the 2nd birthday, the brain is about ___% of its adult weight.

A

75

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12
Q

Forebrain

A
  • cerebral cortex, etc.
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13
Q

Frontal lobes

A
  • voluntary movement
  • thinking
  • personality
  • intentionality/purpose
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14
Q

Occipital lobes

A

vision

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15
Q

Temporal lobes

A

hearing

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16
Q

Parietal lobes

A

spatial location, attention, motor control

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17
Q

Lateralization

A

the specialization of function in one hemisphere

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18
Q

Myelination

A

the process of encasing axons in fat cells (myelin sheath)

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19
Q

How does a child’s environment impact their brain activity?

A

depraved environment > depressed brain activity

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20
Q

Neuroconstructivist view

A

biological AND environmental conditions influence brain development

brain has plasticity

brain and cognitive development are closely related

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21
Q

Why do we sleep?

A
  • restoration
  • protection
  • critical for plasticity
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22
Q

Infant sleep problems

A
  • related to prenatal and postnatal maternal depression
  • affect 15-25% of infants
  • linked to other parental factors
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23
Q

REM sleep

A
  • eye movement
  • infants are more often in REM than non-REM
24
Q

Why do infants spend so much time in REM?

A
  • stimulation
  • promotes brain development
25
Q

SIDS

A

infant suddenly without apparent cause stops breathing

26
Q

How much do nutritionists recommend babies eat?

A

50 cal/lb

27
Q

Breast vs. Bottle

A
  • breast-fed infants have fewer/are less likely to experience:
    • gastrointestinal infections
    • lower respiratory tract infenctions
      -ear, throat, sinus infections
    • obesity
    • diabetes
    • fever
  • breast-fed infants have better
    • immune systems
    • cardiovascular health
28
Q

What impacts can malnutrition have on infants?

A

negative impacts on: physical, cognitive, and social development

29
Q

What changes in height and weight take place in infancy?

A

first several days: lose 5-7% body weight
first year: rapid growth, triple the birthweight
second year: growth slows

30
Q

Dynamic system theory

A

motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting

31
Q

Reflexes

A

built-in reactions to stimuli

32
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Sucking reflex, a touch on the cheek leads the infant to look for something to suck on

33
Q

Sucking reflex

A

infant sucks objects in its mouth

34
Q

Moro reflex

A

arches back, throws head back, flings out limbs and pulls back in

35
Q

Grasping reflex

A

infant grabs whatever touches its palms

36
Q

Gross motor skills

A

involve large-muscle activities, like walking

37
Q

Might the development of walking be linked with other advance?

A

walking relates to initiating new interactions and even language development

38
Q

What factors are linked to the rate at which motor development occurs in infants?

A

negative:
- mothers’ smoking
- birthweight/being premature
positive
- breast feeding
- exercising baby
- interactions with baby that promote movement

39
Q

Can parents encourage motor development?

A

yes:
- exercises for the baby
- stretching the baby
*BUT only minimally

40
Q

Fine motor skills

A

involve finely tuned movements
ex. finger dexterity

41
Q

Palmar grasp

A

with whole hand

42
Q

Perceptual-motor coupling

A

ex. using vision to guide how to grip

43
Q

What is the relationship between sensation and perception?

A

Sensations are the product of interaction between sensory receptors and information, and perception is our interpretation of said interaction.

44
Q

Ecological view

A

perception connects us with our environment

45
Q

Affordances

A

opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform functions

46
Q

Visual preference method

A

used to determine whether infants can distinguish stimuli based on the time they attend to stimuli

47
Q

Habituation

A

decreased responsiveness over time to a familiar stimulus

48
Q

Dishabituation

A

recovery of habituated response

49
Q

By what age can infants begin distinguishing different colors from one another?

A

4-8 weeks

50
Q

By what age can babies show size and shape constancy?

A

3 months

51
Q

T or F
In the first two months of postnatal development, babies cannot perceive occluded objects.

A

true

52
Q

T or F
Infants cannot perceive depth.

A

false

53
Q

T or F
Fetuses can hear before birth

A

true - starting in the last 2 months of pregnancy

54
Q

T or F
Infants are not as sensitive to sounds as adults.

A

true - infants are less sensitive to soft noises, pitch and localization

55
Q

T or F
Babies cannot feel pain.

A

false

56
Q

T or F
Babies learn taste prenatally through the amniotic fluid.

A

true

57
Q

Intermodal perception

A

integrating info from two or more sensory modalities

ex. hearing and tasting

F22 Psychology 3340H (18 decks)

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