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Biology 1 > Chapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

allowing some substances to cross it more easily than others

A

selective permeability

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2
Q

molecules containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

A

amphipathic molecules

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3
Q

the membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids is called what

A

fluid mosaic modle

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4
Q

the membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids what

A

weak hydrophobic interactions

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5
Q

form the main fabric of the membrane

A

phospholipids

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6
Q

determine most of the membrane’s functions

A

proteins

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7
Q

are bound to the surface of the membrane

A

peripheral proteins

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8
Q

penetrate the hydrophobic core

A

integral proteins

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9
Q

integral proteins that span the membrane

A

transmembrane proteins

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10
Q

cell-surface membrane functions

A
  • Transport
  • Enzymatic activity
  • Signal transduction
  • Cell-cell recognition
  • Intercellular joining
  • Attachment to the
    cytoskeleton and
    extracellular matrix
    (ECM)
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11
Q

membrane carbohydrates covalently bonded to lipids

A

glycolipids or glycoproteins

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12
Q

are selectively permeable,
regulating the cell’s molecular traffic

A

Plasma membranes

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13
Q

can dissolve in the lipid bilayer and
pass through the membrane rapidly

A

Hydrophobic (nonpolar) molecules

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14
Q

molecules including ions and polar
molecules do not cross the membrane easily

A

Hydrophilic molecules

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15
Q

allow passage of hydrophilic
substances across the membrane

A

transport proteins

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16
Q

have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or
ions can use as a tunnel

A

channel proteins

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17
Q

greatly facilitate
the passage of water molecules

A

aquaporins

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18
Q

bind
to molecules and change shape to shuttle them
across the membrane

A

carrier proteins

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19
Q

is the tendency for molecules to spread
out evenly into the available space

A

diffusion

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20
Q

the region along which the density of a
chemical substance increases or decreases

A

concentration
gradient

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21
Q

The diffusion of a substance across a biological
membrane is what

A

passive transport

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22
Q

is the diffusion of water across a
selectively permeable membrane

A

osmosis

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23
Q

is the ability of a surrounding solution to
cause a cell to gain or lose water

A

tonicity

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24
Q

Solute concentration is the same
as that inside the cell; no net water movement
across the plasma membrane

A

isotonic

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25
Q

Solute concentration is greater
than that inside the cell; cell loses water

A

Hypertonic solution

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26
Q

Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water

A

Hypotonic solution

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27
Q

help maintain water balance

A

cell walls

28
Q

a firm cell

A

turgid

29
Q

a limp cell

A

flaccid

30
Q

plant cells lose water in this environment

A

hypertonic environment

31
Q

what effects happens when the membrane pulls away from the cell wall, causing
the plant to wilt

A

plasmolysis

32
Q

create osmotic problems for organisms that have cells without rigid walls

A

Hypertonic or hypotonic environments

33
Q

the control of solute
concentrations and water balance, is a necessary
adaptation for life in such environments

A

osmoregulation

34
Q

transport proteins speed the
passive movement of molecules across the plasma
membrane

A

facilitated diffusion

35
Q

provide corridors that allow a
specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane

A

channel proteins

36
Q

facilitate the diffusion of water

A

aquaporins

37
Q

facilitate the transport of ions

A

ion channels

38
Q

open or close in response to a stimulus

A

gated channels

39
Q

undergo a subtle change in shape
that translocates the solute-binding site across the
membrane

A

carrier proteins

40
Q

requires energy, usually in the
form of ATP hydrolysis, to move substances against
their concentration gradients

A

Active transport

41
Q

determine most of
the membrane’s functions

A

proteins

42
Q

form the main
fabric of the membrane

A

phospholipid

43
Q

allows cells to maintain
concentration gradients that differ from their
surroundings

A

active transport

44
Q

A pump where a
transport protein is energized by transfer of a
phosphate group from the hydrolysis of ATP

A

sodium-potassium pump

45
Q

is the voltage across a
membrane

A

membrane potential

46
Q

is created by differences in the distribution of
positive and negative ions across a membrane

A

voltage

47
Q

drive the diffusion of ions
across a membrane

A

electrochemical gradient

48
Q

the ion’s concentration gradient

A

chemical force

49
Q

the effect of the membrane
potential on the ion’s movement

A

electrical force

50
Q

a pump where there is a transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane

A

electrogenic pump

51
Q

is the major
electrogenic pump of animal cells

A

sodium-potassium pump

52
Q

The main electrogenic pump of plants, fungi, and
bacteria is what

A

proton pump

53
Q

actively transports
hydrogen ions (H+) out of the cell

A

proton pump

54
Q

help store energy that can be
used for cellular work

A

Electrogenic pumps

55
Q

occurs when active transport of a
solute indirectly drives transport of other substances

A

Cotransport

56
Q

in what process does the transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents
outside the cell

A

exocytosis

57
Q

the cell takes in macromolecules by
forming vesicles from the plasma membrane

A

endocytosis

58
Q

a reversal of exocytosis

A

endocytosis

59
Q

three types of endocytosis

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Pinocytosis
  • Receptor-mediated
    endocytosis
60
Q

“cellular eating”

A

Phagocytosis

61
Q

“cellular drinking”

A

Pinocytosis

62
Q

a cell engulfs a particle in a
vacuole

A

Phagocytosis

63
Q

molecules dissolved in droplets are
taken up when extracellular fluid is “gulped” into tiny
vesicles

A

pinocytosis

64
Q

binding of
specific solutes to receptors triggers vesicle
formation

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

65
Q

Receptor proteins, receptors, and other molecules
from the extracellular fluid are transported in the what

A

vesicles

66
Q

use receptor-mediated endocytosis to
take in cholesterol

A

human cells

67
Q

Individuals with the disease familial
hypercholesterolemia have missing or defective what

A

LDL receptor proteins

Biology 1 (18 decks)

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