Chapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function Flashcards
allowing some substances to cross it more easily than others
selective permeability
molecules containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
amphipathic molecules
the membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids is called what
fluid mosaic modle
the membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids what
weak hydrophobic interactions
form the main fabric of the membrane
phospholipids
determine most of the membrane’s functions
proteins
are bound to the surface of the membrane
peripheral proteins
penetrate the hydrophobic core
integral proteins
integral proteins that span the membrane
transmembrane proteins
cell-surface membrane functions
- Transport
- Enzymatic activity
- Signal transduction
- Cell-cell recognition
- Intercellular joining
- Attachment to the
cytoskeleton and
extracellular matrix
(ECM)
membrane carbohydrates covalently bonded to lipids
glycolipids or glycoproteins
are selectively permeable,
regulating the cell’s molecular traffic
Plasma membranes
can dissolve in the lipid bilayer and
pass through the membrane rapidly
Hydrophobic (nonpolar) molecules
molecules including ions and polar
molecules do not cross the membrane easily
Hydrophilic molecules
allow passage of hydrophilic
substances across the membrane
transport proteins
have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or
ions can use as a tunnel
channel proteins
greatly facilitate
the passage of water molecules
aquaporins
bind
to molecules and change shape to shuttle them
across the membrane
carrier proteins
is the tendency for molecules to spread
out evenly into the available space
diffusion
the region along which the density of a
chemical substance increases or decreases
concentration
gradient
The diffusion of a substance across a biological
membrane is what
passive transport
is the diffusion of water across a
selectively permeable membrane
osmosis
is the ability of a surrounding solution to
cause a cell to gain or lose water
tonicity
Solute concentration is the same
as that inside the cell; no net water movement
across the plasma membrane
isotonic
Solute concentration is greater
than that inside the cell; cell loses water
Hypertonic solution
Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water
Hypotonic solution
help maintain water balance
cell walls
a firm cell
turgid
a limp cell
flaccid
plant cells lose water in this environment
hypertonic environment
what effects happens when the membrane pulls away from the cell wall, causing
the plant to wilt
plasmolysis
create osmotic problems for organisms that have cells without rigid walls
Hypertonic or hypotonic environments
the control of solute
concentrations and water balance, is a necessary
adaptation for life in such environments
osmoregulation
transport proteins speed the
passive movement of molecules across the plasma
membrane
facilitated diffusion
provide corridors that allow a
specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane
channel proteins
facilitate the diffusion of water
aquaporins
facilitate the transport of ions
ion channels
open or close in response to a stimulus
gated channels
undergo a subtle change in shape
that translocates the solute-binding site across the
membrane
carrier proteins
requires energy, usually in the
form of ATP hydrolysis, to move substances against
their concentration gradients
Active transport
determine most of
the membrane’s functions
proteins
form the main
fabric of the membrane
phospholipid
allows cells to maintain
concentration gradients that differ from their
surroundings
active transport
A pump where a
transport protein is energized by transfer of a
phosphate group from the hydrolysis of ATP
sodium-potassium pump
is the voltage across a
membrane
membrane potential
is created by differences in the distribution of
positive and negative ions across a membrane
voltage
drive the diffusion of ions
across a membrane
electrochemical gradient
the ion’s concentration gradient
chemical force
the effect of the membrane
potential on the ion’s movement
electrical force
a pump where there is a transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane
electrogenic pump
is the major
electrogenic pump of animal cells
sodium-potassium pump
The main electrogenic pump of plants, fungi, and
bacteria is what
proton pump
actively transports
hydrogen ions (H+) out of the cell
proton pump
help store energy that can be
used for cellular work
Electrogenic pumps
occurs when active transport of a
solute indirectly drives transport of other substances
Cotransport
in what process does the transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents
outside the cell
exocytosis
the cell takes in macromolecules by
forming vesicles from the plasma membrane
endocytosis
a reversal of exocytosis
endocytosis
three types of endocytosis
- Phagocytosis
- Pinocytosis
- Receptor-mediated
endocytosis
“cellular eating”
Phagocytosis
“cellular drinking”
Pinocytosis
a cell engulfs a particle in a
vacuole
Phagocytosis
molecules dissolved in droplets are
taken up when extracellular fluid is “gulped” into tiny
vesicles
pinocytosis
binding of
specific solutes to receptors triggers vesicle
formation
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Receptor proteins, receptors, and other molecules
from the extracellular fluid are transported in the what
vesicles
use receptor-mediated endocytosis to
take in cholesterol
human cells
Individuals with the disease familial
hypercholesterolemia have missing or defective what
LDL receptor proteins